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Boulestreau R, Śpiewak M, Januszewicz A, Kreutz R, Guzik TJ, Januszewicz M, Muiesan ML, Persu A, Sarafidis P, Volpe M, Zaleska-Żmijewska A, van den Born BJH, Messerli FH. Malignant Hypertension:A Systemic Cardiovascular Disease: JACC Review Topic of the Week. J Am Coll Cardiol 2024; 83:1688-1701. [PMID: 38658108 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2024.02.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Malignant hypertension (MHT) is a hypertensive emergency with excessive blood pressure (BP) elevation and accelerated disease progression. MHT is characterized by acute microvascular damage and autoregulation failure affecting the retina, brain, heart, kidney, and vascular tree. BP must be lowered within hours to mitigate patient risk. Both absolute BP levels and the pace of BP rise determine risk of target-organ damage. Nonadherence to the antihypertensive regimen remains the most common cause for MHT, although antiangiogenic and immunosuppressant therapy can also trigger hypertensive emergencies. Depending on the clinical presentation, parenteral or oral therapy can be used to initiate BP lowering. Evidence-based outcome data are spotty or lacking in MHT. With effective treatment, the prognosis for MHT has improved; however, patients remain at high risk of adverse cardiovascular and kidney outcomes. In this review, we summarize current viewpoints on the epidemiology, pathogenesis, and management of MHT; highlight research gaps; and propose strategies to improve outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Boulestreau
- Université de Bordeaux, UMR Inserm 1034, Service des maladies coronaires et vasculaires, CHU de Bordeaux, INI-CRCT network, Pessac, France
| | - Mateusz Śpiewak
- Magnetic Resonance Unit, Department of Radiology, National Institute of Cardiology, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Andrzej Januszewicz
- Department of Hypertension, National Institute of Cardiology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Reinhold Kreutz
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tomasz J Guzik
- Department of Medicine and Omicron Medical Genomics Laboratory, Jagiellonian University, Collegium Medicum, Kraków, Poland; Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | | | - Maria Lorenza Muiesan
- European Society of Hypertension (ESH) Excellence Center, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia and ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy
| | - Alexandre Persu
- Division of Cardiology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc and Pole of Cardiovascular Research, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Pantelis Sarafidis
- 1st Department of Nephrology, Hippokration Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Massimo Volpe
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) San Raffaele, Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Zaleska-Żmijewska
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland; Ophthalmic Teaching Hospital, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Bert-Jan H van den Born
- Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Internal and Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Franz H Messerli
- Department of Cardiology and Biomedical Research, University Hospital Bern, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Jagiellonian University Kraków, Poland.
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Ma H, Wang C, Jiang M, Jin K, Xu T, Wang Z, Xu J, Ni L, Shi H, Shen P, Chen Y, Feng X, Zhang W. Persistently elevated sFlt-1 and recovery of reduced ADAMTS13 activity in malignant hypertension. J Hypertens 2024; 42:410-419. [PMID: 37889602 DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0000000000003601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Malignant hypertension (MHT) characterized by acute hypertension with retinopathy or multiorgan damage, is a severe form of hypertensive emergency and associated with target organ involvement and poor kidney outcome. However, the underlying mechanisms are unclear. METHODS Eighty-four patients with acute severe hypertension from the Nephrology Department and Emergency Department in a single center during January 2016 and December 2017 were prospectively enrolled and divided into MHT ( n = 48) and non-MHT ( n = 36) subgroups according to target organ evaluation. Forty healthy controls were recruited. Serum soluble Fms-like tyrosine kinase-1 (sFlt-1) levels and plasma ADAMTS13 (a disintegrin and metalloprotease with thrombospondin type 1 motif, member 13) activity were examined at baseline and 12-month follow-up. Renal endpoints were defined as a significant decrease in the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) of more than 40% or the occurrence of end-stage renal disease. RESULTS Serum sFlt-1 levels were persistently elevated in MHT. Baseline serum sFLT-1 levels were correlated with plasma ADAMTS13 activity and markers of target organ damage. Plasma ADAMTS13 activity was reduced in both MHT and non-MHT patients and recovered to the normal range at 12-month follow-up. During an average follow-up time of 53 ± 13 months, the restoration of reduced ADAMTS13 activity was correlated with the improvement of kidney function and independently reduced the risk of renal endpoints. CONCLUSIONS Abnormal angiogenesis and endothelial damage are involved in the pathophysiology of hypertensive emergency. Evaluation of ADAMTS13 and sFlt-1 may help in the diagnosis and assessment of MHT. Recovery of ADAMTS13 predicts better renal outcome in patients with hypertensive emergencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongkun Ma
