1
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The potential anti-osteoporotic effect of exercise-induced increased preptin level in ovariectomized rats. Anat Sci Int 2023; 98:22-35. [PMID: 35507276 DOI: 10.1007/s12565-022-00666-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Osteoporosis increases bone fragility and fractures. Preptin hormone is regulated by moderate exercise training and increases bone formation. Therefore, this study was conducted to see how estradiol administration and moderate exercise training affected osteoporotic changes in ovariectomized (OVX) rats. To achieve this aim, 36 healthy adult female Wistar albino rats were randomized into Sham, OVX, ovariectomized estradiol-treated (OVX + E) (OVX + E rats were treated using subcutaneous estradiol benzoate 2.5 μg/kg body weight/day), ovariectomized practicing moderate exercise training, ovariectomized estradiol-treated and practiced a moderate exercise training, and ovariectomized alendronate-treated (OVX + Alen) (OVX + Alen rats were treated orally with alendronate 3 mg/kg body weight/week) groups. Alendronate was used as a standard anti-osteoporotic drug. Moderate exercise training, including therapy with estradiol and alendronate for OVX rats began on the fourth week and lasted for six weeks. Results showed that OVX rats had estrogen and preptin deficiency in serum. These deficiencies were associated with a significant increase in bone resorption biomarkers (urinary deoxypyridinoline and hydroxyproline), and bone formation biomarkers (serum osteocalcin and bone-specific alkaline phosphatase). Also, serum pro-inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin-6) were increased, while bone osteopontin (OPN) expression was decreased. Subsequently, the osteoporotic alterations were verified based on histopathological changes. From the results, estradiol therapy and moderate exercise training significantly improved these findings to the same extent as that of the standard alendronate treatment. Therefore, through their anti-inflammatory properties, increasing bone OPN expression, and regulating serum preptin; estradiol therapy and moderate exercise training can reduce osteoporotic alterations in OVX rats. Thus, combined estradiol therapy and moderate exercise training could be a promising potential therapeutic protocol to reduce postmenopausal osteoporosis. Also, targeting serum preptin and bone osteopontin regulation could have a critical role in the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis.
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2
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Stunes AK, Erben RG, Schüler C, Eriksen EF, Tice M, Vashishth D, Syversen U, Mosti MP. Skeletal effects of plyometric exercise and metformin in ovariectomized rats. Bone 2020; 132:115193. [PMID: 31857252 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2019.115193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Estrogen deficiency causes bone loss and skeletal muscle dysfunction, and attenuates the musculoskeletal effects of exercise. The anti-diabetic drug metformin has been suggested to promote beneficial skeletal effects. To explore whether metformin can improve musculoskeletal training response during estrogen deficiency, we investigated the skeletal effects of plyometric exercise and metformin, in an ovarectomized (OVX) rat model of osteoporosis. Female Sprague Dawley rats, 12 weeks of age, rats were allocated to a sham-operated group (Sham), and four OVX groups; metformin (OVX-Met), exercise (OVX-Ex), combined metformin and exercise (OVX-MetEx) and a control group (OVX-Ctr), n = 12/group. Dual X-ray absorptiometry, micro computed tomography, fracture toughness testing, histomorphometry and plasma analyses were performed to explore skeletal effects. All intervention groups exhibited a higher gain in femoral bone mineral density (BMD) than OVX-Ctr (p < .01). The combined intervention also resulted in a higher gain in femoral and spine BMD compared to OVX-Met (p < .01). Both exercise groups displayed improved microarchitecture, including both cortical and trabecular parameters (p < .05). This was most evident in the OVX-MetEx group where several indices were at sham level or superior to OVX-Ctr (p < .05). The OVX-MetEx group also exhibited an enhanced toughening effect compared to the other OVX groups (p < .05). The beneficial skeletal effects seemed to be mediated by inhibition of bone resorption and stimulation of bone formation. The training response (i.e. jumping height) was also greater in the metformin treated rats compared to OVX-Ex (p < .01), indicating a performance-enhancing effect of metformin. Both exercise groups displayed higher lean mass than OVX-Ctr (p < .05). In conclusion, the combination of plyometric exercise and metformin improved trabecular microarchitecture and bone material properties relative to OVX controls. However, no additive effect of the combined intervention was observed compared to exercise alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Stunes
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway; St. Olavs University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - R G Erben
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - C Schüler
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - E F Eriksen
- Department of Endocrinology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - M Tice
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA
| | - D Vashishth
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA
| | - U Syversen
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway; Department of Endocrinology, St Olavs University Hospital HF, Trondheim, Norway
| | - M P Mosti
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway; St. Olavs University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway.
