Sacral neuromodulation and intravesical botulinum toxin for refractory overactive bladder

Reprogramming Sacral Neuromodulation for Sub-Optimal Outcomes: Evidence and Recommendations for Clinical Practice

Objectives

In some patients treated for urinary or fecal incontinence with sacral neuromodulation (SNM) persistence of symptoms, a reduction in efficacy or adverse effects of stimulation can occur. In such situations, further programming of the SNM device can help resolve problems. Infrequently hardware failure is detected. This article aims to provide practical guidance to solve sub‐optimal outcomes (troubleshooting) occurring in the course of SNM therapy.

Materials and Methods

A systematic literature review was performed. Collective clinical experience from an expert multidisciplinary group was used to form opinion where evidence was lacking.

Results

Circumstances in which reprogramming is required are described. Actions to undertake include changes of electrode configuration, stimulation amplitude, pulse frequency, and pulse width. Guidance in case of loss of efficacy and adverse effects of stimulation, developed by a group of European experts, is presented. In addition, various hardware failure scenarios and their management are described.

Conclusions

Reprogramming aims to further improve patient symptoms or ensure a comfortable delivery of the therapy. Initial changes of electrode configuration and adjustment of stimulation parameters can be performed at home to avoid unnecessary hospital visits. A logical and stepwise approach to reprogramming can improve the outcome of therapy and restore patient satisfaction.

Efficacy of Transurethral Vesical Deafferentation with Mid-Urethral Sling Operation for Female Mixed Urinary Incontinence: Preliminary Results

OBJECTIVES

In female patients with mixed urinary incontinence (MUI), a mid-urethral sling operation (MUS) is an effective treatment for stress urinary incontinence (SUI), but urgency urinary incontinence (UUI) frequently persists. We developed a novel transurethral vesical deafferentation procedure and assessed its efficacy in these patients.

METHODS

From December 2009 to December 2012, 41 female patients with MUI were enrolled prospectively. After baseline evaluation including urodynamic study and symptom questionnaires (Overactive Bladder Symptom Score (OABSS) and International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire - Overactive Bladder [ICIQ-OAB]), patients in the study group underwent both the deafferentation procedure and MUS, and those in the control group underwent MUS alone. The outcome was assessed 3 months after the operation by subjective assessment of SUI and OABSS.

RESULTS

At 3 months, the treatment response rate of UUI was significantly higher in the study group than in the control group; UUI was improved in 80 and 57.1% of patients, respectively. SUI was cured in most patients. There were no serious complications, such as voiding symptom and urinary retention.

CONCLUSIONS

The transurethral vesical deafferentation procedure combined with MUS is effective for the treatment of MUI. The procedure is simple, safe and efficacious in treating urgency and UUI without affecting voiding function.

A novel implantation technique for pudendal nerve stimulation for treatment of overactive bladder and urgency incontinence

Herein is described laparoscopic implantation of a neuroprosthesis to the pudendal nerve for treatment of non-neurogenic bladder overactivity. This case series study was performed at a tertiary referral unit that specializes in advanced gynecologic surgery and neuropelveology. Fourteen consecutive male and female patients underwent laparoscopic implantation of an electrode to the endopelvic portion of the pudendal nerve for pudendal neuromodulation. All procedures were performed successfully via laparoscopy, without any complications. The mean operative time for the entire procedure was 18 minutes. After a successful test phase of external stimulation, 11 patients (78.57%) underwent implantation of a permanent generator. These patients demonstrated a mean (SD) decreased micturition frequency, from 25 (11.7; range, 13-50) per day on average to 10.18 (2.7; range, 7-15) at final evaluation (mean follow-up, 18 months; range 9-49 months). Nocturia decreased from 5.82 (4.2; range, 3-18) to 2.18 (1.08; range, 1-5) micturitions per night. Cystometric bladder capacities increased from 159 mL (53; range, 80-230 mL) to 312 mL (104.9;160-500 mL). Mean incontinence episodes at the initial evaluation, based on a 3-day voiding diary, were 8.1. At final evaluation, 6 patients were completely dry. Number of pads used per day decreased from 7.3 (4.2) to 1.6 (2.3). No lead dislocation or migration occurred. It was concluded that laparoscopic implantation of a neuroprosthesis to the pudendal nerve is an effective, safe, and reproducible day procedure for treatment of intractable non-neurogenic overactive bladder with urinary urgency incontinence.