- Department of Nephrology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine
| | - Chongjian Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine
| | - Mengdi Jiang
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Kexin Jin
- Department of Nephrology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine
| | - Tingting Xu
- Department of Nephrology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine
| | - Zhiyu Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine
| | - Jing Xu
- Department of Nephrology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine
| | - Liyan Ni
- Department of Nephrology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine
| | - Hao Shi
- Department of Nephrology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine
| | - Pingyan Shen
- Department of Nephrology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine
| | - Yongxi Chen
- Department of Nephrology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine
| | - Xiaobei Feng
- Department of Nephrology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine
| | - Wen Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine
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Talle MA, Doubell AF, Robbertse PPS, Lahri S, Herbst PG. Cardiac Morphology, Function, and Left Ventricular Geometric Pattern in Patients with Hypertensive Crisis: A Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance-Based Study. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2023; 10:367. [PMID: 37754796 PMCID: PMC10532285 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd10090367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Altered cardiac morphology and function are associated with increased risks of adverse cardiac events in hypertension. Our study aimed to assess left ventricular (LV) morphology, geometry, and function using cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging in patients with hypertensive crisis. (2) Methods: Patients with hypertensive crisis underwent CMR imaging at 1.5 Tesla to assess cardiac volume, mass, function, and contrasted study. Left ventricular (LV) function and geometry were defined according to the guideline recommendations. Late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) was qualitatively assessed and classified into ischemic and nonischemic patterns. Predictors of LGE was determined using regression analysis. (3) Results: Eighty-two patients with hypertensive crisis (aged 48.5 ± 13.4 years, and 57% males) underwent CMR imaging. Of these patients, seventy-eight percent were hypertensive emergency and twenty-two percent were urgency. Diastolic blood pressure was higher under hypertensive emergency (p = 0.032). Seventy-nine percent (92% of emergency vs. 59% of urgency, respectively; p = 0.003) had left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH). The most prevalent LV geometry was concentric hypertrophy (52%). Asymmetric LVH occurred in 13 (22%) of the participants after excluding ischemic LGE. Impaired systolic function occurred in 46% of patients, and predominantly involved hypertensive emergency. Nonischemic LGE occurred in 75% of contrasted studies (67.2% in emergency versus 44.4% in urgency, respectively; p < 0.001). Creatinine and LV mass were independently associated with nonischemic LGE. (5) Conclusion: LVH, altered geometry, asymmetric LVH, impaired LV systolic function, and LGE are common under hypertensive crisis. LVH and LGE more commonly occurred under hypertensive emergency. Longitudinal studies are required to determine the prognostic implications of asymmetric LVH and LGE in hypertensive crisis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed A. Talle
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town 7505, South Africa
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, College of Medical Sciences, University of Maiduguri and University of Maiduguri Teaching Hospital, Maiduguri 600004, Nigeria
| | - Anton F. Doubell
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town 7505, South Africa
| | - Pieter-Paul S. Robbertse
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town 7505, South Africa
| | - Sa’ad Lahri
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town 7505, South Africa
| | - Philip G. Herbst
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town 7505, South Africa
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Boulestreau R, Lorthioir A, Persu A, Sarafidis P, Cremer A, Tharaux PL, Rubin S, Maier B, Mazighi M, Paques M, Bonnin S, Dreau H, Debeugny S, Halimi JM, Gosse P. Revisiting malignant hypertension: rationale and design of the 'HAMA cohort', on behalf of the ESH working group 'hypertension and the kidney'. J Hypertens 2023; 41:453-458. [PMID: 36719959 DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0000000000003357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malignant hypertension has not disappeared and is associated with a poor prognosis. Yet, so far, it has received limited attention from the medical community. Guidelines are mainly based on expert consensus and low quality evidences. METHOD We set up a prospective, multicenter, observational cohort of patients with malignant hypertension. We collect at admission medical history, demographic data, ongoing treatment, clinical parameters, symptoms, care pathways, target organ status and at discharge