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Kwok MK, Leung GM, Xu L, Tse HF, Lam TH, Schooling CM. Effect of puerarin supplementation on cardiovascular disease risk factors: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, 2-way crossover trial. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 153:113472. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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2
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Chulikhit Y, Sukhano W, Daodee S, Putalun W, Wongpradit R, Khamphukdee C, Umehara K, Noguchi H, Matsumoto K, Monthakantirat O. Effects of Pueraria candollei var mirifica (Airy Shaw and Suvat.) Niyomdham on Ovariectomy-Induced Cognitive Impairment and Oxidative Stress in the Mouse Brain. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26113442. [PMID: 34198932 PMCID: PMC8201258 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26113442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of the phytoestrogen-enriched plant Pueraria mirifica (PM) extract on ovari-ectomy (OVX)-induced cognitive impairment and hippocampal oxidative stress in mice were investigated. Daily treatment with PM and 17β-estradiol (E2) significantly elevated cognitive behavior as evaluated by using the Y maze test, the novel object recognition test (NORT), and the Morris water maze test (MWM), attenuated atrophic changes in the uterus and decreased serum 17β-estradiol levels. The treatments significantly ameliorated ovariectomy-induced oxidative stress in the hippocampus and serum by a decrease in malondialdehyde (MDA), an enhancement of superoxide dismutase, and catalase activity, including significantly down-regulated expression of IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α proinflammatory cytokines, while up-regulating expression of PI3K. The present results suggest that PM extract suppresses oxidative brain damage and dysfunctions in the hippocampal antioxidant system, including the neuroinflammatory system in OVX animals, thereby preventing OVX-induced cognitive impairment. The present results indicate that PM exerts beneficial effects on cognitive deficits for which menopause/ovariectomy have been implicated as risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaowared Chulikhit
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; (Y.C.); (W.S.); (S.D.); (R.W.)
| | - Wichitsak Sukhano
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; (Y.C.); (W.S.); (S.D.); (R.W.)
| | - Supawadee Daodee
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; (Y.C.); (W.S.); (S.D.); (R.W.)
| | - Waraporn Putalun
- Division of Pharmacognosy and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; (W.P.); (C.K.)
| | - Rakvajee Wongpradit
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; (Y.C.); (W.S.); (S.D.); (R.W.)
| | - Charinya Khamphukdee
- Division of Pharmacognosy and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; (W.P.); (C.K.)
| | - Kaoru Umehara
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Yada 52-1, Shi-zuoka-shi, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan; (K.U.); (H.N.)
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Yokohama University of Pharmacy, Yokohama, Kanagawa 245-0066, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Noguchi
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Yada 52-1, Shi-zuoka-shi, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan; (K.U.); (H.N.)
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Nihon Pharmaceutical University, Saitama 362-0806, Japan
| | - Kinzo Matsumoto
- Division of Medicinal Pharmacology, Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan;
| | - Orawan Monthakantirat
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; (Y.C.); (W.S.); (S.D.); (R.W.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +66-4320-2305
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3
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Lindermann Peressoni Teixeira MJ, Colonetti Colombo C, Colonetti L, Rosa MID, Colonetti T. Influence of phytoestrogens on endometrial thickness: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Climacteric 2021; 25:118-127. [PMID: 34036861 DOI: 10.1080/13697137.2021.1921728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this systematic review was to evaluate the influence of the use of phytoestrogens on variations in endometrial thickness in postmenopausal women. Randomized controlled trials were searched in the following electronic databases until March 2020: MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane Library, Web of Science and LILACS. We used the terms 'phytoestrogens' and 'endometrium' or 'endometrial hyperplasia' to search for relevant trials. The data were analyzed using RevMan 5.3 software. A total of 10 studies involving 1476 patients were included. The difference in endometrial thickness was evaluated in 10 studies, with a total of 805 participants in the phytoestrogen group and 761 in the control group. Such a difference was not significant between groups after 3 months (standardized mean difference [SMD] 0.00, 95% confidence interval [CI] - 0.37 to 0.37; I2 = 63%), 6 months (SMD -0.30, 95% CI -0.79 to 0.19; I2 = 70%), 12 months (SMD -0.02, 95% CI 0.22 to -0.18; I2 = 0%) and 24 months (SMD -0.09, 95% CI -0.25, 0.08; I2 = 0%) of use. Our meta-analysis shows no changes in endometrial thickness in women using phytoestrogens. Evidence is still uncertain owing to the presence of heterogeneity among the studies currently available, whose reported outcomes cover a period between 3 and 6 months.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - C Colonetti Colombo
- Department of Medicine School, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - L Colonetti
- Laboratory of Biomedicine Translational, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - M Inês da Rosa
