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Richter B, Hemmingsen B, Metzendorf M, Takwoingi Y. Development of type 2 diabetes mellitus in people with intermediate hyperglycaemia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2018; 10:CD012661. [PMID: 30371961 PMCID: PMC6516891 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd012661.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intermediate hyperglycaemia (IH) is characterised by one or more measurements of elevated blood glucose concentrations, such as impaired fasting glucose (IFG), impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and elevated glycosylated haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c). These levels are higher than normal but below the diagnostic threshold for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The reduced threshold of 5.6 mmol/L (100 mg/dL) fasting plasma glucose (FPG) for defining IFG, introduced by the American Diabetes Association (ADA) in 2003, substantially increased the prevalence of IFG. Likewise, the lowering of the HbA1c threshold from 6.0% to 5.7% by the ADA in 2010 could potentially have significant medical, public health and socioeconomic impacts. OBJECTIVES To assess the overall prognosis of people with IH for developing T2DM, regression from IH to normoglycaemia and the difference in T2DM incidence in people with IH versus people with normoglycaemia. SEARCH METHODS We searched MEDLINE, Embase, ClincialTrials.gov and the International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ICTRP) Search Portal up to December 2016 and updated the MEDLINE search in February 2018. We used several complementary search methods in addition to a Boolean search based on analytical text mining. SELECTION CRITERIA We included prospective cohort studies investigating the development of T2DM in people with IH. We used standard definitions of IH as described by the ADA or World Health Organization (WHO). We excluded intervention trials and studies on cohorts with additional comorbidities at baseline, studies with missing data on the transition from IH to T2DM, and studies where T2DM incidence was evaluated by documents or self-report only. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS One review author extracted study characteristics, and a second author checked the extracted data. We used a tailored version of the Quality In Prognosis Studies (QUIPS) tool for assessing risk of bias. We pooled incidence and incidence rate ratios (IRR) using a random-effects model to account for between-study heterogeneity. To meta-analyse incidence data, we used a method for pooling proportions. For hazard ratios (HR) and odds ratios (OR) of IH versus normoglycaemia, reported with 95% confidence intervals (CI), we obtained standard errors from these CIs and performed random-effects meta-analyses using the generic inverse-variance method. We used multivariable HRs and the model with the greatest number of covariates. We evaluated the certainty of the evidence with an adapted version of the GRADE framework. MAIN RESULTS We included 103 prospective cohort studies. The studies mainly defined IH by IFG5.6 (FPG mmol/L 5.6 to 6.9 mmol/L or 100 mg/dL to 125 mg/dL), IFG6.1 (FPG 6.1 mmol/L to 6.9 mmol/L or 110 mg/dL to 125 mg/dL), IGT (plasma glucose 7.8 mmol/L to 11.1 mmol/L or 140 mg/dL to 199 mg/dL two hours after a 75 g glucose load on the oral glucose tolerance test, combined IFG and IGT (IFG/IGT), and elevated HbA1c (HbA1c5.7: HbA1c 5.7% to 6.4% or 39 mmol/mol to 46 mmol/mol; HbA1c6.0: HbA1c 6.0% to 6.4% or 42 mmol/mol to 46 mmol/mol). The follow-up period ranged from 1 to 24 years. Ninety-three studies evaluated the overall prognosis of people with IH measured by cumulative T2DM incidence, and 52 studies evaluated glycaemic status as a prognostic factor for T2DM by comparing a cohort with IH to a cohort with normoglycaemia. Participants were of Australian, European or North American origin in 41 studies; Latin American in 7; Asian or Middle Eastern in 50; and Islanders or American Indians in 5. Six studies included children and/or adolescents.Cumulative incidence of T2DM associated with IFG5.6, IFG6.1, IGT and the combination of IFG/IGT increased with length of follow-up. Cumulative incidence was highest with IFG/IGT, followed by IGT, IFG6.1 and IFG5.6. Limited data showed a higher T2DM incidence associated with HbA1c6.0 compared to HbA1c5.7. We rated the evidence for overall prognosis as of moderate certainty because of imprecision (wide CIs in most studies). In the 47 studies reporting restitution of normoglycaemia, regression ranged from 33% to 59% within one to five years follow-up, and from 17% to 42% for 6 to 11 years of follow-up (moderate-certainty evidence).Studies evaluating the prognostic effect of IH versus normoglycaemia reported different effect measures (HRs, IRRs and ORs). Overall, the effect measures all indicated an elevated risk of T2DM at 1 to 24 years of follow-up. Taking into account the long-term follow-up of cohort studies, estimation of HRs for time-dependent events like T2DM incidence appeared most reliable. The pooled HR and the number of studies and participants for different IH definitions as compared to normoglycaemia were: IFG5.6: HR 4.32 (95% CI 2.61 to 7.12), 8 studies, 9017 participants; IFG6.1: HR 5.47 (95% CI 3.50 to 8.54), 9 studies, 2818 participants; IGT: HR 3.61 (95% CI 2.31 to 5.64), 5 studies, 4010 participants; IFG and IGT: HR 6.90 (95% CI 4.15 to 11.45), 5 studies, 1038 participants; HbA1c5.7: HR 5.55 (95% CI 2.77 to 11.12), 4 studies, 5223 participants; HbA1c6.0: HR 10.10 (95% CI 3.59 to 28.43), 6 studies, 4532 participants. In subgroup analyses, there was no clear pattern of differences between geographic regions. We downgraded the evidence for the prognostic effect of IH versus normoglycaemia to low-certainty evidence due to study limitations because many studies did not adequately adjust for confounders. Imprecision and inconsistency required further downgrading due to wide 95% CIs and wide 95% prediction intervals (sometimes ranging from negative to positive prognostic factor to outcome associations), respectively.This evidence is up to date as of 26 February 2018. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS Overall prognosis of people with IH worsened over time. T2DM cumulative incidence generally increased over the course of follow-up but varied with IH definition. Regression from IH to normoglycaemia decreased over time but was observed even after 11 years of follow-up. The risk of developing T2DM when comparing IH with normoglycaemia at baseline varied by IH definition. Taking into consideration the uncertainty of the available evidence, as well as the fluctuating stages of normoglycaemia, IH and T2DM, which may transition from one stage to another in both directions even after years of follow-up, practitioners should be careful about the potential implications of any active intervention for people 'diagnosed' with IH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernd Richter