and during follow up treatment administrated, adverse events, blood pressure level, target organ status. We aim to recruit 500 patients with malignant hypertension in 5 years, with a 5-year follow-up. Our primary objective is to assess the 5 years prognosis of these patients. DISCUSSION The HAMA (Hypertension Arterielle MAligne, meaning malignant hypertension) registry aims to describe the epidemiology and to assess the prognosis of malignant hypertension in a contemporary multidisciplinary cohort, with emphasis on the diversity of current management and care pathway among the different medical specialties. It may help improving our pathophysiological knowledge, and pave the way to update the definition of this particular form of hypertension. The multidisciplinary network developed in the wake of this project is expected to facilitate the set up therapeutic trials, laying the ground for evidence-based recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Boulestreau
- European Hypertension Excellence Center, Bordeaux University Hospital
- INI CRCT Network
- INSERM, Unit 1034
| | - Aurélien Lorthioir
- Department of Hypertension, Hôpital Européen Georges-Pompidou, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Alexandre Persu
- Division of Cardiology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc and Pole of Cardiovascular Research, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Pantelis Sarafidis
- Department of Nephrology, Hippokration Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Antoine Cremer
- European Hypertension Excellence Center, Bordeaux University Hospital
| | - Pierre-Louis Tharaux
- Paris Cardiovascular Center (PARCC), Institut de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm), Université Paris Cité, Paris, FranceNephrology department, Bordeaux University Hospital
| | - Sebastien Rubin
- INSERM, Unit 1034
- Service de Néphrologie, Transplantation, Dialyse et Aphérèses (S.R., C.C.), Hôpital Pellegrin, CHU de Bordeaux
| | - Benjamin Maier
- Interventional Neuroradiology Department and Biological Resources Center, Rothschild Foundation Hospital, Université Paris cité et FHU Neurovasc, Paris
| | - Mikael Mazighi
- Interventional Neuroradiology Department and Biological Resources Center, Rothschild Foundation Hospital, Université Paris cité et FHU Neurovasc, Paris
- Department of Neurology, Hopital Lariboisère, APHP Nord, inserm U1148, Paris
| | - Michel Paques
- Centre hospitalier national d'ophtalmologie des Quinze-Vingts, centre d'investigation clinique 1423, Institut de la Vision, IHU FOReSIGHT, Sorbonne université, Paris, France
| | - Sophie Bonnin
- Centre hospitalier national d'ophtalmologie des Quinze-Vingts, centre d'investigation clinique 1423, Institut de la Vision, IHU FOReSIGHT, Sorbonne université, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Jean Michel Halimi
- Service de néphrologie, centre d'excellence européen en Hypertension Artérielle, CHRU de Tours, F-CRIN INI-CRCT 10, Tours, France
| | - Philippe Gosse
- European Hypertension Excellence Center, Bordeaux University Hospital
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Malignant Hypertensive Cardiomyopathy: Definition Matters. J Am Coll Cardiol 2023; 81:e57-e58. [PMID: 36813381 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2022.11.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
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Association between long-term pulse pressure trajectories and risk of end-stage renal diseases in incident malignant hypertensive nephropathy: a cohort study. Blood Press Monit 2021; 26:14-21. [PMID: 32740292 DOI: 10.1097/mbp.0000000000000477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The trajectories of pulse pressure (PP) might affect the prognosis of malignant hypertensive nephropathy (MHN). We aimed to describe the association between PP trajectories and the future risk of end-stage renal disease and to identify and compare the associated patient characteristics of any distinct trajectory patterns in MHN patients. METHODS Patients with newly diagnosed biopsy-proven MHN 2010-2015 were included. Latent class growth analysis was applied to the PP measured over 3 years prior to biopsy to identify distinct trajectories. Concurrent systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, plasma creatinine, and 24-h urine protein measurements for each trajectory group were modelled using generalized estimating equations. The risk of end-stage renal disease (with kidney replacement therapy as a proxy) was estimated using Logistic regression. RESULTS Two hundred three patients were included (median-age 34 years, and 19.7% female). A two-group cubic model was optimal, with trajectories distinguished by the rate of PP and absolute level at final measurement. Trajectory Group-1 (n = 84) was characterized by 'first-increased-then-decreased' PP and trajectory Group-2 (n = 119) was characterized by 'first-decreased-then-increased' PP over 3 years prior to biopsy. Systolic and diastolic blood pressures, plasma creatinine, and 24-h urine protein were differed by the trajectory group. Baseline characteristics differed substantially between trajectory groups. Compared with Group-1, Group-2 had a 66% greater risk of developing into end-stage renal disease in the subsequent 3 years. CONCLUSIONS Two distinct 3-year trajectories for PP exist with MHN. Early introduction of intensive antihypertensive treatment might delay the development of end-stage renal disease among patients with malignant hypertension.
