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Fan G, Liu Q, Bi J, Qin X, Fang Q, Luo F, Huang X, Li H, Wang Y, Song L. Reproductive factors, genetic susceptibility and risk of type 2 diabetes: A prospective cohort study. DIABETES & METABOLISM 2024; 50:101560. [PMID: 38950855 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabet.2024.101560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Revised: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
AIM To explore the relationships of multiple reproductive factors with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) risk and the joint effects of reproductive factors and genetic susceptibility. METHODS We included 262,368 women without prevalent T2DM from the UK biobank. Cox proportional hazards regression models were employed to estimate the relationships of reproductive factors with T2DM risk and the joint effects of reproductive factors and genetic susceptibility. RESULTS During a mean follow-up of 12.2 years, 8,996 T2DM cases were identified. Early menarche (<12 years, hazard ratio (HR) 1.08 [95 % confidence interval (CI) 1.02;1.13]), late menarche (≥15 years, HR 1.11 [1.04;1.17]), early menopause (<45 years, HR 1.20 [1.12;1.29]), short reproductive lifespan (<30 years, HR 1.25 [1.16;1.35]), hysterectomy (1.31, HR [1.23;1.40]), oophorectomy (HR 1.28 [1.20;1.36]), high parity (≥4, HR 1.25 [1.17;1.34]), early age at first live birth (<20 years, HR 1.23 [1.16;1.31]), miscarriage (HR 1.13 [1.07;1.19]), stillbirth (HR 1.14 [1.03;1.27]), and ever used hormonal replacement therapy (HR 1.19 [1.14;1.24]) were related to a higher T2DM risk, while ever used oral contraceptives (HR 0.93 [0.89;0.98]) was related to a lower T2DM risk. Furthermore, women with reproductive risk factors and high genetic risk had the highest T2DM risk compared to those with low genetic risk and without reproductive risk factors. CONCLUSION Our findings show that multiple reproductive factors are related to T2DM risk, particularly in women with high genetic risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaojie Fan
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, HangKong Road 13, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Qing Liu
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, HangKong Road 13, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Jianing Bi
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, HangKong Road 13, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Xiya Qin
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, HangKong Road 13, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Qing Fang
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, HangKong Road 13, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Fei Luo
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, HangKong Road 13, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Xiaofeng Huang
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, HangKong Road 13, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Heng Li
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, HangKong Road 13, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Youjie Wang
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, HangKong Road 13, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Lulu Song
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, HangKong Road 13, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, China.
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Oppermann K, Spritzer PM. Prevalence and risk factors associated with diabetes mellitus among middle-aged women in southern Brazil: a population-based study. Menopause 2024; 31:225-230. [PMID: 38385732 DOI: 10.1097/gme.0000000000002320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate prevalence and clinical factors associated with diabetes among middle-aged women. METHODS In this cross-sectional population-based study, clinical and laboratory examinations were collected from 298 women. Participants wore a digital pedometer for 7 days to assess habitual physical activity. Abdominal computed tomography scans were performed to measure total fat area and visceral fat area. RESULTS Mean age was 57.1 years (SD, 5.4 y); 78.7% of women were postmenopausal. The prevalence of diabetes was 17.1%. Women with diabetes were older (P = 0.02); worked fewer hours per week in the past month (P = 0.04); had an earlier age at menarche (P = 0.03); were more frequently inactive (P = 0.01); had higher body mass index (P = 0.01), higher waist circumference (P < 0.01), higher visceral (P < 0.01), and higher total fat (P < 0.01) but not subcutaneous fat (P = 0.14); and had higher systolic blood pressure (BP) (P < 0.01). There was a prevalence of 19.5% of current smoking, 32.5% of alcohol use, and 16.1% of current hormone therapy use, prevalence similar among the groups of women. There was a higher prevalence of metabolic syndrome (P < 0.01) and statin use (P < 0.01) in women with diabetes. A higher prevalence ratio of diabetes was associated with physical inactivity (prevalence ratio, 2.137; 95% CI, 1.056-4.325; P < 0.03). The odds of having diabetes increased by 12% for each year of earlier menarche and by 1.4% for each millimeter of mercury increase in systolic BP. CONCLUSION The prevalence of diabetes was 17.1%. Age, physical inactivity, early age at menarche, and systolic BP were independently associated with higher prevalence of diabetes in this unselected population of middle-aged women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Oppermann
- From the Medicine School, Universidade de Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo, Brazil
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