- Institute of General Practice, Medical Faculty of the Heinrich‐Heine‐University DüsseldorfCochrane Metabolic and Endocrine Disorders GroupPO Box 101007DüsseldorfGermany40001
| | - Bianca Hemmingsen
- Institute of General Practice, Medical Faculty of the Heinrich‐Heine‐University DüsseldorfCochrane Metabolic and Endocrine Disorders GroupPO Box 101007DüsseldorfGermany40001
| | - Maria‐Inti Metzendorf
- Institute of General Practice, Medical Faculty of the Heinrich‐Heine‐University DüsseldorfCochrane Metabolic and Endocrine Disorders GroupPO Box 101007DüsseldorfGermany40001
| | - Yemisi Takwoingi
- University of BirminghamInstitute of Applied Health ResearchEdgbastonBirminghamUKB15 2TT
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Taherian R, Jalali-Farahani S, Karimi M, Amiri P, Maghsoudi E, Mirmiran P, Azizi F. Factors Associated with Pre-Hypertension Among Tehranian Adults: A Novel Application of Structural Equation Models. Int J Endocrinol Metab 2018; 16:e59706. [PMID: 30197658 PMCID: PMC6113714 DOI: 10.5812/ijem.59706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Revised: 04/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pre-hypertension is proposed as an independent risk factor for the incidence of cardiovascular diseases. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to explore the main factors associated with pre-hypertension via testing a hypothesized model in Tehranian adults. METHODS The study was conducted within the framework of the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study (TLGS) between 2009 - 2011 on 4640 adults without hypertension, aged ≥ 20 years. RESULTS The mean age of participants was 38.61 ± 12.14 years and 56.6% of them were female. More than one third of the studied participants had pre-hypertension (35.4%) with significantly higher prevalence in males compared to females (46.5% vs. 26.9%; χ2 = 190.7, P < 0.001). Age, waist circumference (WC), and serum triglyceride concentrations (TG) were directly associated with pre-hypertension in both men (β = 0.16, β = 0.25, and β = 0.11, respectively) and women (β = 0.16, β = 0.21 and β = 0.09, respectively). Physical activity, only in men (β = 0.07), and marital status only, in women (β = -0.06), were also directly associated with pre-hypertension. Both healthy and poor dietary patterns showed indirect associations with pre-hypertension in both genders via WC and TG. Higher age and lower education in both genders, being married only in men, and unemployed status only in women, were positively associated with pre-hypertension via behavioral and cardio-metabolic factors. CONCLUSIONS Level of TG and WC in both genders are direct modifiable associated factors of pre-hypertension. These findings could be considered in designing future health promotion programs aimed at preventing high blood pressure and its consequences among Tehranian adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Taherian
- Research Center for Social Determinants of Health, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Sara Jalali-Farahani
- Research Center for Social Determinants of Health, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Mehrdad Karimi
- Research Center for Social Determinants of Health, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Parisa Amiri
- Research Center for Social Determinants of Health, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Corresponding authors: Parisa Amiri, Research Center for Social Determinants of Health, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Tel: +98-2122432500, Fax: +98-212402463, E-mail: ; Parvin Mirmiran, PhD, Nutrition and Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran. Tel: +98-2122402463, Fax: +98-2122432500, E-mail:
| | - Emad Maghsoudi
- Research Center for Social Determinants of Health, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parvin Mirmiran
- Nutrition and Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
- Corresponding authors: Parisa Amiri, Research Center for Social Determinants of Health, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Tel: +98-2122432500, Fax: +98-212402463, E-mail: ; Parvin Mirmiran, PhD, Nutrition and Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran. Tel: +98-2122402463, Fax: +98-2122432500, E-mail:
| | - Fereidoun Azizi
- Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
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Helberg-Proctor A, Meershoek A, Krumeich A, Horstman K. Ethnicity in Dutch health research: situating scientific practice. ETHNICITY & HEALTH 2016; 21:480-497. [PMID: 26469552 DOI: 10.1080/13557858.2015.1093097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A growing body of work is examining the role health research itself plays in the construction of 'ethnicity.' We discuss the results of our investigation as to how the political, social, and institutional dynamics of the context in which health research takes place affect the manner in which knowledge about ethnicity and health is produced. DESIGN Qualitative content analysis of academic publications, interviews with biomedical and health researchers, and participant observation at various conferences and scientific events. RESULTS We identified four aspects related to the context in which Dutch research takes place that we have found relevant to biomedical and health-research practices. Firstly, the 'diversity' and 'inclusion' policies of the major funding institution; secondly, the official Dutch national ethnic registration system; a third factor was the size of the Netherlands and the problem of small sample sizes; and lastly, the need for researchers to use meaningful ethnic categories when publishing in English-language journals. CONCLUSIONS Our analysis facilitates the understanding of how specific ethnicities are constructed in this field and provides fruitful insight into the socio-scientific co-production of ethnicity, and specifically into the manner in which common-sense ethnic categories and hierarchies are granted scientific validity through academic publication and, are subsequently, used in clinical guidelines and policy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alana Helberg-Proctor
- a Department of Health, Ethics and Society, CAPHRI School for Public Health and Primary Care , Maastricht University , Maastricht , The Netherlands