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Amraoui F, van den Born BJH. Funduscopy in hypertensive emergencies: Detecting flames in the cotton fields. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 2020; 23:172-174. [PMID: 33009843 PMCID: PMC7891653 DOI: 10.1111/jch.14063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fouad Amraoui
- Department of Internal Medicine and Nephrology, Spaarne Gasthuis, Haarlem, The Netherlands
| | - Bert-Jan H van den Born
- Department of Internal and Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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9
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The impact of cardiovascular risk factors on global longitudinal strain over a decade in the general population: the copenhagen city heart study. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging 2020; 36:1907-1916. [DOI: 10.1007/s10554-020-01906-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Ma H, Jiang M, Fu Z, Wang Z, Shen P, Shi H, Feng X, Chen Y, Ding X, Wu Z, Zhang W. Clinical value of multiorgan damage in hypertensive crises: A prospective follow-up study. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 2020; 22:914-923. [PMID: 32271999 PMCID: PMC8029737 DOI: 10.1111/jch.13848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Hypertensive crises are associated with high rates of target organ complications and poor outcomes. A recent shift from the definition of malignant hypertension to hypertension-multiorgan damage (MOD) contributes to the diagnosis and management of hypertensive crises. Here, we prospectively included 166 adult (≥18 years old) patients with hypertensive crises (blood pressure >180/120 mm Hg). Target organs and causes of hypertension were assessed. Patients who were diagnosed with malignant hypertensive retinopathy, the absence of malignant hypertensive retinopathy but the presence of damage to at least 3 organs, and the absence of both retinopathy and MOD were classified as the malignant hypertension (n = 48), hypertension-MOD (n = 42), and hypertension without MOD (n = 76) groups, respectively. Patients were followed to evaluate renal and cardiovascular prognoses. At baseline, patients with malignant hypertension had worse renal function, higher level of albuminuria, and more severe microvascular damage than those with hypertension-MOD. Both had similar proportions of malignant arteriolar nephrosclerosis (83% vs 64%), left ventricular hypertrophy (90% vs 88%), abnormal repolarization (71% vs 60%), and left ventricular dysfunction (12% vs 21%). At the twenty months of follow-up, both the malignant hypertension and hypertension-MOD groups had similar blood pressure control rates and proteinuria. Both groups had worse renal outcomes than the hypertension without MOD group (P = .002). Patients with hypertension-MOD (HR = 0.67, [95% CI: 0.30-1.46], P = .31) had similar renal event-free survival than patients with MHT after adjustments of age, sex, blood pressure, and proteinuria control. These results suggest that in hypertensive crises, both malignant hypertension and hypertension-MOD have impact on adverse renal outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongkun Ma
- Department of Nephrology, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mengdi Jiang
- Department of Nephrology, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zongjie Fu
- Department of Nephrology, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiyu Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Pingyan Shen
- Department of Nephrology, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hao Shi
- Department of Nephrology, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaobei Feng
- Department of Nephrology, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongxi Chen
- Department of Nephrology, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoyi Ding
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiyuan Wu
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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Abdulla MH, O'Halloran KD. Unraveling the Role of Interleukin-11 in Renal and Cardiac Fibrosis in Malignant Hypertension. Am J Hypertens 2020; 33:303-304. [PMID: 32030403 DOI: 10.1093/ajh/hpaa020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed H Abdulla
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine and Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Ken D O'Halloran
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine and Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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12
