Paolillo S, Scardovi AB, Campodonico J. Role of comorbidities in heart failure prognosis Part I: Anaemia, iron deficiency, diabetes, atrial fibrillation.
Eur J Prev Cardiol 2021;
27:27-34. [PMID:
33238738 PMCID:
PMC7691628 DOI:
10.1177/2047487320960288]
[Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular and non-cardiovascular comorbidities are frequently observed in
heart failure patients, complicating the therapeutic management and leading to
poor prognosis. The prompt recognition of associated comorbid conditions is of
great importance to optimize the clinical management, the follow-up, and the
treatment of patients affected by chronic heart failure. Anaemia and iron
deficiency are commonly reported in all heart failure forms, have a
multifactorial aetiology and are responsible for reduced exercise tolerance,
impaired quality of life, and poor long-term prognosis. Diabetes mellitus is
highly prevalent in heart failure and a poor glycaemic control is associated
with worst outcome. Two specific heart failure forms are usually observed in
diabetic patients: an ischaemic cardiomyopathy or a typical diabetic
cardiomyopathy. The implementation of use of sodium-glucose cotransporter-2
inhibitors will much improve in the near future the long-term prognosis of
patients affected by heart failure and diabetes. Among cardiovascular
comorbidities, atrial fibrillation is the most common arrhythmic disease of
heart failure patients and it is still not clear whether its presence should be
considered as a prognostic indicator or as a marker of advanced disease. The aim
of the present review was to explore the clinical and prognostic impact of
anaemia and iron deficiency, diabetes mellitus, and atrial fibrillation in
patients affected by chronic heart failure.
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