| | - Agnes Meershoek
- a Department of Health, Ethics and Society, CAPHRI School for Public Health and Primary Care , Maastricht University , Maastricht , The Netherlands
| | - Anja Krumeich
- a Department of Health, Ethics and Society, CAPHRI School for Public Health and Primary Care , Maastricht University , Maastricht , The Netherlands
| | - Klasien Horstman
- a Department of Health, Ethics and Society, CAPHRI School for Public Health and Primary Care , Maastricht University , Maastricht , The Netherlands
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Krishnadath ISK, Jaddoe VWV, Nahar-van Venrooij LM, Toelsie JR. Ethnic differences in prevalence and risk factors for hypertension in the Suriname Health Study: a cross sectional population study. Popul Health Metr 2016; 14:33. [PMID: 27660556 PMCID: PMC5026769 DOI: 10.1186/s12963-016-0102-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Limited information is available about the prevalence, ethnic disparities, and risk factors of hypertension within developing countries. We used data from a nationwide study on non-communicable disease (NCD) risk factors to estimate, explore, and compare the prevalence of hypertension overall and in subgroups of risk factors among different ethnic groups in Suriname. METHOD The Suriname Health Study used the World Health Organization Steps design to select respondents with a stratified multistage cluster sample of households. The overall and ethnic specific prevalences of hypertension were calculated in general and in subgroups of sex, age, marital status, educational level, income status, employment, smoking status, residence, physical activity, body mass index (BMI), and waist circumference (WC). Differences in the prevalence between ethnic subgroups were assessed using the Chi-square test. We used several adjustment models to explore whether the observed ethnic differences were explained by biological, demographic, lifestyle, or anthropometric risk factors. RESULTS The prevalence of hypertension was 26.2 % (95 % confidence interval 25.1 %-27.4 %). Men had higher mean values for systolic and diastolic blood pressure compared to women. Blood pressure increased with age. The prevalence was highest for Creole, Hindustani, and Javanese and lowest for Amerindians, Mixed, and Maroons. Differences between ethnic groups were measured in the prevalence of hypertension in subcategories of sex, marital status, education, income, smoking, physical activity, and BMI. The major difference in association of ethnic groups with hypertension was between Hindustani and Amerindians. CONCLUSION The prevalence of hypertension in Suriname was in the range of developing countries. The highest prevalence was found in Creoles, Hindustani, and Javanese. Differences in the prevalence of hypertension were observed between ethnic subgroups with biological, demographic, lifestyle, and anthropometric risk factors. These findings emphasize the need for ethnic-specific research and prevention and intervention programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid S. K. Krishnadath
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Anton de Kom University of Suriname, Paramaribo, Suriname
| | - Vincent W. V. Jaddoe
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lenny M. Nahar-van Venrooij
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Anton de Kom University of Suriname, Paramaribo, Suriname
| | - Jerry R. Toelsie
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Anton de Kom University of Suriname, Paramaribo, Suriname
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Prevalence of prehypertension and associated risk factors among Chinese adults from a large-scale multi-ethnic population survey. BMC Public Health 2016; 16:775. [PMID: 27515034 PMCID: PMC4982422 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-016-3411-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Up to date, most of previous studies about Chinese prehypertension were conducted based on a small sample or in only one province, which could not represent the general population in China. Furthermore, no information on the ethnic difference in prevalence of prehypertension has been reported in China. The aim of this study is to examine the sex-specific, age-specific and ethnic-specific prevalence of prehypertension and associated risk factors in a large-scale multi-ethnic Chinese adult population. Methods The subjects came from a large-scale population survey about Chinese physiological constants and health conditions conducted in six provinces. 47, 495 adults completed blood pressure measurement. Prehypertension was defined as not being on antihypertensive medications and having SBP of 120–139 mmHg and/or DBP of 80–89 mmHg. Odds ratio (OR) and its 95 % confidence interval (CI) from logistic models were used to reflect the prevalence of prehypertension. Results The mean age of all subjects was 43.9 ± 16.8 years. The prevalence of hypertension and prehypertension for all them was 29.5 and 36.4 %, respectively. The prevalence of hypertension and prehypertension for males (33.2 and 41.1 %, respectively) was higher than that for females (27.0 and 33.2 %, respectively), and P < 0.001. The mean age of the subjects was 54.8 ± 14.0 years for hypertensive, 44.0 ± 16.0 years for prehypertensive and 35.3 ± 14.5 years for normotensive. With aging, subjects had more odds of getting prehypertension. Multivariate logistic model indicated that males (OR = 2.076, 95 % CI: 1.952–2.208), laborers with mental work (OR = 1.084, 95 % CI: 1.020–1.152), Yi (OR = 1.347, 95 %CI: 1.210–1.500) and Hui subjects (OR = 1.133, 95 % CI: 1.024–1.253), alcohol drinkers (OR = 1.147, 95 % CI: 1.072–1.228), the generally obese (OR = 2.460, 95 % CI: 2.190–2.763), the overweight (OR = 1.667, 95 % CI: 1.563–1.788), the abdominally obese (OR = 1.371, 95 % CI: 1.280–1.467) and subjects with family history of cardiovascular diseases (OR = 1.132, 95 % CI: 1.045–1.226) had higher prevalence of prehypertension. Subjects with higher educational level (OR = 0.687, 95 % CI: 0.627–0.752 for university) and Miao (OR = 0.753, 95 % CI: 0.623–0.910), Tibetan (OR = 0.521, 95 % CI: 0.442–0.613), Tujia (OR = 0.779, 95 % CI: 0.677–0.898) subjects had lower prevalence. Conclusion High prevalence rate of prehypertension was general in Chinese adults. Many sociodemographic characteristics were significantly associated with prehypertension. There were important clinical significance and public health significance about age-specific, gender-specific and ethnic-specific Chinese prehypertension conditions studies.