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Menendez-Castro C, Cordasic N, Dambietz T, Veelken R, Amann K, Hartner A, Hilgers KF. Correlations Between Interleukin-11 Expression and Hypertensive Kidney Injury in a Rat Model of Renovascular Hypertension. Am J Hypertens 2020; 33:331-340. [PMID: 31840157 DOI: 10.1093/ajh/hpz194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interleukin-11 (IL-11) is a pleiotropic cytokine of the interleukin-6 family. Recent studies revealed its crucial role in the development of cardiovascular fibrosis. In this study we examined IL-11 expression levels in the heart and the kidney exposed to high blood pressure in renovascular hypertensive rats and their correlations to fibrotic markers and kidney injury. METHODS Two-kidney, one-clip renovascular hypertension (2K1C) was induced in rats. IL-11 expression was measured by real-time polymerase chain reaction in the left ventricle and the right kidney. The correlation of cardiac IL-11 expression with biomarkers of renal fibrosis was assessed. We further investigated IL-11 expression in 2K1C rats grouped into rats with malignant vs. nonmalignant hypertension (distinguishing criteria: weight loss, number of fibrinoid necrosis, and onion skin lesions). RESULTS Thirty-five days after clipping, mean arterial pressure was significantly increased in 2K1C. Renal IL-11 expression was elevated in 2K1C. In the heart there was only a trend toward higher IL-11 expression in 2K1C. IL-11 in the kidney in 2K1C correlated with the expression of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1/2, collagens, fibronectin, osteopontin, as well as tissue inhibitors of metalloprotease 1/2. There were also correlations of IL-11 with tissue collagen expansion, number of activated fibroblasts and serum creatinine, but no correlation with mean arterial pressure. Renal expression of IL-11 was highest in rats with malignant hypertension. CONCLUSIONS Renal IL-11 expression of renovascular hypertensive rats is markedly increased and correlates with profibrotic markers and loss of function and might therefore serve as a biomarker for the severity of hypertensive nephrosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Menendez-Castro
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital of Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Nada Cordasic
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Hospital of Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Thomas Dambietz
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Hospital of Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Roland Veelken
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Hospital of Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Kerstin Amann
- Department of Nephropathology, University Hospital of Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andrea Hartner
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital of Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Karl F Hilgers
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Hospital of Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
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13
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Malignant hypertension: diagnosis, treatment and prognosis with experience from the Bordeaux cohort. J Hypertens 2020; 37:316-324. [PMID: 30160657 DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0000000000001913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malignant hypertension, the most severe form of hypertension, is defined by high blood pressure and acute ischemic organ damage. It has a worse prognosis than other forms of hypertension, especially in black patients. New tools to assess organ damage, especially that of the heart and brain, are now available and may contribute to a better evaluation of these patients. This report improves knowledge of the characteristics of involved organs to facilitate diagnosis and to evaluate the effectiveness of our treatment protocol. METHOD The Bordeaux registry, started in 1995, recruited 168 patients. In addition to evaluations of their eyes and kidneys, these patients had a systematic evaluation of their hearts with ECG and echocardiography and, since 2007, a systematic brain MRI. Blood pressure was lowered with a protocol based on blockers of the renin-angiotensin system started at a very low-dose with forced titration over 48 h. Only an oral route was used for antihypertensive medication. RESULTS Systematic MRIs found significant brain damage in 93% of patients. Heart involvement was highly prevalent: 82% had left ventricular mass more than 60 g/m, and 56% had systolic dysfunction (estimated by global longitudinal strain). Renal involvement and thrombotic microangiopathy were respectively present in 55 and 15% of patients. Median follow-up was 48 months. Renal survival at 5 years was 90.8%, similar to other studies. CONCLUSION Malignant hypertension is a systemic disease causing severe damage to the brain, heart, kidneys and eyes, even in absence of symptoms. Renin-angiotensin system blockers seem to be the cornerstone of treatment.