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3
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Yarrow JF, Kok HJ, Phillips EG, Conover CF, Lee J, Bassett TE, Buckley KH, Reynolds MC, Wnek RD, Otzel DM, Chen C, Jiron JM, Graham ZA, Cardozo C, Vandenborne K, Bose PK, Aguirre JI, Borst SE, Ye F. Locomotor training with adjuvant testosterone preserves cancellous bone and promotes muscle plasticity in male rats after severe spinal cord injury. J Neurosci Res 2019; 98:843-868. [PMID: 31797423 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Loading and testosterone may influence musculoskeletal recovery after spinal cord injury (SCI). Our objectives were to determine (a) the acute effects of bodyweight-supported treadmill training (TM) on hindlimb cancellous bone microstructure and muscle mass in adult rats after severe contusion SCI and (b) whether longer-term TM with adjuvant testosterone enanthate (TE) delivers musculoskeletal benefit. In Study 1, TM (40 min/day, 5 days/week, beginning 1 week postsurgery) did not prevent SCI-induced hindlimb cancellous bone loss after 3 weeks. In Study 2, TM did not attenuate SCI-induced plantar flexor muscles atrophy nor improve locomotor recovery after 4 weeks. In our main study, SCI produced extensive distal femur and proximal tibia cancellous bone deficits, a deleterious slow-to-fast fiber-type transition in soleus, lower muscle fiber cross-sectional area (fCSA), impaired muscle force production, and levator ani/bulbocavernosus (LABC) muscle atrophy after 8 weeks. TE alone (7.0 mg/week) suppressed bone resorption, attenuated cancellous bone loss, constrained the soleus fiber-type transition, and prevented LABC atrophy. In comparison, TE+TM concomitantly suppressed bone resorption and stimulated bone formation after SCI, produced near-complete cancellous bone preservation, prevented the soleus fiber-type transition, attenuated soleus fCSA atrophy, maintained soleus force production, and increased LABC mass. 75% of SCI+TE+TM animals recovered voluntary over-ground hindlimb stepping, while no SCI and only 20% of SCI+TE animals regained stepping ability. Positive associations between testosterone and locomotor function suggest that TE influenced locomotor recovery. In conclusion, short-term TM alone did not improve bone, muscle, or locomotor recovery in adult rats after severe SCI, while longer-term TE+TM provided more comprehensive musculoskeletal benefit than TE alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua F Yarrow
- Research Service, Malcom Randall Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, North Florida/South Georgia Veterans Health System, Gainesville, FL, USA.,Brain Rehabilitation Research Center, Malcom Randall Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, North Florida/South Georgia Veterans Health System, Gainesville, FL, USA.,Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Hui Jean Kok
- Research Service, Malcom Randall Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, North Florida/South Georgia Veterans Health System, Gainesville, FL, USA.,Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Ean G Phillips
- Research Service, Malcom Randall Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, North Florida/South Georgia Veterans Health System, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Christine F Conover
- Research Service, Malcom Randall Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, North Florida/South Georgia Veterans Health System, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Jimmy Lee
- Research Service, Malcom Randall Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, North Florida/South Georgia Veterans Health System, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Taylor E Bassett
- Research Service, Malcom Randall Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, North Florida/South Georgia Veterans Health System, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Kinley H Buckley
- Research Service, Malcom Randall Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, North Florida/South Georgia Veterans Health System, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Michael C Reynolds
- Research Service, Malcom Randall Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, North Florida/South Georgia Veterans Health System, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Russell D Wnek
- Research Service, Malcom Randall Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, North Florida/South Georgia Veterans Health System, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Dana M Otzel
- Brain Rehabilitation Research Center, Malcom Randall Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, North Florida/South Georgia Veterans Health System, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Cong Chen
- Divison of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Jessica M Jiron
- Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Zachary A Graham
- National Center for the Medical Consequences of Spinal Cord Injury, James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA.,Departments of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Christopher Cardozo
- National Center for the Medical Consequences of Spinal Cord Injury, James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA.,Departments of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.,Rehabilitation Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Krista Vandenborne
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Prodip K Bose
- Brain Rehabilitation Research Center, Malcom Randall Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, North Florida/South Georgia Veterans Health System, Gainesville, FL, USA.,Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.,Division of Neurology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Jose Ignacio Aguirre
- Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Stephen E Borst
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Fan Ye
- Research Service, Malcom Randall Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, North Florida/South Georgia Veterans Health System, Gainesville, FL, USA