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Guo X, Zheng L, Zhang X, Zou L, Li J, Sun Z, Hu J, Sun Y. The prevalence and heterogeneity of prehypertension: a meta-analysis and meta-regression of published literature worldwide. Cardiovasc J Afr 2016; 23:44-50. [PMID: 22331252 PMCID: PMC3721861 DOI: 10.5830/cvja-2011-058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2011] [Accepted: 09/15/2011] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Prehypertension appears to be a precursor of hypertension and has been recognised as a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Recognition of prehypertension provides important opportunities for preventing hypertension and CVD. We aimed to investigate the world-wide prevalence and heterogeneity of prehypertension. Methods We performed a meta-analysis of cross-sectional studies worldwide that reported the prevalence of prehypertension. We searched for publications between January 1966 and November 2010, using PubMed, Ovid and the Cochrane Library, with the keyword ‘prehypertension’, supplemented by a manual search of references from recent reviews and relevant published original studies. Pooled prevalence of prehypertension was calculated using random-effects models. Heterogeneity was investigated by subgroup analysis and meta-regression. Twenty-two articles met our inclusion criteria, with a total sample of 242 322 individuals. Results The overall pooled prevalence of prehypertension was 38%. Significant heterogeneity across estimates of prevalence was observed (p = 0.000, I2 = 99.9%). The prevalence rose as the sample size increased, and was higher among men than women (41 vs 34%). The non-Asian population was more likely to be prehypertensive than Asian individuals (42 vs 36%). A high prevalence of 47% was observed among the black African population in the non-Asian subgroup. The inception year of the surveys was the only source of heterogeneity we found by meta-regressional analysis (p = 0.06). Conclusion These results indicate that the prevalence of prehypertension was relatively high, particularly among males. Although more attention has been paid to this segment of the population since 2003, additional practical and reasonable steps should be taken to prevent and treat prehypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Guo
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
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Rodríguez-Ramírez M, Simental-Mendía LE, González-Ortiz M, Martínez-Abundis E, Madero A, Brito-Zurita O, Pérez-Fuentes R, Revilla-Monsalve C, Islas-Andrade S, Rodríguez-Morán M, Guerrero-Romero F. Prevalence of Prehypertension in Mexico and Its Association With Hypomagnesemia. Am J Hypertens 2015; 28:1024-30. [PMID: 25618517 DOI: 10.1093/ajh/hpu293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prehypertension (preHTN) increases the risk of developing hypertension. The objectives of this study were to estimate the prevalence of preHTN in the Mexican adult population and evaluate the association between hypomagnesemia and preHTN. METHODS This study was a 2-phase, population-based study. In the first phase, 4,272 Mexican adults (aged 20-65 years) were enrolled to determine the prevalence of preHTN. In the second phase, a cross-sectional analysis was performed to evaluate the association between hypomagnesemia and preHTN. The exclusion criteria were chronic diarrhea, malignancy, hepatic and renal diseases, chronic inflammatory disease, and the intake of magnesium supplements. PreHTN was defined as a systolic blood pressure (BP) of 120-139 mm Hg and/or diastolic BP of 80-89 mm Hg, and hypomagnesemia was defined as a serum magnesium concentration <1.8 mg/dl. RESULTS The prevalence of preHTN was 37.5% (95% confidence interval (CI): 36.0-39.0): 46.7% were men (95% CI: 44.1-49.4) and 33.2% (95% CI: 31.5-5.0) were women. The serum magnesium data were available for 921 participants. Hypomagnesemia was identified in 276 (30.0%; 95% CI: 27.1-33.0) subjects; of them, 176 (63.8%; 95% CI: 58.3-69.6) had preHTN. Individuals with preHTN exhibited lower magnesium levels than individuals without preHTN (1.78±0.36 vs. 1.95±0.37, P < 0.0005). A multiple logistic regression analysis (adjusted for age, sex, smoking, body mass index, waist circumference, fasting glucose, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglycerides levels) indicated a significant association between hypomagnesemia and preHTN (odds ratio = 1.78; 95% CI: 1.5-4.0, P < 0.0005). CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of preHTN in the Mexican population is 37.5%, and hypomagnesemia is strongly associated with preHTN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Rodríguez-Ramírez
- The Multidisciplinary Research Group on Diabetes of the Mexican Social Security Institute, Durango, Dgo, México
| | - Luis E Simental-Mendía
- The Multidisciplinary Research Group on Diabetes of the Mexican Social Security Institute, Durango, Dgo, México
| | - Manuel González-Ortiz
- The Multidisciplinary Research Group on Diabetes of the Mexican Social Security Institute, Durango, Dgo, México; Institute of Experimental and Clinical Therapeutics, Department of Physiology, Health Science University Center, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - Esperanza Martínez-Abundis
- The Multidisciplinary Research Group on Diabetes of the Mexican Social Security Institute, Durango, Dgo, México; Institute of Experimental and Clinical Therapeutics, Department of Physiology, Health Science University Center, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - Agustín Madero
- The Multidisciplinary Research Group on Diabetes of the Mexican Social Security Institute, Durango, Dgo, México
| | - Olga Brito-Zurita
- The Multidisciplinary Research Group on Diabetes of the Mexican Social Security Institute, Durango, Dgo, México
| | - Ricardo Pérez-Fuentes
- The Multidisciplinary Research Group on Diabetes of the Mexican Social Security Institute, Durango, Dgo, México
| | - Cristina Revilla-Monsalve
- The Multidisciplinary Research Group on Diabetes of the Mexican Social Security Institute, Durango, Dgo, México
| | - Sergio Islas-Andrade
- The Multidisciplinary Research Group on Diabetes of the Mexican Social Security Institute, Durango, Dgo, México
| | - Martha Rodríguez-Morán
- The Multidisciplinary Research Group on Diabetes of the Mexican Social Security Institute, Durango, Dgo, México
| | - Fernando Guerrero-Romero
- The Multidisciplinary Research Group on Diabetes of the Mexican Social Security Institute, Durango, Dgo, México;
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Xu T, Zhu G, Liu J, Han S. Gender-specific prevalence and associated risk factors of high normal blood pressure and hypertension among multi-ethnic Chinese adolescents aged 8-18 years old. Blood Press 2015; 24:189-95. [PMID: 25830569 DOI: 10.3109/08037051.2015.1025474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
AIM To date, accurate reports about the prevalence of high normal blood pressure (BP) and hypertension among Chinese adolescents have been rare. We examine the sex-specific and age-specific prevalence of high normal BP and hypertension, and the associated risk factors among multi-ethnic Chinese adolescents from a large and representative sample. METHODS 29,997 adolescents aged 8-18 years old received blood pressure measurement on one clinical visit. RESULTS The overall prevalence was 4.15% for hypertension (4.73% for boys and 3.62% for girls) and 29.85% for high normal BP (33.40% for boys and 26.65% for girls). The odds ratios (ORs) increased with age, but the absolute changes of ORs were significantly different between boys and girls. Compared with that of the Han counterparts, the risk of high normal BP was 1.960-fold, 1.283-fold and 1.618-fold for Yi boys, Mongolian boys and Yi girls, respectively, whereas the OR was 0.440 for Tibetan boys, 0.492 for Tibetan girls and 0.794 for Korean girls. Compared with those of normal weight, overweight and obese adolescents had significantly increased risk of high normal BP (OR = 3.377 for obese boys and OR = 2.009 for overweight boys; OR = 2.865 for obese girls and OR = 1.738 for overweight girls). Rural adolescents had a higher risk of hypertension than those living in urban areas. CONCLUSION The prevalence of high normal BP and hypertension was high in Chinese adolescents. Age, ethnicity, obesity, overweight, abnormal waist circumference, family history of cardiovascular diseases and dwelling at rural districts were significantly associated with pediatric high normal BP or hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Xu
- Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College , Beijing 100005 , China