- Department of Medicine School, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil.,Laboratory of Biomedicine Translational, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - T Colonetti
- Department of Medicine School, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil.,Laboratory of Biomedicine Translational, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
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Słupski W, Jawień P, Nowak B. Botanicals in Postmenopausal Osteoporosis. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13051609. [PMID: 34064936 PMCID: PMC8151026 DOI: 10.3390/nu13051609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoporosis is a systemic bone disease characterized by reduced bone mass and the deterioration of bone microarchitecture leading to bone fragility and an increased risk of fractures. Conventional anti-osteoporotic pharmaceutics are effective in the treatment and prophylaxis of osteoporosis, however they are associated with various side effects that push many women into seeking botanicals as an alternative therapy. Traditional folk medicine is a rich source of bioactive compounds waiting for discovery and investigation that might be used in those patients, and therefore botanicals have recently received increasing attention. The aim of this review of literature is to present the comprehensive information about plant-derived compounds that might be used to maintain bone health in perimenopausal and postmenopausal females.
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Wang S, Zhang S, Wang S, Gao P, Dai L. A comprehensive review on Pueraria: Insights on its chemistry and medicinal value. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 131:110734. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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Sritonchai C, Manonai J, Sophonsritsuk A, Cherdshewasart W. Comparison of the effects of Pueraria mirifica gel and of placebo gel on the vaginal microenvironment of postmenopausal women with Genitourinary Syndrome of Menopause (GSM). Maturitas 2020; 140:49-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2020.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Ratanachamnong P, Phivthong-Ngam L, Namchaiw P. Daily White kwao krua dietary supplement alleviates LDL oxidative susceptibility, plasma LDL level and improves vasculature in a hypercholesterolemia rabbit model. J Tradit Complement Med 2020; 10:496-503. [PMID: 32953566 PMCID: PMC7484953 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcme.2020.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM White kwao krua is an edible plant that grows in Southeast Asia. It is very rich in natural phytoestrogens. Previous clinical studies revealed that the use of White kwao krua as a hormone replacement therapy has beneficial effects on the lipid profile of menopause women. In this present study, we utilized the hypercholesterolemia rabbit model to demonstrate the effect of White kwao krua on the daily intake of high-fat diet. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE We induced hypercholesterolemia in rabbits by feeding with high-fat diet (1% cholesterol-containing diet). The animals were maintained 12 weeks for the experimentation. The White kwao krua supplement was administered 100 mg/kg/day, and the effects were monitored comparing with Statins and turmeric. Blood was collected periodically to monitor the plasma cholesterol level and the oxidative susceptibility of isolated LDL-cholesterol. At the end of the experiment, the aorta was collected from the animal and performed endothelial-dependent relaxation and endothelial-independent relaxation assays. The relative ratio of intima to media layer was microscopically evaluated from hematoxylin/eosin-stained tissues. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION We showed that the White kwao krua supplement reduced LDL-cholesterol about 40% compared with high-fat diet consumption alone. Administration of White kwao krua had significantly prolonged the susceptibility of LDL-cholesterol to oxidation. Besides, it led to the improvement of vascular function by recovering endothelium-dependent relaxation and alleviating vascular structure impairment induced by high-fat dietary intake. Together, we suggest that White kwao krua should be used as a dietary supplement to reduce the atherogenesis in high-fat dietary consumption. SECTION Dietary therapy/nutrients supplements. TAXONOMY Inflammation, Disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Poommaree Namchaiw
- Biological Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering, King Mongkut’s University of Technology, Thonburi, Thailand
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8
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He J, Li X, Wang Z, Bennett S, Chen K, Xiao Z, Zhan J, Chen S, Hou Y, Chen J, Wang S, Xu J, Lin D. Therapeutic Anabolic and Anticatabolic Benefits of Natural Chinese Medicines for the Treatment of Osteoporosis. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:1344. [PMID: 31824310 PMCID: PMC6886594 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoporosis is a bone disease characterized by increasing osseous fragility and fracture due to the reduced bone mass and microstructural degradation. Primary pharmacological strategies for the treatment of osteoporosis, hormone replacement treatment (HRT), and alendronate therapies may produce adverse side-effects and may not be recommended for long-term usage. Some classic and bone-specific natural Chinese medicine are very popularly used to treat osteoporosis and bone fracture effectively in clinical with their potential value in bone growth and development, but with few adverse side-effects. Current evidence suggests that the treatments appear to improve bone metabolism and attenuate the osteoporotic imbalance between bone formation and bone resorption at a cellular level by promoting osteoblast activity and inhibiting the effects of osteoclasts. The valuable therapies might, therefore, provide an effective and safer alternative to primary pharmacological strategies. