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Comiran E, Carlos G, Barreto F, Pechanksy F, Fröehlich PE, Limberger RP. Lisdexamfetamine and amphetamine pharmacokinetics in oral fluid, plasma, and urine after controlled oral administration of lisdexamfetamine. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2020; 42:3-11. [PMID: 33119133 DOI: 10.1002/bdd.2254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Lisdexamfetamine (LDX) is a long-acting prodrug stimulant indicated for the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and binge-eating disorder (BED) symptoms. In vivo hydrolysis of the LDX amide bond releases the therapeutically active d-amphetamine (d-AMPH). This study aims to describe the pharmacokinetics of LDX and its major metabolite d-AMPH in human oral fluid, urine and plasma after a single 70 mg oral dose of LDX dimesylate. Six volunteers participated in the study. Oral fluid and blood samples were collected for up to 72 h and urine for up to 120 h post-drug administration for the pharmacokinetic evaluation of intact LDX and d-AMPH. Samples were analyzed by LC-MS/MS. Regarding noncompartmental analysis, d-AMPH reached the maximum concentration at 3.8 and 4 h post-administration in plasma and oral fluid, respectively, with a mean peak concentration value almost six-fold higher in oral fluid. LDX reached maximum concentration at 1.2 and 1.8 h post-administration in plasma and oral fluid, respectively, with a mean peak concentration value almost three-fold higher in plasma. Intact LDX and d-AMPH were detected in the three matrices. The best fit of compartmental analysis was found in the one-compartment model for both analytes in plasma and oral fluid. There was a correlation between oral fluid and plasma d-AMPH concentrations and between parent to metabolite concentration ratios over time in plasma as well as in oral fluid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eloisa Comiran
- Graduate Studies Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Graciela Carlos
- Graduate Studies Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Fabiano Barreto
- National Agricultural Laboratory - LANAGRO/RS, Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Food Supply, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Flavio Pechanksy
- Center for Drug and Alcohol Research, Hospital de Clínicas of Porto Alegre - Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Pedro E Fröehlich
- Graduate Studies Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Renata P Limberger
- Graduate Studies Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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Leyton V, Bombana HS, Magalhães JG, Panizza HN, Sinagawa DM, Takitane J, Carvalho HBD, Andreuccetti G, Yonamine M, Gjerde H, Muñoz DR. Trends in the use of psychoactive substances by truck drivers in São Paulo State, Brazil: A time-series cross sectional roadside survey (2009-2016). TRAFFIC INJURY PREVENTION 2019; 20:122-127. [PMID: 30933546 DOI: 10.1080/15389588.2018.1552786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Truck drivers represent a group that is susceptible to the use of stimulant substances to reduce the symptoms of fatigue, which may be caused by a stressful and exhausting work environment. The use of psychoactive substances may increase the risk for involvement in road traffic crashes. Previous studies have demonstrated that amphetamine, cocaine, and cannabis are the 3 main drugs used by Brazilian truck drivers. We studied the prevalence of amphetamine, benzoylecgonine (indicating use of cocaine), and Δ-9-tetrahydrocannabinol-9-carboxylic acid (THC-COOH; indicating use of cannabis) in urine samples from truck drivers in the state of São Paulo, Brazil, using the same methodology during 8 years (2009-2016). METHODS Samples were collected during a health program supported by the Federal Highway Police. Toxicological analyses were performed using immunoassays and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. RESULTS The total prevalence of illicit drugs was 7.8%. Benzoylecgonine was the most prevalent substance (3.6%), followed by amphetamine (3.4%) and THC-COOH (1.6%). We found the highest drug prevalence in 2010 (11.3%) and the lowest in 2011 (6.1%). We could detect a slight change in the pattern of stimulant use: until 2010, amphetamine was the most prevalent substance; however, in 2011 benzoylecgonine became the most frequently detected substance. This lasted until 2015, probably due to changes in Brazilian legislation regarding appetite suppressants; the most common one is metabolized to amphetamine. CONCLUSION These data show that the use of psychoactive substances by truck drivers in Brazil did not decrease during the study period. This reinforces the need for further preventive measures to reduce drug use among drivers, which could lead to a decrease in traffic crashes in Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vilma Leyton