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Albarwani S, Al-Siyabi S, Tanira MO. Prehypertension: Underlying pathology and therapeutic options. World J Cardiol 2014; 6:728-43. [PMID: 25228952 PMCID: PMC4163702 DOI: 10.4330/wjc.v6.i8.728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Revised: 06/08/2014] [Accepted: 06/14/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Prehypertension (PHTN) is a global major health risk that subjects individuals to double the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) independent of progression to overt hypertension. Its prevalence rate varies considerably from country to country ranging between 21.9% and 52%. Many hypotheses are proposed to explain the underlying pathophysiology of PHTN. The most notable of these implicate the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) and vascular endothelium. However, other processes that involve reactive oxygen species, the inflammatory cytokines, prostglandins and C-reactive protein as well as the autonomic and central nervous systems are also suggested. Drugs affecting RAS have been shown to produce beneficial effects in prehypertensives though such was not unequivocal. On the other hand, drugs such as β-adrenoceptor blocking agents were not shown to be useful. Leading clinical guidelines suggest using dietary and lifestyle modifications as a first line interventional strategy to curb the progress of PHTN; however, other clinically respected views call for using drugs. This review provides an overview of the potential pathophysiological processes associated with PHTN, abridges current intervention strategies and suggests investigating the value of using the "Polypill" in prehypertensive subjects to ascertain its potential in delaying (or preventing) CVD associated with raised blood pressure in the presence of other risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sulayma Albarwani
- Sulayma Albarwani, Sultan Al-Siyabi, Department of Physiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat 123, Oman
| | - Sultan Al-Siyabi
- Sulayma Albarwani, Sultan Al-Siyabi, Department of Physiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat 123, Oman
| | - Musbah O Tanira
- Sulayma Albarwani, Sultan Al-Siyabi, Department of Physiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat 123, Oman
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Khosravi A, Emamian MH, Shariati M, Hashemi H, Fotouhi A. The prevalence of pre-hypertension and hypertension in an Iranian urban population. High Blood Press Cardiovasc Prev 2013; 21:127-35. [PMID: 24272061 DOI: 10.1007/s40292-013-0035-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2013] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the prevalence of hypertension and pre-hypertension and its determinants in the 40-64 year old population of Shahroud in the north of Iran. METHODS The blood pressure of 5,190 of the 40-64 year old people participating in the first phase of Shahroud Eye Cohort Study was measured using the standard method. Sampling was done in 2009 using a random cluster approach. The prevalence of hypertension and pre-hypertension was determined by age and sex, and we used a multi-nominal logistic regression model to calculate the odds ratio (OR). RESULTS The prevalence of pre-hypertension was 37.2 % in men and 30.9 % in women, and the prevalence of hypertension was respectively 37.1 % and 39.0 %. In both sexes, there was an increase in the prevalence of hypertension and a decrease in the prevalence of pre-hypertension with age. Older age, male sex, higher body mass index, blood glucose higher than 140 mg/dl were found associated with hypertension and pre-hypertension. Also, diabetes increases the odds of hypertension (OR = 1.4) and a history of smoking was correlated with a decreased odds of having hypertension and pre-hypertension. CONCLUSION According to the criteria of Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation and Treatment of High Blood Pressure, the prevalence of hypertension and pre-hypertension was high in the studied population, and considering the epidemiologic transition of diseases in Iran, it can be concluded that a high percentage of the population are at risk of cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Khosravi
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Bozorgmanesh M, Ghoreishian H, Mohebi R, Azizi F, Hadaegh F. Sex-specific predictors of the prehypertension-to-hypertension progression: community-based cohort of a West-Asian population. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2013; 21:956-63. [PMID: 23478742 DOI: 10.1177/2047487313481757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2012] [Accepted: 02/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We aimed to predict prehypertension-to-hypertension progression rate among a West-Asian adult population. METHODS We analyzed data on 3449 adults (mean age 41.0 years), prehypertensive at baseline, attending at least one follow-up visit, contributing 25,079 person-years follow-up. A proportional hazard regression analysis was implemented to model the interval-censored progression-free survival time data using readily-assessable, commonly-available information. Integrated discriminatory improvement (IDI) and net reclassification improvement (NRI) indices were calculated to examine whether simple clinical information could help improve prediction of prehypertension-to-hypertension progression rate based on the blood pressure measures. RESULTS During a median seven-year follow-up 1412 prehypertensive patients progressed to hypertension with annual progression rate (95% confidence intervals (CIs)) being 56.9 (52.9-61.2) per 1000 women and 55.7 (51.7-60.0) per 1000 men (p = 0.007). High-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels were inversely associated with prehypertension-to-hypertension progression rate only among women (hazard ratio (1-SD): 0.93, 95% CIs: 0.86-0.100). Marital status retained its predictability among women even after multivariate adjustments. In both men and women, age, blood pressure measures, waist-to-height ratio, fasting plasma glucose and a history of cardiovascular disease independently predicted prehypertension-to-hypertension rate. The absolute (0.114, 95% CIs: 0.107-0.120) and relative (2.638, 95% CIs: 2.374-2.903) IDI and cutpoint-based (0.213, 95% CIs: 0.156-0.269) and cutpoint-free NRI (0.523, 95% CIs: 0.455-0.591) indicated that the prediction of the prehypertension-to-hypertension progression was improved by multivariable-models compared with blood pressure measures alone. DISCUSSION Easily-assessable, commonly-available information helped improve predictability of blood pressure measures for prehypertension-to-hypertension progression. Women's psycho-social characteristics (marital status) should be considered in prevention of prehypertension-to-hypertension progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammadreza Bozorgmanesh
- Prevention of Metabolic Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hadi Ghoreishian
- Prevention of Metabolic Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Mohebi
- Prevention of Metabolic Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fereidoun Azizi
- Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farzad Hadaegh
- Prevention of Metabolic Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Rahmanian K, Shojaie M. The prevalence of pre-hypertension and its association to established cardiovascular risk factors in south of Iran. BMC Res Notes 2012; 5:386. [PMID: 22838639 PMCID: PMC3506467 DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-5-386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2012] [Accepted: 06/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pre-hypertension is associated with an increased risk of the development of hypertension and subsequent cardiovascular disease and raises mortality risk. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of pre-hypertension and to explore the associations between pre-hypertension and established cardiovascular risk factors in a population-based sample of Iranian adults. METHODS In this cross-sectional study a representative sample of 892 participants aged ≥ 30 years was selected using a multistage cluster sampling method. After completion of a detailed demographic and medical questionnaire (gender, age, history of diabetes mellitus and hypertension, taking antihypertensive or hypoglycemic agents and history of smoking), all participants were subjected to physical examination, blood lipid profile, blood glucose, anthropometric and smoking assessments, during the years 2009 and 2010. Variables were considered significant at a p-value ≤ 0.05. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 11.5 software. RESULTS Pre-hypertension was observed among 300 (33.7%) subjects, 36.4% for men and 31.4% for women (p > 0.05). The pre-hypertensive group had higher levels of blood glucose and triglycerides, higher body mass index and lower percentage of smoking than did the normotensive group. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that obesity and overweight were the strongest predictors of pre-hypertension [odds ratio, 2.74: 95% CI (Confidence Interval), 1.62 to 4.62 p < 0.001; odds ratio, 2.56, 95% CI, 1.74 to 3.77, p < 0.001 respectively]. CONCLUSIONS Overweight and obesity are major determinants of the high prevalence rate of pre-hypertension detected in Iranian population. Therefore, primary prevention strategies should concentrate on reducing overweight and obesity if the increased prevalence of pre-hypertension is to be diminished in Iranian adults.