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to comprehensively review these classic and bone-specific drugs in natural Chinese medicines for the treatment of osteoporosis that had been deeply and definitely studied and reported with both bone formation and antiresorption effects, including Gynochthodes officinalis (F.C.How) Razafim. & B.Bremer (syn. Morinda officinalis F.C.How), Curculigo orchioides Gaertn., Psoralea corylifolia (L.) Medik Eucommia ulmoides Oliv., Dipsacus inermis Wall. (syn. Dipsacus asperoides C.Y.Cheng & T.M.Ai), Cibotium barometz (L.) J. Sm., Velvet Antler, Cistanche deserticola Ma, Cuscuta chinensis Lam., Cnidium monnieri (L.) Cusson, Epimedium brevicornum Maxim, Pueraria montana (Lour.) Merr. and Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge., thus providing evidence for the potential use of alternative Chinese medicine therapies to effectively treat osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianbo He
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,The School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.,The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaojuan Li
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Formula-Pattern Research Center, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ziyi Wang
- The School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Samuel Bennett
- The School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Kai Chen
- The School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Zhifeng Xiao
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiheng Zhan
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shudong Chen
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu Hou
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junhao Chen
- The School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Shaofang Wang
- Centre for Legumes in Mediterranean Agriculture, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Jiake Xu
- The School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Dingkun Lin
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
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Mareti E, Abatzi C, Vavilis D, Lambrinoudaki I, Goulis DG. Effect of oral phytoestrogens on endometrial thickness and breast density of perimenopausal and postmenopausal women: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Maturitas 2019; 124:81-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2019.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 03/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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10
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Kongkaew C, Scholfield NC, Dhippayom T, Dilokthornsakul P, Saokaew S, Chaiyakunapruk N. Efficacy and safety of Pueraria candollei var. mirifica (Airy Shaw & Suvat.) Niyomdham for menopausal women: A systematic review of clinical trials and the way forward. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2018; 216:162-174. [PMID: 29409850 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2018.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Revised: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Pueraria candollei var. mirifica (Airy Shaw & Suvat.) Niyomdham (commonly termed P. mirifica, PM) growing in upland Thailand has a long history as a postmenopausal rejuvenant therapy for indigenants. Its amelioration of menopause symptoms in clinical trials was assessed. MATERIALS AND METHODS International and Thai databases were searched from inception to February 2017. Clinical trials investigating effects of PM menopausal or postmenopausal women were included. Outcomes were self-reported menopausal symptoms, serum reproductive hormones, urino-genital tract function, and bone surrogates. Methodological quality was assessed by Cochrane risk-of-bias v2.0, and a 22-parameter quality score based on the CONSORT checklist for herbal medicines. RESULTS Eight studies (9 articles) used data from 309 menopausal patients. Five-studies demonstrated that PM was associated with climacteric scores reduced by ~50% compared to baseline. Other PM studies using limited numbers of placebo participants suggested improved vaginal and other urogenital tract symptoms. Bone alkaline phosphatase halved (suggesting lowered bone turnover). Variable serum reproductive hormone levels suggested menopausal status differed between studies. PM active ingredients and sources were not defined. Adverse event rates (mastodynia, vaginal spotting, dizziness) were similar in all groups (PM, conjugated equine estrogen, and placebos) but serum C-reactive protein doubled. These studies had design and reporting deficiencies, high risks of biases, and low quality scores. CONCLUSIONS The efficacy of PM on menopausal symptoms remains inconclusive because of methodological short-comings especially placebo effects inherent in self-assessment/recall questionnaires and no PM standardization. PM efficacy and safety need a fundamental re-appraisal by: (i) cohort (retro- and prospective) studies on current users to define its traditional use for rejuvenation; (ii) tightly coupling long-term efficacy to safety of well-defined PM and multiple end-points; (iii) using study design related to current understanding of menopause progression and estrogen pharmacology (iv) robust pharmacovigilance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuenjid Kongkaew
- Centre for Safety and Quality in Health, Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand; Research Department of Practice and Policy, School of Pharmacy, University College London, UK.