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Otzel DM, Conover CF, Ye F, Phillips EG, Bassett T, Wnek RD, Flores M, Catter A, Ghosh P, Balaez A, Petusevsky J, Chen C, Gao Y, Zhang Y, Jiron JM, Bose PK, Borst SE, Wronski TJ, Aguirre JI, Yarrow JF. Longitudinal Examination of Bone Loss in Male Rats After Moderate-Severe Contusion Spinal Cord Injury. Calcif Tissue Int 2019; 104:79-91. [PMID: 30218117 PMCID: PMC8349506 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-018-0471-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
To elucidate mechanisms of bone loss after spinal cord injury (SCI), we evaluated the time-course of cancellous and cortical bone microarchitectural deterioration via microcomputed tomography, measured histomorphometric and circulating bone turnover indices, and characterized the development of whole bone mechanical deficits in a clinically relevant experimental SCI model. 16-weeks-old male Sprague-Dawley rats received T9 laminectomy (SHAM, n = 50) or moderate-severe contusion SCI (n = 52). Outcomes were assessed at 2-weeks, 1-month, 2-months, and 3-months post-surgery. SCI produced immediate sublesional paralysis and persistent hindlimb locomotor impairment. Higher circulating tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase 5b (bone resorption marker) and lower osteoblast bone surface and histomorphometric cancellous bone formation indices were present in SCI animals at 2-weeks post-surgery, suggesting uncoupled cancellous bone turnover. Distal femoral and proximal tibial cancellous bone volume, trabecular thickness, and trabecular number were markedly lower after SCI, with the residual cancellous network exhibiting less trabecular connectivity. Periosteal bone formation indices were lower at 2-weeks and 1-month post-SCI, preceding femoral cortical bone loss and the development of bone mechanical deficits at the distal femur and femoral diaphysis. SCI animals also exhibited lower serum testosterone than SHAM, until 2-months post-surgery, and lower serum leptin throughout. Our moderate-severe contusion SCI model displayed rapid cancellous bone deterioration and more gradual cortical bone loss and development of whole bone mechanical deficits, which likely resulted from a temporal uncoupling of bone turnover, similar to the sequalae observed in the motor-complete SCI population. Low testosterone and/or leptin may contribute to the molecular mechanisms underlying bone deterioration after SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana M Otzel
- Brain Rehabilitation Research Center, Malcom Randall Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, North Florida/South Georgia Veterans Health System, 1601 SW Archer Road, Research 151, Gainesville, FL, 32608, USA
| | - Christine F Conover
- Research Service, Malcom Randall Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, North Florida/South Georgia Veterans Health System, 1601 SW Archer Road, Research 151, Gainesville, FL, 32608, USA
| | - Fan Ye
- Research Service, Malcom Randall Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, North Florida/South Georgia Veterans Health System, 1601 SW Archer Road, Research 151, Gainesville, FL, 32608, USA
| | - Ean G Phillips
- Research Service, Malcom Randall Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, North Florida/South Georgia Veterans Health System, 1601 SW Archer Road, Research 151, Gainesville, FL, 32608, USA
| | - Taylor Bassett
- Research Service, Malcom Randall Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, North Florida/South Georgia Veterans Health System, 1601 SW Archer Road, Research 151, Gainesville, FL, 32608, USA
| | - Russell D Wnek
- Research Service, Malcom Randall Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, North Florida/South Georgia Veterans Health System, 1601 SW Archer Road, Research 151, Gainesville, FL, 32608, USA
| | - Micah Flores
- Research Service, Malcom Randall Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, North Florida/South Georgia Veterans Health System, 1601 SW Archer Road, Research 151, Gainesville, FL, 32608, USA
| | - Andrea Catter
- Research Service, Malcom Randall Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, North Florida/South Georgia Veterans Health System, 1601 SW Archer Road, Research 151, Gainesville, FL, 32608, USA
| | - Payal Ghosh
- Research Service, Malcom Randall Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, North Florida/South Georgia Veterans Health System, 1601 SW Archer Road, Research 151, Gainesville, FL, 32608, USA
| | - Alexander Balaez
- Research Service, Malcom Randall Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, North Florida/South Georgia Veterans Health System, 1601 SW Archer Road, Research 151, Gainesville, FL, 32608, USA
| | - Jason Petusevsky
- Research Service, Malcom Randall Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, North Florida/South Georgia Veterans Health System, 1601 SW Archer Road, Research 151, Gainesville, FL, 32608, USA
| | - Cong Chen
- Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Florida, PO Box 112727, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Yongxin Gao
- University of Florida College of Medicine, Jacksonville, FL, 32209, USA
| | - Yi Zhang
- Brain Rehabilitation Research Center, Malcom Randall Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, North Florida/South Georgia Veterans Health System, 1601 SW Archer Road, Research 151, Gainesville, FL, 32608, USA
| | - Jessica M Jiron
- Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Florida, PO Box 100144, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Prodip K Bose
- Brain Rehabilitation Research Center, Malcom Randall Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, North Florida/South Georgia Veterans Health System, 1601 SW Archer Road, Research 151, Gainesville, FL, 32608, USA
- Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Florida, PO Box 100144, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Florida, HSC PO Box 100236, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Stephen E Borst
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, PO Box 118205, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Thomas J Wronski
- Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Florida, PO Box 100144, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - J Ignacio Aguirre
- Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Florida, PO Box 100144, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Joshua F Yarrow