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Arima H, Murakami Y, Lam TH, Kim HC, Ueshima H, Woo J, Suh I, Fang X, Woodward M. Effects of Prehypertension and Hypertension Subtype on Cardiovascular Disease in the Asia-Pacific Region. Hypertension 2012; 59:1118-23. [DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.111.187252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation and Treatment of High Blood Pressure defined blood pressure (BP) levels of 120 to 139/80 to 89 mm Hg as prehypertension and those of ≥140/90 mm Hg as hypertension. Hypertension can be divided into 3 categories, isolated diastolic (IDH; systolic BP <140 mm Hg and diastolic BP ≥90 mmHg), isolated systolic (systolic BP ≥140 mm Hg and diastolic BP <90 mmHg), and systolic-diastolic hypertension (systolic BP ≥140 mm Hg and diastolic BP ≥90 mmHg). Although there is clear evidence that isolated systolic hypertension and systolic-diastolic hypertension increase the risks of future vascular events, there remains uncertainty about the effects of IDH. The objective was to determine the effects of prehypertension and hypertension subtypes (IDH, isolated systolic hypertension, and systolic-diastolic hypertension) on the risks of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in the Asia-Pacific Region. The Asia Pacific Cohort Studies Collaboration is an individual participant data overview of cohort studies in the region. This analysis included a total of 346570 participants from 36 cohort studies. Outcomes were fatal and nonfatal CVD. The relationship between BP categories and CVD was explored using a Cox proportional hazards model adjusted for age, cholesterol, and smoking and stratified by sex and study. Compared with normal BP (<120/80 mmHg), hazard ratios (95% CIs) for CVD were 1.41 (1.31–1.53) for prehypertension, 1.81 (1.61–2.04) for IDH, 2.18 (2.00–2.37) for isolated systolic hypertension, and 3.42 (3.17–3.70) for systolic-diastolic hypertension. Separately significant effects of prehypertension and hypertension subtypes were also observed for coronary heart disease, ischemic stroke, and hemorrhagic stroke. In the Asia-Pacific region, prehypertension and all hypertension subtypes, including IDH, thus clearly predicted increased risks of CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisatomi Arima
- From the George Institute for Global Health (H.A., Y.M., M.W.), University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; School of Public Health/Department of Community Medicine (T.H.L.), University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Preventive Medicine (H.C.K., I.S.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; Department of Preventive Medicine (H.C.K.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Department of Health Science (H.U.), Shiga University of
| | - Yoshitaka Murakami
- From the George Institute for Global Health (H.A., Y.M., M.W.), University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; School of Public Health/Department of Community Medicine (T.H.L.), University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Preventive Medicine (H.C.K., I.S.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; Department of Preventive Medicine (H.C.K.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Department of Health Science (H.U.), Shiga University of
| | - Tai Hing Lam
- From the George Institute for Global Health (H.A., Y.M., M.W.), University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; School of Public Health/Department of Community Medicine (T.H.L.), University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Preventive Medicine (H.C.K., I.S.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; Department of Preventive Medicine (H.C.K.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Department of Health Science (H.U.), Shiga University of
| | - Hyeon Chang Kim
- From the George Institute for Global Health (H.A., Y.M., M.W.), University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; School of Public Health/Department of Community Medicine (T.H.L.), University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Preventive Medicine (H.C.K., I.S.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; Department of Preventive Medicine (H.C.K.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Department of Health Science (H.U.), Shiga University of
| | - Hirotsugu Ueshima
- From the George Institute for Global Health (H.A., Y.M., M.W.), University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; School of Public Health/Department of Community Medicine (T.H.L.), University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Preventive Medicine (H.C.K., I.S.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; Department of Preventive Medicine (H.C.K.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Department of Health Science (H.U.), Shiga University of
| | - Jean Woo
- From the George Institute for Global Health (H.A., Y.M., M.W.), University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; School of Public Health/Department of Community Medicine (T.H.L.), University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Preventive Medicine (H.C.K., I.S.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; Department of Preventive Medicine (H.C.K.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Department of Health Science (H.U.), Shiga University of
| | - Il Suh
- From the George Institute for Global Health (H.A., Y.M., M.W.), University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; School of Public Health/Department of Community Medicine (T.H.L.), University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Preventive Medicine (H.C.K., I.S.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; Department of Preventive Medicine (H.C.K.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Department of Health Science (H.U.), Shiga University of
| | - Xianghua Fang
- From the George Institute for Global Health (H.A., Y.M., M.W.), University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; School of Public Health/Department of Community Medicine (T.H.L.), University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Preventive Medicine (H.C.K., I.S.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; Department of Preventive Medicine (H.C.K.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Department of Health Science (H.U.), Shiga University of
| | - Mark Woodward
- From the George Institute for Global Health (H.A., Y.M., M.W.), University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; School of Public Health/Department of Community Medicine (T.H.L.), University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Preventive Medicine (H.C.K., I.S.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; Department of Preventive Medicine (H.C.K.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Department of Health Science (H.U.), Shiga University of
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Shimomura T, Wakabayashi I. Associations of cardiovascular risk factors with prehypertension and hypertension in women. Blood Press 2012; 21:345-51. [DOI: 10.3109/08037051.2012.686177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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High prevalence of prehypertension and hypertension in a working population in Hungary. Am J Hypertens 2012; 25:204-8. [PMID: 22052074 DOI: 10.1038/ajh.2011.199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hungary has one of the highest mortality rates due to strokes among the European Union countries. As elevated blood pressure (BP) is the principal risk factor for strokes, we assessed BP levels, as well as awareness and treatment status of hypertension and prehypertension in a working population sample in Hungary. METHODS Worksite employees in Budapest and Szeged were screened for their BP using an automated BP measuring instrument (BpTRU). BpTRU readings of heart rate (HR) were also recorded. Respondents were classified as normotensives (NT), prehypertensives (PHTN) and hypertensives (HTN) according to their BP levels, as defined by the JNC 7 guidelines. Body height and body weight were measured and body mass index (BMI) was calculated. Self-reported information regarding smoking was collected. RESULTS In total, 2,012 respondents were recruited (1,000 white collar; 1,012 blue-collar workers), with a mean (±s.d.) age of 34.8 (±9.9) years. Of all respondents, 22.6% were identified as HTN and 39.8% as PHTN. Among HTN, 40% were unaware of their condition and only 18.5% were adequately treated. PHTN were similar in age as NT, but showed significantly higher HR. CONCLUSIONS A high proportion of relatively young and apparently healthy Hungarian employees were diagnosed with prehypertension and hypertension. Only a small proportion of HTN had their BP controlled. BMI and HR were significantly higher among individuals with prehypertension compared to NT. Whether the high rates of hypertension, prehypertension, and low levels of control explain the high stroke mortality and unfavorable cardiovascular disease (CVD) profile of Hungary needs further study.