| | - Norman C Scholfield
- Centre for Safety and Quality in Health, Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand.
| | - Teerapon Dhippayom
- Centre for Safety and Quality in Health, Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand.
| | - Piyameth Dilokthornsakul
- Center of Pharmaceutical Outcomes Research, Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand.
| | - Surasak Saokaew
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Center of Pharmaceutical Outcomes Research, Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand; Center of Health Outcomes Research and Therapeutic Safety (Cohorts), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Phayao, Phayao, Thailand.
| | - Nathorn Chaiyakunapruk
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Center of Pharmaceutical Outcomes Research, Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand; Asian Centre for Evidence Synthesis in Population, Implementation and Clinical Outcomes (PICO), Health and Well-being Cluster, Global Asia in the 21st Century (GA21) Platform, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia; School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
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11
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Yusakul G, Kitisripanya T, Juengwatanatrakul T, Sakamoto S, Tanaka H, Putalun W. Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay for total potent estrogenic miroestrol and deoxymiroestrol of Pueraria candollei, a Thai herb for menopause remedy. J Nat Med 2018; 72:641-650. [DOI: 10.1007/s11418-018-1194-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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12
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Comparison of Pueraria mirifica gel and conjugated equine estrogen cream effects on vaginal health in postmenopausal women. Menopause 2018; 24:210-215. [PMID: 27749740 DOI: 10.1097/gme.0000000000000742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To compare the effects of a 12-week treatment with Pueraria mirifica (PM) gel or a conjugated estrogen cream on vaginal maturation index, vaginal symptom score, vaginal health assessment score, and vaginal flora in postmenopausal women. METHODS In a prospective, noninferiority, randomized controlled study, 82 postmenopausal women with at least one vulvovaginal symptom, that is, dryness, soreness, irritation, dyspareunia, or discharge, were recruited. Participants were randomly assigned into two groups for treatment with either PM gel or conjugated estrogen cream (CEE). The treatment regimen consisted of application of 0.5 g of product intravaginally daily for 2 weeks, and then decreased to three times per week for 10 weeks. Vaginal maturation index, vaginal symptoms score, and vaginal health assessment score were evaluated before the beginning of the study and at 6 weeks and 12 weeks after treatment with PM or CEE. RESULTS The vaginal maturation index increased significantly in both treatment groups at week 12, from 22.44 ± 22.28 to 47.56 ± 29.00 and from 27.07 ± 26.12 to 66.90 ± 22.42 in the PM and the CEE groups, respectively (P < 0.05). A significantly higher effect was, however, observed in the CEE group (P < 0.05). Vaginal symptom scores decreased significantly after treatment in both groups, from 4.37 ± 2.79 to 0.95 ± 1.88 and from 4.15 ± 2.16 to 0.68 ± 1.64 in the PM and the CEE groups, respectively (P < 0.05), with no statistically significant different between the two groups (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The use of a 12-week treatment regimen with Pueraria mirifica gel was shown to be efficacious and safe for the treatment of vulvovaginal atrophy. Conjugated estrogen cream was found to be more effective compared to Pueraria mirifica gel in improving signs of vaginal atrophy and restoring vaginal epithelium at 6 and 12 weeks.