- a Faculty of Medicine , University of São Paulo , São Paulo , Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Juliana Takitane
- a Faculty of Medicine , University of São Paulo , São Paulo , Brazil
| | | | | | - Mauricio Yonamine
- b Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of São Paulo , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Hallvard Gjerde
- c Department of Forensic Sciences , Oslo University Hospital , Nydalen , Oslo , Norway
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Chen L, Shen B, Wang S, Yu Y, Yan H, Shi Y, Duan G, Xiang P. Pharmacokinetics of selegiline, R‐methamphetamine, R‐amphetamine, and desmethylselegiline in oral fluid after a single oral administration of selegiline. Drug Test Anal 2019; 11:898-905. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lizhu Chen
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Academy of Forensic Science, Ministry of JusticeShanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine No.1347 Guangfu Xi Road Shanghai 200063 China
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of PharmacyFudan University No. 826 Zhangheng Road Shanghai 201203 China
| | - Baohua Shen
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Academy of Forensic Science, Ministry of JusticeShanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine No.1347 Guangfu Xi Road Shanghai 200063 China
| | - Songtao Wang
- Criminal Investigation Police University of China No. 83 Tawan Street, Huanggu District Shenyang City Liaoning Province China
| | - Yingjia Yu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of PharmacyFudan University No. 826 Zhangheng Road Shanghai 201203 China
| | - Hui Yan
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Academy of Forensic Science, Ministry of JusticeShanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine No.1347 Guangfu Xi Road Shanghai 200063 China
| | - Yan Shi
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Academy of Forensic Science, Ministry of JusticeShanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine No.1347 Guangfu Xi Road Shanghai 200063 China
| | - Gengli Duan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of PharmacyFudan University No. 826 Zhangheng Road Shanghai 201203 China
| | - Ping Xiang
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Academy of Forensic Science, Ministry of JusticeShanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine No.1347 Guangfu Xi Road Shanghai 200063 China
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Paumgartten FJR, Pereira SSTC, de Oliveira ACAX. Safety and efficacy of fenproporex for obesity treatment: a systematic review. Rev Saude Publica 2016; 50:25. [PMID: 27253901 PMCID: PMC4902098 DOI: 10.1590/s1518-8787.2016050006208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate clinical evidence on the safety and efficacy of fenproporex for treating obesity. METHODS MEDLINE, LILACS and Cochrane Controlled Trials Register were searched as well as references cited by articles and relevant documents. Two authors independently assessed the studies for inclusion and regarding risk of bias, collected data, and accuracy. Eligible studies were all those placebo-controlled that provided data on the efficacy and safety of Fenproporex to treat obesity. RESULTS Only four controlled studies met the inclusion criteria. One randomized, placebo-controlled trial on Fenproporex was found on electronic databases. Three placebo-controlled studies (in non-indexed journals) were identified by hand-searching. Patients with cardiovascular and other comorbidities were excluded in all studies. Trials lasted from 40 to 364 days and doses ranged from 20 to 33.6 mg/d. All controlled studies found that weight loss among Fenproporex-treated patients was greater than that produced by the placebo, but drug effect was modest. Fenproporex produced additional weight reductions of 4.7 kg (one year), 3.8 kg (six months) and 1.55 kg (two months) in average, in relation to diet and exercise only (three trials). Insomnia, irritability, and anxiety were the most frequently reported side effects in the four studies. CONCLUSIONS There is a paucity of randomized, placebo-controlled trials on Fenproporex and those identified here present major methodological flaws. These studies suggest that Fenproporex is modestly effective in promoting weight loss. Nonetheless, they failed to provide evidence that it reduces obesity-associated morbidity and mortality. Data from these studies are insufficient to determine the risk-benefit profile of Fenproporex. Abuse potential and amphetamine-like adverse effects are causes for concern.