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Malignant hypertension: does this still exist? J Hum Hypertens 2019; 34:1-4. [DOI: 10.1038/s41371-019-0267-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 09/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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15
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van den Born BJH, Lip GYH, Brguljan-Hitij J, Cremer A, Segura J, Morales E, Mahfoud F, Amraoui F, Persu A, Kahan T, Agabiti Rosei E, de Simone G, Gosse P, Williams B. ESC Council on hypertension position document on the management of hypertensive emergencies. EUROPEAN HEART JOURNAL. CARDIOVASCULAR PHARMACOTHERAPY 2018; 5:37-46. [DOI: 10.1093/ehjcvp/pvy032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Hypertensive emergencies are those situations where very high blood pressure (BP) values are associated with acute organ damage, and therefore, require immediate, but careful, BP reduction. The type of acute organ damage is the principal determinant of: (i) the drug of choice, (ii) the target BP, and (iii) the timeframe in which BP should be lowered. Key target organs are the heart, retina, brain, kidneys, and large arteries. Patients who lack acute hypertension-mediated end organ damage do not have a hypertensive emergency and can usually be treated with oral BP-lowering agents and usually discharged after a brief period of observation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bert-Jan H van den Born
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gregory Y H Lip
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Aalborg Thrombosis Research Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Jana Brguljan-Hitij
- Hypertension Division, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Department of Internal Medicine, Dr. Peter Držaj Hospital, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Antoine Cremer
- Hypertension Unit, Department of Cardiology, Hopital Saint André and University Hospital of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Julian Segura
- Hypertension Unit, Department of Nephrology, Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Enrique Morales
- Hypertension Unit, Department of Nephrology, Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Felix Mahfoud
- Department for Internal Medicine III, Cardiology, Angiology, and Intensive Care Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Fouad Amraoui
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Alexandre Persu
- Division of Cardiology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain, and Pole of Cardiovascular Research, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Thomas Kahan
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Clinical Sciences, Danderyd Hospital, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Enrico Agabiti Rosei
- Clinica Medica Generale, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, and Department of Medicine, Azienda Spedali Civili di Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Giovanni de Simone
- Hypertension Research Center, Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Federico II University Hospital, Naples, Italy
| | - Philippe Gosse
- Hypertension Unit, Department of Cardiology, Hopital Saint André and University Hospital of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Bryan Williams
- University College London (UCL) and UCL Hospitals, London, UK
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Shantsila A, Lip GYH. Malignant Hypertension Revisited-Does This Still Exist? Am J Hypertens 2017; 30:543-549. [PMID: 28200072 DOI: 10.1093/ajh/hpx008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant or accelerated hypertension is the most severe form of hypertension, defined clinically by very high blood pressure (diastolic above 130 mm Hg) accompanied by bilateral retinal hemorrhages and/or exudates, with or without papilledema. The aim of this review is to discuss if malignant hypertension still poses a clinically relevant entity and to highlight the diagnostic challenges of this form of hypertension. The substantial improvement in prognosis in patients with malignant hypertension over the last decades is well documented, but there is no strong evidence to suggest a significant change in its incidence. In fact, with the growing population and improving life expectancy, malignant hypertension is likely to become even more prevalent worldwide, especially in the developing countries with less advanced health care services. Despite simple diagnostic criteria of malignant hypertension, the diagnoses may be difficult in many patients. Malignant hypertension patients often have the diagnosis established only when the target organ damage occur. Furthermore, retrospective diagnosis is problematic, as malignant hypertensive retinopathy gradually resolves over a relatively short period of time, while persistent target organ damage will, however, lead to the development of complications and much poorer prognosis than in nonmalignant hypertension patients. Certainly, malignant hypertension still poses a clinically relevant and challenging form of hypertension and its possibility should be always considered during the assessment of patients with poorly controlled hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alena Shantsila