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Liu J, Yuan F, Gao J, Shan B, Ren Y, Wang H, Gao Y. Oral isoflavone supplementation on endometrial thickness: a meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled trials. Oncotarget 2017; 7:17369-79. [PMID: 26967050 PMCID: PMC4951218 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Isoflavone from soy and other plants modulate hormonal effects in women, and the hormone disorder might result in different caners including endometrial cancer. However, it's effect on the risk of endometrial cancer is still inconclusive. We aimed to assess the effects of isoflavone on endometrial thickness, a risk factor of endometrial cancer in peri- and post-menopausal women. Methods A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials was conducted to evaluate the effect of oral isoflavone supplementation on endometrial thickness in peri- and post-menopausal women. Electronic searches were performed on the PubMed, Embase, the Cochrane Library, web of science, CINAHL, and WHO ICTRP to August 1st, 2015. Reviews and reference lists of relevant articles were also searched to identify more studies. Summary estimates of standard mean differences (SMD's) and 95%CIs were obtained with random-effects models. Heterogeneity was evaluated with meta-regression and stratified analyses. Results A total of 23 trials were included in the current analysis. The overall results did not show significant change of endometrial thickness after oral isoflavone supplementation (23 studies, 2167subjects; SMD:-0.05; 95%CI:-0.23, 0.13; P=0.60). Stratified analysis suggested that a daily dose of more than 54mg could decrease the endometrial thickness for 0.26mm (10 trials, 984subjects; SMD:-0.26; 95%CI:-0.45, −0.07; P=0.007). Furthermore, isoflavone supplementation significantly decrease the endometrial thickness for 0.23mm in North American studies (7 trials, 726 subjects; SMD:-0.23; 95%CI:-0.44, −0.01; P=0.04), but it suggested an increase for 0.23mm in Asian studies (3 trials, 224 subjects; SMD: 0.23; 95%CI:-0.04, 0.50; P=0.10). Conclusion Oral isoflavone supplementation might have different effects in different populations and at different daily doses. Multiple-centre, larger, and long-term trials are deserved to further evaluate its effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Liu
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Feixiang Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Gao
- Nutrition Department, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Boer Shan
- Department of Female Tumor, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Yulan Ren
- Department of Female Tumor, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Huaying Wang
- Department of Female Tumor, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Gao
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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14
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Anti-osteoporotic effects of Pueraria candollei var. mirifica on bone mineral density and histomorphometry in estrogen-deficient rats. J Nat Med 2016; 70:225-33. [DOI: 10.1007/s11418-016-0965-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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15
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Yusakul G, Sakamoto S, Juengwatanatrakul T, Putalun W, Tanaka H, Morimoto S. Preparation and application of a monoclonal antibody against the isoflavone glycoside daidzin using a mannich reaction-derived hapten conjugate. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2016; 27:81-8. [PMID: 26689919 DOI: 10.1002/pca.2604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Revised: 10/18/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Daidzin and its aglycone daidzein are major pharmacologically active compounds of soybean (Glycine max), kudzu (Pueraria lobata), and kwao kruea khao (P. mirifica). Pharmacological activities of daidzin are mediated by its more potent metabolites daidzein and equol; however, daidzin is the predominant compound found in these medicinal plants, and the efficacy and safety of equol depend on the amount of daidzin consumed. OBJECTIVE To develop a specific monoclonal antibody (MAb)-based indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (icELISA) for standardisation of daidzin content in herbal medicines or nutraceuticals. METHODOLOGY The Mannich reaction was used for the synthesis of a highly immunogenic conjugate between daidzin and a cationised carrier protein. Splenocytes of hyperimmunised mice were fused with myeloma cells to generate a hybridoma secreting antibody against daidzin. RESULTS The icELISA showed high selectivity and acceptable sensitivity for daidzin determination (1.56-100 ng/mL) with high reproducibility (coefficients of variation were < 5%). The icELISA was a reliable analytical method for daidzin in Glycine max, Pueraria lobata and P. mirifica, for which daidzin recoveries from spiked samples were 98.99-104.94%. Daidzin content of these plant-derived products determined using the icELISA were in close agreement with those determined by a HPLC-UV method. CONCLUSION The icELISA is useful for specific daidzin determination because of its reliability, low cost, speed and high throughput.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gorawit Yusakul
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Seiichi Sakamoto
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | | | - Waraporn Putalun
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Hiroyuki Tanaka
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Satoshi Morimoto
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
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Urinary enterolactone associated with liver enzyme levels in US adults: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Br J Nutr 2015; 114:91-7. [DOI: 10.1017/s000711451500149x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Phyto-oestrogens are a family of plant-derived xeno-oestrogens that appear to have beneficial effects on human health. To date, no data are available about phyto-oestrogen consumption affecting liver health in a population. The present study aimed to explore the relationship of urinary phyto-oestrogen metabolites with serum liver enzymes in US adults. A nationally representative sample of US adults in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2003–10 was analysed. The cross-sectional study sample consisted of 6438 adults with data on urinary phyto-oestrogen levels, serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and γ-glutamyl transaminase (GGT) concentrations and data on other potential confounders. Multivariate logistic regression and linear regression were applied to assess associations between urinary phyto-oestrogen levels and ALT, AST, ALP and GGT concentrations. We found a remarkable association between urinary enterolactone and GGT in both adult males (OR 0·37, 95 % CI 0·22, 0·61; P= 0·003) and females (OR 0·37, 95 % CI 0·26, 0·54; P= 0·009). Moreover, elevated enterolactone levels were inversely associated with ALT and AST levels in adult males. However, no association was present between levels of urinary daidzein, O-desmethylangolensin, equol, enterodiol or genistein with liver enzyme levels in this population. The present study results provide epidemiological evidence that urinary enterolactone levels are associated with liver GGT levels in humans. This suggests a potential protective effect of enterolactone on human liver function. However, the underlying mechanisms still need further investigation.