- Research Service, Malcom Randall Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, North Florida/South Georgia Veterans Health System, 1601 SW Archer Road, Research 151, Gainesville, FL, 32608, USA.
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Florida College of Medicine, 1600 SW Archer Road, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
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5
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Côté I, Green SM, Yarrow JF, Conover CF, Toklu HZ, Morgan D, Carter CS, Tümer N, Scarpace PJ. Oestradiol and leptin have separate but additive anorexigenic effects and differentially target fat mass in rats. J Neuroendocrinol 2018; 30:e12646. [PMID: 30246441 PMCID: PMC6251747 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Revised: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
We recently showed that male rats exhibit lower hypophagia and body weight loss compared to female rats following central leptin delivery, suggesting a role for oestradiol in leptin responsiveness. Accordingly, we delivered Ob (leptin) or GFP (control) gene into the brain of male rats that were simultaneously treated with oestradiol or vehicle. In a reciprocal approach, we compared oestradiol-deficient (OVX) with intact females (sham) that received leptin or control vector. Changes in food intake), body weight and body composition were examined. In males, oestradiol and leptin resulted in lower cumulative food intake (15%) and endpoint body weight (5%), although rats receiving dual treatment (oestradiol-leptin) ate 28% less and weighed 22% less than vehicle-control. Changes in food intake were unique to each treatment, with a rapid decrease in vehicle-leptin followed by gradual renormalisation. By contrast, hypophagia in oestradiol-control was of lower amplitude and sporadic. Leptin selectively targeted fat mass and endpoint abdominal fat mass was 65%-80% lower compared to their respective control groups. In females, both leptin groups had lower body weight (endpoint values 20% lower than control groups) with the highest extent in sham animals (endpoint value was 28% less in sham-leptin than in sham-control). OVX rats rapidly started regaining their lost body weight reminiscent of the pattern in males. Leptin rapidly and robustly reduced fat mass with endpoint values 30%-35% less than control treated animals. It appears that leptin and oestradiol decreased food intake and body weight via different mechanisms, with the pattern of oestradiol-leptin being reminiscent of that observed in females and the pattern of OVX-leptin reminiscent of that observed in males. Oestrogen status did not influence initial fat mass loss by leptin. It can be concluded that oestradiol modulates the long-term response to central leptin overexpression, although its actions on energy homeostasis are additive and independent of those of leptin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Côté
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States
| | - Sara M. Green
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States
| | - Joshua F. Yarrow
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Research Service, Malcom Randall, North Florida/South Georgia Veterans Health System, Gainesville, Florida, United States
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, United States
| | - Christine F. Conover
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Research Service, Malcom Randall, North Florida/South Georgia Veterans Health System, Gainesville, Florida, United States
| | - Hale Z. Toklu
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States
| | - Drake Morgan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States
| | - Christy S. Carter
- Department of Aging and Geriatric Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States
| | - Nihal Tümer
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States
| | - Philip J. Scarpace
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States
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6
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Qi Z, Liu W, Lu J. The mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of exercise on bone remodeling: Roles of bone-derived cytokines and microRNAs. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 122:131-139. [PMID: 27179638 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2016.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Revised: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Bone remodeling is highly dynamic and complex in response to mechanical loading, such as exercise. In this review, we concluded that a number of individual factors are disturbing the clinical effects of exercise on bone remodeling. We updated the progress made on the differentiation of osteoblasts and osteoclasts in response to mechanical loading, hoping to provide a theoretical basis to improve bone metabolism with exercise. Increasing evidences indicate that bone is not only a structural scaffold but also an endocrine organ, which secretes osteocalcin and FGF23. Both of them have been known as a circulating hormone to promote insulin sensitivity and reduce body fat mass. The effects of exercise on these bone-derived cytokines provide a better understanding of how exercise-induced "osteokine" affects the whole-body homeostasis. Additionally, we discussed recent studies highlighting the post-transcriptional regulation of microRNAs in bone remodeling. We focus on the involvement of the microRNAs in osteoblastogenesis and osteoclastogenesis, and suggest that microRNAs may be critical for exercise-induced bone remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengtang Qi
- The Key Laboratory of Adolescent Health Assessment and Exercise Intervention (East China Normal University), Ministry of Education, Shanghai 200241, China; School of Physical Education and Health, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Weina Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Adolescent Health Assessment and Exercise Intervention (East China Normal University), Ministry of Education, Shanghai 200241, China; School of Physical Education and Health, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China.