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Munter JSLD, Agyemang C, Stronks K, Valkengoed IGMV. Association of physical activity, smoking, and alcohol intake with CVD-related hospital discharge in people of European, South Asian, or African descent. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2012; 20:80-8. [DOI: 10.1177/2047487311434232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Charles Agyemang
- Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Karien Stronks
- Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Meng XJ, Dong GH, Wang D, Liu MM, Liu YQ, Zhao Y, Deng WW, Tian S, Meng X, Zhang HY. Epidemiology of Prehypertension and Associated Risk Factors in Urban Adults From 33 Communities in China. Circ J 2012; 76:900-6. [PMID: 22293448 DOI: 10.1253/circj.cj-11-1118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Jun Meng
- Division of Neurology, Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University
| | - Guang-Hui Dong
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, China Medical University
| | - Da Wang
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, China Medical University
| | - Miao-Miao Liu
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, China Medical University
| | - Yu-Qin Liu
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, China Medical University
| | - Yang Zhao
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, China Medical University
| | - Wei-Wei Deng
- Department of Geriatrics, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University
| | - Shen Tian
- Division of Neurology, Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University
| | - Xin Meng
- Department of Geriatrics, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University
| | - Hai-Yan Zhang
- Department of Geriatrics, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University
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Nery AB, Mesquita ET, Lugon JR, Kang HC, Miranda VAD, Souza BGTD, Andrade JAM, Rosa MLG. Prehypertension and cardiovascular risk factors in adults enrolled in a primary care programme. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 18:233-9. [DOI: 10.1177/1741826710389380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aline B Nery
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Niteroi, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Evandro T Mesquita
- Department of Internal Medicine, Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Niteroi, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Jocemir R Lugon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Niteroi, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Hye Chung Kang
- Department of Pathology, Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Niteroi, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Bernardo GT de Souza
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Niteroi, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Juliana AM Andrade
- Department of Internal Medicine, Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Niteroi, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Maria Luiza G Rosa
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Niteroi, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Kiely AE, Kwatra SG, Kwatra MM. Treating prehypertension: medically sound and economically viable. Blood Press 2010; 18:300-3. [PMID: 19958077 DOI: 10.3109/08037050903444024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The 7th Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure provided new guide-lines for the definition and management of hypertension. Notably, a new category-"prehypertension"-was created for intermediate systolic pressures exceeding 120 mmHg, the upper limit of normal, but less than 139 mmHg, the threshold for stage 1 hypertension. The therapeutic consequences of this new classification are not yet clear, but research indicates that prehypertension is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular, cognitive, and renal morbidities as well as diabetes, and statistical data indicate that prehypertension is present in over 30% of US, European, and Asian adults. However, while pharmacotherapy is recommended for hypertension, the use of drugs to control prehypertension is under question. Given the serious health consequences linked with prehypertension, such debates seem misplaced if patient well-being is our priority. While acknowledging the lack of specific randomized controlled trial data on this topic, we suggest that anti-hypertensive therapy be recommended for everyone with prehypertension and address resulting cost-benefit issues.
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Munkhaugen J, Lydersen S, Widerøe TE, Hallan S. Prehypertension, obesity, and risk of kidney disease: 20-year follow-up of the HUNT I study in Norway. Am J Kidney Dis 2009; 54:638-46. [PMID: 19515474 DOI: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2009.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2008] [Accepted: 03/27/2009] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The combined effect of blood pressure (BP) and body weight on risk of kidney disease has not been previously studied. To improve risk stratification in prehypertensive individuals (ie, BP, 120 to 139/80 to 89 mm Hg), we examined the interaction between BP and body weight on the risk of end-stage renal disease or chronic kidney disease (CKD)-related death. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective cohort study. SETTING & PARTICIPANTS 74,986 adults participating in the first Health Study in Nord-Trøndelag (88% participation rate) were linked to the Norwegian Renal Registry and Cause of Death Registry. PREDICTORS BP and body weight were measured by using standard procedures, and other relevant covariates were obtained from an extensive questionnaire. OUTCOME & MEASUREMENTS Hazard ratios for treated end-stage renal disease and CKD-related death were calculated. RESULTS Mean systolic BP and body mass index (BMI) were 136.8 +/- 23.3 (SD) mm Hg and 25.2 +/- 3.9 kg/m(2), whereas 12.9% had treated hypertension at baseline, respectively. During a median follow-up of 21 years (1,345,882 person-years), 507 men (1.4%) and 319 women (0.8%) initiated renal replacement therapy (n = 157) or died of CKD (n = 669). Multiadjusted risk of these kidney outcomes increased continuously with no lower threshold for BP. The risk associated with body weight started to increase from a BMI of 25.0 kg/m(2). In participants with BP less than 120/80 mm Hg, risk did not increase with increasing BMI. In prehypertensive participants, multivariate adjusted hazard ratios in the BMI categories 18.5 to 24.9, 25.0 to 29.9, 30.0 to 34.9, and 35.0 kg/m(2) or greater were 1.21 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.67 to 2.17), 1.10 (95% CI, 59 to 2.00), 2.66 (95% CI, 1.28 to 5.53), and 5.94 (95% CI, 1.94 to 18.20) compared with BP less than 120/80 mm Hg and BMI of 18.5 to 24.9 kg/m(2), respectively (P = 0.02 for trend). Corresponding risks in hypertensive participants were 2.13 (95% CI, 1.23 to 3.70), 2.40 (95% CI, 1.40 to 4.15), 3.32 (95% CI, 1.89 to 5.81), and 5.53 (95% CI, 3.01 to 10.20), respectively (P < 0.001 for trend). LIMITATIONS Baseline creatinine measurements were not available; hence, a secondary analysis was performed that excluded all individuals who experienced outcomes in the 5 years after the study start. CONCLUSIONS Participants with prehypertension are not at increased risk of serious kidney outcomes if BMI is less than 30.0 kg/m(2). However, the risk of kidney disease increases substantially if prehypertension is present in obese participants.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Munkhaugen
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.