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Yusakul G, Udomsin O, Tanaka H, Morimoto S, Juengwatanatrakul T, Putalun W. Enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay by enhanced chemiluminescence detection for the standardization of estrogenic miroestrol in
Pueraria candollei
Graham ex Benth. LUMINESCENCE 2014; 30:568-75. [DOI: 10.1002/bio.2787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2014] [Revised: 08/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gorawit Yusakul
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical SciencesKhon Kaen University Khon Kaen 40002 Thailand
- Research Group for Pharmaceutical Activities of Natural Products using Pharmaceutical Biotechnology (PANPB)National Research University‐Khon Kaen University Khon Kaen 40002 Thailand
| | - Orapin Udomsin
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical SciencesKhon Kaen University Khon Kaen 40002 Thailand
- Research Group for Pharmaceutical Activities of Natural Products using Pharmaceutical Biotechnology (PANPB)National Research University‐Khon Kaen University Khon Kaen 40002 Thailand
| | - Hiroyuki Tanaka
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical SciencesKyushu University Fukuoka 812‐8582 Japan
| | - Satoshi Morimoto
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical SciencesKyushu University Fukuoka 812‐8582 Japan
| | | | - Waraporn Putalun
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical SciencesKhon Kaen University Khon Kaen 40002 Thailand
- Research Group for Pharmaceutical Activities of Natural Products using Pharmaceutical Biotechnology (PANPB)National Research University‐Khon Kaen University Khon Kaen 40002 Thailand
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Ulbricht C, Costa D, Dam C, D'Auria D, Giese N, Isaac R, LeBlanc Y, Rusie E, Weissner W, Windsor RC. An evidence-based systematic review of kudzu (Pueraria lobata) by the Natural Standard Research Collaboration. J Diet Suppl 2014; 12:36-104. [PMID: 24848872 DOI: 10.3109/19390211.2014.904123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
An evidence-based systematic review of kudzu (Pueraria lobata) by the Natural Standard Research Collaboration consolidates the safety and efficacy data available in the scientific literature using a validated, reproducible grading rationale. This article includes written and statistical analysis of clinical trials, plus a compilation of expert opinion, folkloric precedent, history, pharmacology, kinetics/dynamics, interactions, adverse effects, toxicology, and dosing.