| | - Jianqiang Lu
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China.
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7
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Keune JA, Branscum AJ, Iwaniec UT, Turner RT. Effects of Spaceflight on Bone Microarchitecture in the Axial and Appendicular Skeleton in Growing Ovariectomized Rats. Sci Rep 2015; 5:18671. [PMID: 26691062 PMCID: PMC4687043 DOI: 10.1038/srep18671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of a 14-day spaceflight on bone mass, density and microarchitecture in weight bearing (femur and humerus) and non-weight bearing (2nd lumbar vertebra and calvarium) bones in the context of ovarian hormone insufficiency. 12-week-old Fisher 344 rats were ovariectomized 2 weeks before flight and randomized into one of three groups: 1) baseline (n = 6), 2) ground control (n = 12) or 3) spaceflight (n = 12). Additional ground-based ovary-intact rats provided age-matched reference values at baseline (n = 8) and landing (n = 10). Ovariectomy resulted in bone- and bone compartment-specific deficits in cancellous bone volume fraction. Spaceflight resulted in lower cortical bone accrual in the femur but had no effect on cortical bone in the humerus or calvarium. Cancellous bone volume fraction was lower in flight animals compared to ground control animals in lumbar vertebra and distal femur metaphysis and epiphysis; significant differences were not detected in the distal humerus. Bone loss (compared to baseline controls) in the femur metaphysis was associated with lower trabecular number, whereas trabecular thickness and number were lower in the epiphysis. In summary, the effect of spaceflight on bone microarchitecture in ovariectomized rats was bone-and bone compartment-specific but not strictly related to weight bearing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A Keune
- Skeletal Biology Laboratory, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Adam J Branscum
- Biostatistics Program, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Urszula T Iwaniec
- Skeletal Biology Laboratory, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.,Center for Healthy Aging Research, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Russell T Turner
- Skeletal Biology Laboratory, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.,Center for Healthy Aging Research, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
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8
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Feng HZ, Chen X, Malek MH, Jin JP. Slow recovery of the impaired fatigue resistance in postunloading mouse soleus muscle corresponding to decreased mitochondrial function and a compensatory increase in type I slow fibers. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2015; 310:C27-40. [PMID: 26447205 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00173.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Unloading or disuse rapidly results in skeletal muscle atrophy, switching to fast-type fibers, and decreased resistance to fatigue. The recovery process is of major importance in rehabilitation for various clinical conditions. Here we studied mouse soleus muscle during 60 days of reloading after 4 wk of hindlimb suspension. Unloading produced significant atrophy of soleus muscle with decreased contractile force and fatigue resistance, accompanied by switches of myosin isoforms from IIa to IIx and IIb and fast troponin T to more low-molecular-weight splice forms. The total mass, fiber size, and contractile force of soleus muscle recovered to control levels after 15 days of reloading. However, the fatigue resistance showed a trend of worsening during this period with significant infiltration of inflammatory cells at days 3 and 7, indicating reloading injuries that were accompanied by active regeneration with upregulations of filamin-C, αB-crystallin, and desmin. The fatigue resistance partially recovered after 30-60 days of reloading. The expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1α and mitofusin-2 showed changes parallel to that of fatigue resistance after unloading and during reloading, suggesting a causal role of decreased mitochondrial function. Slow fiber contents in the soleus muscle were increased after 30-60 days of reloading to become significantly higher than the normal level, indicating a secondary adaption to compensate for the slow recovery of fatigue resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Zhong Feng
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Xuequn Chen
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Moh H Malek
- Department of Health Care Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
| | - J-P Jin
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan;
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9