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Prevalence of prehypertension and associated risk factors in a rural Taiwanese adult population. Int J Cardiol 2009; 144:269-73. [PMID: 19223086 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2009.01.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2009] [Accepted: 01/20/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Joint National Committee on the Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure has recently introduced the prehypertension category of blood pressure status that needs monitoring and intervention. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of prehypertension and its associated risks in rural Taiwan. METHODS From community-based cross-sectional data of 6204 adults (2650 men and 3554 women) who received general health examination in the Chi-Shan district in rural Taiwan, collected between 2002 and 2007, we analyzed and compared the blood pressure and demographic, metabolic, and behavior characteristics of prehypertensive and normotensive subjects. Multiple logistic regression methods were used to identify risk factors for prehypertension. RESULTS Within the study population, 3354 had hypertension, 1875 had prehypertension, and 975 had normal blood pressure. The prehypertensive subjects were older, had higher body mass index (BMI), and had higher blood glucose, total cholesterol, triglycerides, and uric acid levels than did the normotensive group. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that BMI was the strongest predictor of prehypertension in both men and women (OR=1.102, 95% CI=1.054-1.152, P<0.001; and OR=1.121, 95% CI=1.085-1.159, P<0.001, respectively). CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of prehypertension is high among adults in rural Taiwan and it was associated with many risk factors for further hypertension and cardiovascular disease. Early lifestyle modifications, such as healthy diet, optimal weight control, and exercise are recommended interventions.
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Li H, Xu T, Tong W, Liu Y, Zhao L, Zhang Y. Comparison of cardiovascular risk factors between prehypertension and hypertension in a Mongolian population, Inner Mongolia, China. Circ J 2008; 72:1666-73. [PMID: 18753701 DOI: 10.1253/circj.cj-08-0138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is little knowledge on comparisons of cardiovascular risk factors between prehypertension and hypertension in Mongolian populations, Inner Mongolia, China. METHODS AND RESULTS A total of 2,589 Mongolians aged 20 years and over were recruited as study participants. Demographic data, lifestyle factors, family history of hypertension, blood pressure measurements, physical examination and blood samples were obtained and analyzed for all individuals. Prehypertensives and hypertensives accounted for 38.39% and 37.39%, respectively, in all participants. Multivariate logistic regression using proportional odds model showed that hypertension was significantly associated with age (odds ratio was 5.79, 8.84, 30.05 and 32.28 for age 40-, 50-, 60- and 70-, respectively), family history of hypertension (7.12), alcohol drinking (2.03), overweight (4.69) and hyperlipidemia (3.49), and prehypertension significantly associated with age (3.65 for age 70-84), hyperlipidemia (1.80) in males. In females, hypertension was significantly associated with age (8.58, 14.40, 33.00, 63.67 for age 40-, 50-, 60- and 70-, respectively), family history of hypertension (5.65), overweight (3.16) and high C-reactive protein (> or = 10.356 mg/L), and prehypertension significantly associated with age (1.72, 2.00, 2.74 and 6.67 for age 40-, 50-, 60- and 70-, respectively) and overweight (1.68). CONCLUSIONS Prevalence of some cardiovascular risk factors and number of risk factors in hypertensives were higher than that in prehypertensives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongmei Li
- Department of Epidemiology, Soochow University School of Radiation Medicine and Public Health, Suzhou, China
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Agyemang C, Owusu-Dabo E. Prehypertension in the Ashanti region of Ghana, West Africa: an opportunity for early prevention of clinical hypertension. Public Health 2007; 122:19-24. [PMID: 17825331 DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2007.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2006] [Revised: 04/10/2007] [Accepted: 04/25/2007] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess prehypertension among Ghanaian adults in the Ashanti region of Ghana, West Africa. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. PARTICIPANTS There were 1431 participants aged 18 years or more. Prehypertension was defined as blood pressure of 120-139/80-89 mmHg. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Prehypertension. RESULTS Overall, 31% of the study population were normotensive, 40% were prehypertensive and 29% were hypertensive. Prehypertension was more common in non-hypertensive males than non-hypertensive females (66% vs 49%, P<0.001). Prehypertension was also more common in those aged 35 years compared with those aged <35 years (P<0.001), and in overweight and obese people compared with people of normal weight (P=0.03). In a multivariate logistic regression model, male sex [odds ratio (OR) 2.36; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.77-3.15; P<0.001], age 35-49 years (OR 1.56; 95% CI 1.12-2.18; P<0.01) and 50 years (OR 2.13; 95% CI 1.33-3.42; P=0.002)], overweight (OR 1.61; 95% CI 1.09-2.36; P=0.02) and obesity (OR 2.71; 95% CI 1.40-5.24; P=0.003) were independently associated with higher odds of prehypertension, whilst current smoking (OR 0.36; 95% CI 0.16-0.81; P=0.01) was associated with lower odds of prehypertension. CONCLUSION Prehypertension is very common among non-hypertensive subjects in the Ashanti region of Ghana. As a large proportion of people with prehypertension will progress to clinical hypertension, targeting these people early with lifestyle modifications such as weight reduction may provide important long-term benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Agyemang
- Department of Social Medicine, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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