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Jungsukcharoen J, Dhiani BA, Cherdshewasart W, Vinayavekhin N, Sangvanich P, Boonchird C. Pueraria mirifica leaves, an alternative potential isoflavonoid source. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 78:917-26. [PMID: 25036114 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2014.910091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the major leaf isoflavonoid contents of Pueraria mirifica from three different cultivars (PM-III, PM-IV, and PM-V) using reverse RP-HPLC analysis. The proportions and net levels of puerarin, daidzin, genistin, and daidzein in P. mirifica leaves were found to depend on the plant cultivar and to correlate with cultivation temperature and rainfall amount. The crude leaf-extracts were tested using the Yeast Estrogen Screen (YES) assay with both human estrogen receptors (hERα and hERβ). Their estrogenic activity was higher when determined by the YES system containing hERβ than that with hERα and was also higher when the Δsnq2 than the wildtype yeast was employed. The results open the possibility of selecting and cultivating certain P. mirifica cultivars at a farm scale to produce a sufficient supply of leaf material to act as a starting source for the commercial scale extraction of these major isoflavonoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jutarmas Jungsukcharoen
- a Faculty of Science, Program in Biotechnology , Chulalongkorn University , Bangkok , Thailand
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Lethaby A, Marjoribanks J, Kronenberg F, Roberts H, Eden J, Brown J. Phytoestrogens for menopausal vasomotor symptoms. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2013; 2013:CD001395. [PMID: 24323914 PMCID: PMC10247921 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd001395.pub4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vasomotor symptoms, such as hot flushes and night sweats, are very common during the menopausal transition. Hormone therapy has traditionally been used as a highly effective treatment, but concerns about increased risk of some chronic diseases have markedly increased the interest of women in alternative treatments. Some of the most popular of these treatments are foods or supplements enriched with phytoestrogens-plant-derived chemicals that have estrogenic action. OBJECTIVES To assess the efficacy, safety and acceptability of food products, extracts and dietary supplements containing high levels of phytoestrogens when compared with no treatment, placebo or hormone therapy for the amelioration of vasomotor menopausal symptoms (such as hot flushes and night sweats) in perimenopausal and postmenopausal women. SEARCH METHODS Searches targeted the following electronic databases: the Cochrane Menstrual Disorders and Subfertility Group Specialised Register of randomised trials (29 July 2013), the Cochrane Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL; 29 July 2013), MEDLINE (inception to 29 July 2013), EMBASE (inception to 29 July 2013), AMED (1985 to 29 July 2013), PsycINFO (inception to 29 July 2013) and CINAHL (inception to 29 July 2013). Attempts were made to access grey literature by sending letters to pharmaceutical companies and performing searches of ongoing trial registers. Reference lists of included trials were also searched. SELECTION CRITERIA Studies were included if they were randomised, included perimenopausal or postmenopausal participants with vasomotor symptoms (hot flushes or night sweats), lasted at least 12 weeks and provided interventions such as foods or supplements with high levels of phytoestrogens (not combined with other herbal treatments). Trials that included women who had breast cancer or a history of breast cancer were excluded. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Selection of trials, extraction of data and assessment of quality were undertaken by at least two review authors. Most trials were too dissimilar for their results to be combined in a meta-analysis, so these findings are provided in narrative 'Summary of results' tables. Studies were grouped into broad categories: dietary soy, soy extracts, red clover extracts, genistein extracts and other types of phytoestrogens. Five trials used Promensil, a red clover extract; results of these trials were combined in a meta-analysis, and summary effect measures were calculated. MAIN RESULTS A total of 43 randomised controlled trials (4,364 participants) were included in this review. Very few trials provided data suitable for inclusion in a meta-analysis. Among the five trials that yielded data assessing the daily frequency of hot flushes suitable for pooling, no significant difference overall was noted in the incidence of hot flushes between participants taking Promensil (a red clover extract) and those given placebo (mean difference (MD) -0.93, 95% confidence interval (CI) -1.95 to 0.10, I(2) = 31%). No evidence indicated a difference in percentage reduction in hot flushes in two trials between Promensil and placebo (MD 20.15, 95% CI -12.08 to 52.38, I(2) = 82%). Four trials that were not combined in meta-analyses suggested that extracts with high (> 30 mg/d) levels of genistein consistently reduced the frequency of hot flushes. Individual results from the remaining trials were compared in broad subgroups such as dietary soy, soy extracts and other types of phytoestrogens that could not be combined. Some of these trials found that phytoestrogen treatments alleviated the frequency and severity of hot flushes and night sweats when compared with placebo, but many trials were small and were determined to be at high risk of bias. A strong placebo effect was noted in most trials, with a reduction in frequency ranging from 1% to 59% with placebo. No indication suggested that discrepant results were due to the amount of isoflavone in the active treatment arm, the severity of vasomotor symptoms or trial quality factors. Also, no evidence indicated that these treatments caused oestrogenic stimulation of the endometrium or the vagina or other adverse effects when used for up to two years. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS No conclusive evidence shows that phytoestrogen supplements effectively reduce the frequency or severity of hot flushes and night sweats in perimenopausal or postmenopausal women, although benefits derived from concentrates of genistein should be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Lethaby
