Eyebrow Height Changes with Aging: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Predicting the eyebrow from the orbit using three-dimensional CT imaging in the application of forensic facial reconstruction and identification

Eyebrows are the most important facial feature in facial recognition with its shape rated to be more helpful than color or density for facial reconstruction or approximation. However, little extant research has estimated the position and morphological territory of the eyebrow from the orbit. Three-dimensional craniofacial models, produced from CT scans of 180 Koreans autopsied at the National Forensic Service Seoul Institute, were used to conduct metric analyses of subjects (125 males and 55 females) between 19 and 49 (mean 35.1) years. We employed 18 craniofacial landmarks to examine the morphometry of the eyebrow and orbit with 35 pairs of distances per subject measured between landmark and reference planes. Additionally, we used linear regression analyses to predict eyebrow shape from the orbit for every possible combination of variables. The morphology of the orbit has more influence on the position of the superior margin of the eyebrow. In addition, the middle part of the eyebrow was more predictable. The highest point of the eyebrow in female was located more medially than the male. Based on our findings, the equations for estimating the position of the eyebrow from the shape of the orbit is useful information for face reconstruction or approximation.

Age-related changes of the periocular morphology: a two- and three-dimensional anthropometry study in Caucasians

PURPOSE

To determine age-and sex-related changes in periocular morphology in Caucasians using a standardized protocol.

METHODS

Healthy Caucasian volunteers aged 18-35 and 60-90 years old were recruited from the Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, Cologne, between October 2018 and May 2020. Volunteers with facial asymmetry, facial deformities, history of facial trauma, facial surgery, botox injection, eyelid ptosis, strabismus, or nystagmus, were excluded. Standardized three-dimensional facial photos of 68 young volunteers and 73 old volunteers were taken in this clinical practice. Position changes of endocanthion, pupil center, and exocanthion were analyzed in different age and gender groups, including palpebral fissure width (PFW): distance between endocanthions (En-En), pupil centers (Pu-Pu), exocanthions (Ex-Ex), endocanthion and nasion (En-Na), pupil center and nasion (Pu-Na), exocanthion and nasion (Ex-Na), endocanthion and pupil center (Pu-En), exocanthion and pupil center (Pu-Ex), and palpebral fissure inclination (PFI); angle of endocanthions to nasion (En-Na-En), pupils to nasion (Pu-Na-Pu), exocanthions to nasion (Ex-Na-Ex); endocanthion inclination (EnI), and exocanthion inclination (ExI).

RESULTS

PFW, En-En, Ex-Na, Pu-Ex, PFI, ExI, and Ex-Na-Ex were significantly different between the young and old groups (p ≤ 0.004). There were sex-related differences in PFW, Ex-Ex, En-Na, Pu-Na, Ex-Na, Pu-En, PFI, and EnI between both groups (p ≤ 0.041).

CONCLUSION

The position change of the pupil is minimal relative to age; it is preferred to establish the reference plane to describe periocular changes. The endocanthion tends to move temporally and inferiorly, while the exocanthion tends to shift nasally and inferiorly with age.