- University of Birmingham Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, City Hospital, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Gregory Y H Lip
- University of Birmingham Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, City Hospital, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Aalborg Thrombosis Research Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
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From malignant hypertension to hypertension-MOD: a modern definition for an old but still dangerous emergency. J Hum Hypertens 2015; 30:463-6. [DOI: 10.1038/jhh.2015.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Revised: 08/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Rubin S, Gosse P, Gruson D, Boyer A. Diagnostic et traitement de l’hypertension artérielle maligne en réanimation. Réponse aux auteurs. MEDECINE INTENSIVE REANIMATION 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s13546-015-1093-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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2013 ESH/ESC Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension: the Task Force for the management of arterial hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). J Hypertens 2014; 31:1281-357. [PMID: 23817082 DOI: 10.1097/01.hjh.0000431740.32696.cc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3284] [Impact Index Per Article: 328.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Rubin S, Lacraz A, Galantine V, Gosse P. Malignant hypertension and interferon-beta: a case report. J Hum Hypertens 2013; 28:340-1. [PMID: 24067346 DOI: 10.1038/jhh.2013.91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S Rubin
- Renal Unit, Hôpital de la Côte Basque, Bayonne, France
| | - A Lacraz
- Renal Unit, Hôpital de la Côte Basque, Bayonne, France
| | - V Galantine
- Renal Unit, Hôpital de la Côte Basque, Bayonne, France
| | - P Gosse
- Cardiology and Hypertension, Hopital Saint André, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
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Shantsila A, Dwivedi G, Shantsila E, Butt M, Beevers DG, Lip GY. A comprehensive assessment of cardiac structure and function in patients with treated malignant phase hypertension: The West Birmingham Malignant Hypertension project. Int J Cardiol 2013; 167:67-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2011.11.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2011] [Revised: 10/28/2011] [Accepted: 11/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Mancia G, Fagard R, Narkiewicz K, Redon J, Zanchetti A, Böhm M, Christiaens T, Cifkova R, De Backer G, Dominiczak A, Galderisi M, Grobbee DE, Jaarsma T, Kirchhof P, Kjeldsen SE, Laurent S, Manolis AJ, Nilsson PM, Ruilope LM, Schmieder RE, Sirnes PA, Sleight P, Viigimaa M, Waeber B, Zannad F, Redon J, Dominiczak A, Narkiewicz K, Nilsson PM, Burnier M, Viigimaa M, Ambrosioni E, Caufield M, Coca A, Olsen MH, Schmieder RE, Tsioufis C, van de Borne P, Zamorano JL, Achenbach S, Baumgartner H, Bax JJ, Bueno H, Dean V, Deaton C, Erol C, Fagard R, Ferrari R, Hasdai D, Hoes AW, Kirchhof P, Knuuti J, Kolh P, Lancellotti P, Linhart A, Nihoyannopoulos P, Piepoli MF, Ponikowski P, Sirnes PA, Tamargo JL, Tendera M, Torbicki A, Wijns W, Windecker S, Clement DL, Coca A, Gillebert TC, Tendera M, Rosei EA, Ambrosioni E, Anker SD, Bauersachs J, Hitij JB, Caulfield M, De Buyzere M, De Geest S, Derumeaux GA, Erdine S, Farsang C, Funck-Brentano C, Gerc V, Germano G, Gielen S, Haller H, Hoes AW, Jordan J, Kahan T, Komajda M, Lovic D, Mahrholdt H, Olsen MH, Ostergren J, Parati G, Perk J, Polonia J, Popescu BA, Reiner Z, Rydén L, Sirenko Y, Stanton A, Struijker-Boudier H, Tsioufis C, van de Borne P, Vlachopoulos C, Volpe M, Wood DA. 2013 ESH/ESC guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension: the Task Force for the Management of Arterial Hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J 2013; 34:2159-219. [PMID: 23771844 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/eht151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3168] [Impact Index Per Article: 288.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Mancia
- Centro di Fisiologia Clinica e Ipertensione, Università Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy.
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22-Year-old patient with malignant hypertension associated with primary aldosteronism. J Hum Hypertens 2012; 27:138-40. [PMID: 22739770 DOI: 10.1038/jhh.2012.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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