- University of AucklandDepartment of Obstetrics and GynaecologyPrivate Bag 92019AucklandNew Zealand1142
| | - Jane Marjoribanks
- University of AucklandDepartment of Obstetrics and GynaecologyPrivate Bag 92019AucklandNew Zealand1142
| | - Fredi Kronenberg
- College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University in the City of New YorkDepartment of Rehabilitation MedicineBOX 75630 W 168TH STNew YorkUSANY 10027‐6902
| | - Helen Roberts
- University of AucklandDepartment of Obstetrics and GynaecologyPrivate Bag 92019AucklandNew Zealand1142
| | - John Eden
- Royal Hospital for WomenSydney Menopause Centre & Natural Therapies UnitLocked Bag 2000RandwickNSWAustralia2031
| | - Julie Brown
- University of AucklandThe Liggins Institute and Department of Obstetrics and GynaecologyFMHSAucklandNew Zealand
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Yusakul G, Udomsin O, Juengwatanatrakul T, Tanaka H, Chaichantipyuth C, Putalun W. Highly selective and sensitive determination of deoxymiroestrol using a polyclonal antibody-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Talanta 2013; 114:73-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2013.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Revised: 04/04/2013] [Accepted: 04/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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High performance enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for determination of miroestrol, a potent phytoestrogen from Pueraria candollei. Anal Chim Acta 2013; 785:104-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2013.04.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2013] [Revised: 04/02/2013] [Accepted: 04/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Medical applications of phytoestrogens from the Thai herb Pueraria mirifica. Front Med 2012; 6:8-21. [PMID: 22460444 DOI: 10.1007/s11684-012-0184-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2011] [Accepted: 12/31/2011] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Pueraria mirifica Airy Shaw et Suvatabandhu is a medicinal plant endemic to Thailand. It has been used in Thai folklore medicine for its rejuvenating qualities in aged women and men for nearly one hundred years. Indeed, it has been claimed that P. mirifica contains active phytoestrogens (plant substances with estrogen-like activity). Using high performance liquid chromatography, at least 17 phytoestrogens, mainly isoflavones, have been isolated. Thus, fairly considerable scientific researches, both in vitro in cell lines and in vivo in various species of animals including humans, have been conducted to date to address its estrogenic activity on the reproductive organs, bones, cardiovascular diseases and other climacteric related symptoms. The antioxidative capacity and antiproliferative effect on tumor cell lines have also been assessed. In general, P. mirifica could be applicable for preventing, or as a therapeutic for, the symptoms related to estrogen deficiency in menopausal women as well as in andropausal men. However, the optimal doses for each desirable effect and the balance to avoid undesired side effects need to be calculated before use.
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Comparison of Pueraria mirifica 25 and 50 mg for menopausal symptoms. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2010; 284:411-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00404-010-1689-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2010] [Accepted: 09/13/2010] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Boonchird C, Mahapanichkul T, Cherdshewasart W. Differential binding with ERalpha and ERbeta of the phytoestrogen-rich plant Pueraria mirifica. Braz J Med Biol Res 2009; 43:195-200. [PMID: 20027484 DOI: 10.1590/s0100-879x2009007500026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2009] [Accepted: 11/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Variations in the estrogenic activity of the phytoestrogen-rich plant, Pueraria mirifica, were determined with yeast estrogen screen (YES) consisting of human estrogen receptors (hER) hERalpha and hERbeta and human transcriptional intermediary factor 2 (hTIF2) or human steroid receptor coactivator 1 (hSRC1), respectively, together with the beta-galactosidase expression cassette. Relative estrogenic potency was expressed by determining the beta-galactosidase activity (EC(50)) of the tuber extracts in relation to 17beta-estradiol. Twenty-four and 22 of the plant tuber ethanolic extracts interacted with hERalpha and hERbeta, respectively, with a higher relative estrogenic potency with hERbeta than with hERalpha. Antiestrogenic activity of the plant extracts was also determined by incubation of plant extracts with 17beta-estradiol prior to YES assay. The plant extracts tested exhibited antiestrogenic activity. Both the estrogenic and the antiestrogenic activity of the tuber extracts were metabolically activated with the rat liver S9-fraction prior to the assay indicating the positive influence of liver enzymes. Correlation analysis between estrogenic potency and the five major isoflavonoid contents within the previously HPLC-analyzed tuberous samples namely puerarin, daidzin, genistin, daidzein, and genistein revealed a negative result.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Boonchird
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, Thailand
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The effect of Pueraria mirifica on cytologic and urodynamic findings in ovariectomized rats. Menopause 2009; 16:350-6. [DOI: 10.1097/gme.0b013e318188b279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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