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Kim HB, Kwon BJ, Cho HJ, Kim JW, Chon JW, Do MH, Park SY, Kim SY, Maeng SH, Park YK, Park JH. Long-term Treatment with Oriental Medicinal Herb Artemisia princeps Alters Neuroplasticity in a Rat Model of Ovarian Hormone Deficiency. Exp Neurobiol 2015; 24:71-83. [PMID: 25792871 PMCID: PMC4363335 DOI: 10.5607/en.2015.24.1.71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Revised: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Artemisia princeps (AP) is a flowering perennial used as a traditional medicine and dietary supplement across East Asia. No study has yet assessed its effects on synaptic plasticity in hippocampus and much less in a model of ovarian hormone deficiency. We examined the influence of chronic oral AP ethanol extract treatment in ovariectomized rats on the induction of long-term depression in a representative synapse (CA3-CA1) of the hippocampus. Ovariectomized rats demonstrated lower trabecular mean bone mineral densities than sham, validating the establishment of pathology. Against this background of pathology, AP-treated ovariectomized rats exhibited attenuated long-term depression (LTD) in CA1 relative to water-treated controls as measured by increased field excitatory post-synaptic potentials (fEPSP) activation averages over the post-stimulation period. While pathological significance of long-term depression (LTD) in ovariectomized rats is conflicting, that AP treatment significantly affected its induction offers justification for further study of its influences on plasticity and its related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Bum Kim
- Department of East-West Medical Science, Graduate School of East-West Medical Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 446-701, Korea
| | - Byeong-Jae Kwon
- Department of East-West Medical Science, Graduate School of East-West Medical Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 446-701, Korea
| | - Hyun-Ji Cho
- Department of Medical Nutrition, Graduate School of East-West Medical Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 446-701, Korea
| | - Ji-Won Kim
- Department of Medical Nutrition, Graduate School of East-West Medical Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 446-701, Korea
| | - Jeong-Woo Chon
- Department of Medical Nutrition, Graduate School of East-West Medical Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 446-701, Korea
| | - Moon-Ho Do
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Incheon 406-799, Korea
| | - Sang-Yong Park
- Department of Oriental Medicinal Materials and Processing, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 446-701, Korea
| | - Sun-Yeou Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Incheon 406-799, Korea
| | - Sung-Ho Maeng
- Department of East-West Medicine, Graduate School of East-West Medical Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 446-701, Korea
| | - Yoo-Kyoung Park
- Department of Medical Nutrition, Graduate School of East-West Medical Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 446-701, Korea. ; Research Institute of Medical Nutrition, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 446-701, Korea
| | - Ji-Ho Park
- Department of East-West Medicine, Graduate School of East-West Medical Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 446-701, Korea. ; Research Institute of Medical Nutrition, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 446-701, Korea
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Sun X, Liang J, Wang C, Cao S, Hu Y, Xu X. Transient Effect of 17β-estradiol on Osteoporosis in Ovariectomized Rats Accompanied with Unilateral Disuse in the Early Phase. Int J Med Sci 2015; 12:423-31. [PMID: 26078702 PMCID: PMC4466404 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.11887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE It is clinically important to determine the efficacy of estrogen replacement for postmenopausal women combined with mobility difficulties, due to the potential risks of estradiol. The objective of the current study was to investigate the effect of estradiol replacement on osteoporosis induced by the ovariectomy (OVX) combined with unilateral sciatic neurectomy (SN) in a rat model. METHOD Female Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to OVX and unilateral SN on the right hindlimb (OVX+SN) or sham surgery (CTRL). 