Women's perspective: intra-detrusor botox versus sacral neuromodulation for overactive bladder symptoms after unsuccessful anticholinergic treatment

INTRODUCTION AND HYPOTHESIS

Comprehension of women's perspective and reasons for their choice between intra-detrusor botox (botox) and sacral neuromodulation (SNM) after failed anticholinergic treatment for overactive bladder syndrome (OAB) have not been evaluated and reported in the literature. Our voluntary service evaluation survey aimed to determine reasons behind individual patient choice.

METHODS

All women were counseled in detail regarding the two treatment options available after failed anticholinergic treatment as per the hospital trust policy. Once the decision-making process was completed, they were asked to highlight one or more of the 12 questions within the survey that influenced their decision-making process.

RESULTS

Fifty patients, with a mean age of 61.66 years (range 38-82 years) participated in our voluntary survey. Seventy-four per cent chose Botox and 26% chose SNM. In the botox group 54.05% disliked the thought of a foreign body in the back with SNM; 45.94% quoted shorter waiting times and 43.24% said that the quicker onset of benefit (within 3-5 days) with botox compared with SNM (up to 2 weeks) helped to influence their decision towards botox. In the SNM group 61.53% were averse to the potential need for botox to be repeated at variable intervals; 46.15% chose SNM to avoid the risk of urinary retention associated with botox.

CONCLUSION

The botox group seemed more likely to need quicker results with easy access to the treatment modality, whilst the SNM group seemed keener to focus on a more permanent option with a known interval for the repeat procedure. The difference in patient choice was found to be statistically significant.

Defining response and non-response to treatment in patients with overactive bladder: a systematic review

OBJECTIVE

There is currently a lack of formal guidance for assessing treatment response and non-response in patients with overactive bladder (OAB). Such guidance would be useful for both clinical practice and the design of clinical trials. Our purpose was to review and assess definitions of treatment response and non-response used in patients with OAB.

METHODS

We conducted a systematic review of articles published between January 1, 2005 and August 8, 2013 using PubMed. Search terms included (overactive bladder) AND ('treatment response' OR responder OR success OR satisfied OR goal OR refractory OR nonresponder OR fail OR persistent OR dissatisfied). Limits were 'humans' and 'English'. Studies conducted in subjects with neurogenic detrusor overactivity, conditions other than OAB, or OAB symptoms following lower urinary tract/pelvic surgery were excluded; case reports and letters were also excluded.

RESULTS

The literature search returned 423 articles, of which 75 met the inclusion criteria and defined a specific threshold by which treatment response or non-response was determined for patients receiving behavioral therapy and/or treatment with an antimuscarinic, β3-agonist, botulinum toxin, or neural stimulation. One published abstract from congress proceedings and three additional articles that were not identified by the search were included; thus, a total of 79 records were included. A wide variety of symptom-based definitions and patient-reported outcomes (PROs) were used. Symptom-based definitions frequently used a threshold of 50-100% improvement in general or specific symptoms; urgency urinary incontinence (UUI) was often used in studies with incontinent patients. Definitions based on PROs frequently used measures of satisfaction, general improvement, or goal achievement. Studies of patients with refractory OAB often referred to a failure to respond to ≥1 other therapy, or to poor efficacy or unacceptable tolerability, without further specification. Limitations of this review are that only English language articles were included and that only the PubMed database was used for the literature search.

CONCLUSIONS

There is considerable heterogeneity in the definitions of treatment response and non-response in trials of patients with OAB; some standardization would be beneficial. However, there is also heterogeneity among patients of what constitutes treatment success or failure, and conceptualizations of treatment response and non-response in both clinical trials and clinical practice must take patient characteristics into account. For patients with UUI, it is recommended that the criteria for treatment response include this symptom, as measured by change in the absolute number of UUI episodes or achievement of continence, given its impact on patients' lives and associated bother. PROs provide important information that confirm symptom-based measures by demonstrating that observed changes in symptoms are meaningful to the patient. In clinical practice, measures of treatment satisfaction and goal achievement can be highly useful.