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Gonçalves CL, Furlanetto CB, Valvassori SS, Bavaresco DV, Varela RB, Budni J, Quevedo J, Streck EL. Effects of chronic administration of fenproporex on cognitive and non-cognitive behaviors. Metab Brain Dis 2015; 30:583-8. [PMID: 25218620 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-014-9617-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Fenproporex (Fen) is an amphetamine-based anorectic; amphetamine use causes a broad range of severe cognitive deficits and anxiogenic-like effects. In this study we evaluated pharmacological effects of the chronic administration of Fen on cognitive and non-cognitive behaviors. Male adult Wistar rats received intraperitoneal administration of vehicle (control group) or Fen (6.25, 12.5 or 25 mg/kg) for 14 days; the animals were then subjected to habituation and object recognition tasks in open-field apparatus, and elevated plus-maze task. The administration of Fen (12.5 and 25 mg/kg) impaired habituation during the second exposure to the habituation task. In addition, the same doses of Fen also impaired the performance in object recognition task. In elevated plus-maze task, the administration of Fen (in all doses tested) induced anxiogenic-like effects in rats. Our results suggest that chronic Fen administration alters memory and induces anxiogenic-like effects in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cinara L Gonçalves
- Laboratory of Bioenergetics, National Institute for Translational Medicine (INCT-TM), Center of Excellence in Applied Neurosciences of Santa Catarina (NENASC), Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Av. Universitária, 1105, Criciúma, 88806-000, SC, Brazil
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In vivo and ex vivo SPME: a low invasive sampling and sample preparation tool in clinical bioanalysis. Bioanalysis 2015; 6:1227-39. [PMID: 24946923 DOI: 10.4155/bio.14.91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Solid phase microextraction (SPME) is well-established technology in bioanalysis. Current review discusses the features of SPME, which determine the non- or low-invasiveness of the method in biomedical analysis. In the first section we analyze the factors, which have significant influence on the SPME sampling device performance in the view of sampling safety and efficiency. In the later sections applicability of various SPME approaches for analysis of easily accessible samples routinely used for analysis (e.g., urine, blood) as well as limited availability samples (tissues) is discussed. Moreover, the examples of sampling alternative matrices such as hair, saliva, sweat or breath are presented. The advantages and limitation of the technology in the view of future development of SPME are also reviewed.
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Sinagawa DM, De Carvalho HB, Andreuccetti G, Do Prado NV, De Oliveira KCBG, Yonamine M, Muñoz DR, Gjerde H, Leyton V. Association between travel length and drug use among Brazilian truck drivers. TRAFFIC INJURY PREVENTION 2014; 16:5-9. [PMID: 24697351 DOI: 10.1080/15389588.2014.906589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate whether the use of the stimulants amphetamines and cocaine by truck drivers in Brazil was related to travel length. METHODS Truck drivers were randomly stopped by the Federal Highway Police on interstate roads in Sao Paulo State during morning hours from 2008 to 2011 and invited to participate in the project "Comandos de Saúde nas Rodovias" (Health Commands on the Roads). Participants were asked about the use of drugs, travel distance, and age, and gender was recorded. Samples of urine were collected and analyzed for amphetamine, benzoylecgonine (a metabolite of cocaine), and carboxytetrahydrocannabinol (THC-COOH; a metabolite of cannabis) by immunological screening and quantification by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy. RESULTS Current use of amphetamine, cocaine, and cannabis was reported by 5.7%, 0.7%, and 0.3% of the truck drivers, respectively. Amphetamine, benzoylecgonine, and THC-COOH were found in urine samples from 5.4%, 2.6,% and in 1.0% of the drivers, respectively. There was a significant association between the positive cases for amphetamine and reported travel length; 9.9% of urine samples from drivers who reported travel length of more than 270 km were positive for amphetamine, and 10.9% of those drivers reported current use of amphetamines. In most cases, appetite suppressants containing amphetamines had been used, but the purpose was most often to stay awake and alert while driving. Truck drivers with travel length of more than 270 km had significantly higher odds ratio (OR) for having a urine sample that was positive for amphetamine when adjusted for age as confounding factor (OR = 9.41, 95% confidence interval [CI], 3.97-22.26). No significant association was found between the use of cocaine or cannabis and travel length. CONCLUSION Truck drivers who reported driving more than 270 km had significantly higher frequencies of urine samples positive for amphetamine and reported significantly more frequent current use of amphetamines than those who reported shorter driving distances.
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A comparison of alcohol and drug use by random motor vehicle drivers in Brazil and Norway. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DRUG POLICY 2014; 25:393-400. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2014.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2013] [Revised: 01/02/2014] [Accepted: 01/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Simultaneous Determination of Fenproporex, Diethylpropione and Methylphenidate in Oral Fluid by LC-MS/MS. Chromatographia 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-013-2569-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Zancanaro I, Limberger RP, Bohel PO, dos Santos MK, De Boni RB, Pechansky F, Caldas ED. Prescription and illicit psychoactive drugs in oral fluid—LC–MS/MS method development and analysis of samples from Brazilian drivers. Forensic Sci Int 2012; 223:208-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2012.08.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2012] [Revised: 08/24/2012] [Accepted: 08/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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