17β-estradiol (E2) or vehicle was administrated to the rats immediately, and followed by every other day. Bone mass and trabecular microarchitecture were analyzed using micro-Computed Tomography (micro-CT) and histology at days 3, 7, 14, and 28 post-surgery. The local expressions of sclerostin/SOST, secreted exclusively by osteocytes, and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase 5b (TRAP 5b), produced mostly by osteoclasts, were examined by immunohistochemistry and TRAP staining, respectively. Serum markers of bone resorption, including C-terminal telopeptides of type I collagen (CTx), receptor activator for nuclear factor κB ligand (RANKL), and TRAP 5b, were quantified by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULT Based on micro-CT analysis, E2 treatment of OVX+SN rats improved the preservation of the bone volume fraction (BV/TV) and trabecular number (Tb.N) in the tibias at day 14 post-surgery, which were 43% and 46% higher in OVX+SN+E2 rats than those in OVX+SN rats, respectively. However, the impact of E2 was transient and disappeared at day 28. Expression of sclerostin in the tibias of OVX+SN rats was significantly elevated at day 7 post-surgery compared with the CTRL, but was suppressed until day 14 with E2 replacement. CONCLUSION Our results showed that estrogen replacement could transiently protect against bone loss in OVX rats combined with mechanical unloading. The up-regulation of sclerostin expression appears to be transiently delayed by E2 treatment in our models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodi Sun
- 1. School of Stomatology, Shandong University, Wenhuaxi Road 44-1, Jinan 250012, China. ; 3. Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine, Jinan, China
| | - Jin Liang
- 1. School of Stomatology, Shandong University, Wenhuaxi Road 44-1, Jinan 250012, China. ; 3. Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine, Jinan, China
| | - Chune Wang
- 2. Institute of Dental Medicine, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Wenhuaxi Road 107, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Sensen Cao
- 2. Institute of Dental Medicine, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Wenhuaxi Road 107, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Yingwei Hu
- 2. Institute of Dental Medicine, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Wenhuaxi Road 107, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Xin Xu
- 1. School of Stomatology, Shandong University, Wenhuaxi Road 44-1, Jinan 250012, China. ; 3. Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine, Jinan, China
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Yarrow JF, Conover CF, Beggs LA, Beck DT, Otzel DM, Balaez A, Combs SM, Miller JR, Ye F, Aguirre JI, Neuville KG, Williams AA, Conrad BP, Gregory CM, Wronski TJ, Bose PK, Borst SE. Testosterone dose dependently prevents bone and muscle loss in rodents after spinal cord injury. J Neurotrauma 2014; 31:834-45. [PMID: 24378197 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2013.3155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Androgen administration protects against musculoskeletal deficits in models of sex-steroid deficiency and injury/disuse. It remains unknown, however, whether testosterone prevents bone loss accompanying spinal cord injury (SCI), a condition that results in a near universal occurrence of osteoporosis. Our primary purpose was to determine whether testosterone-enanthate (TE) attenuates hindlimb bone loss in a rodent moderate/severe contusion SCI model. Forty (n=10/group), 14 week old male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomized to receive: (1) Sham surgery (T9 laminectomy), (2) moderate/severe (250 kdyne) SCI, (3) SCI+Low-dose TE (2.0 mg/week), or (4) SCI+High-dose TE (7.0 mg/week). Twenty-one days post-injury, SCI animals exhibited a 77-85% reduction in hindlimb cancellous bone volume at the distal femur (measured via μCT) and proximal tibia (measured via histomorphometry), characterized by a >70% reduction in trabecular number, 13-27% reduction in trabecular thickness, and increased trabecular separation. A 57% reduction in cancellous volumetric bone mineral density (vBMD) at the distal femur and a 20% reduction in vBMD at the femoral neck were also observed. TE dose dependently prevented hindlimb bone loss after SCI, with high-dose TE fully preserving cancellous bone structural characteristics and vBMD at all skeletal sites examined. Animals receiving SCI also exhibited a 35% reduction in hindlimb weight bearing (triceps surae) muscle mass and a 22% reduction in sublesional non-weight bearing (levator ani/bulbocavernosus [LABC]) muscle mass, and reduced prostate mass. Both TE doses fully preserved LABC mass, while only high-dose TE ameliorated hindlimb muscle losses. TE also dose dependently increased prostate mass. Our findings provide the first evidence indicating that high-dose TE fully prevents hindlimb cancellous bone loss and concomitantly ameliorates muscle loss after SCI, while low-dose TE produces much less profound musculoskeletal benefit. Testosterone-induced prostate enlargement, however, represents a potential barrier to the clinical implementation of high-dose TE as a means of preserving musculoskeletal tissue after SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua F Yarrow
- 1 VA Medical Center, Research Service, VA Medical Center , Gainesville, Florida
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