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Tang H, Qin K, Wang A, Li S, Fang S, Gao W, Lu M, Huang W, Zhang H, Yin Z. 3,3′-diindolylmethane inhibits LPS-induced human chondrocytes apoptosis and extracellular matrix degradation by activating PI3K-Akt-mTOR-mediated autophagy. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:999851. [DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.999851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic degenerative joint disease characterized by articular cartilage destruction. The pathological mechanisms are complex; in particular, inflammation, autophagy, and apoptosis are often involved. 3,3-Diindolylmethane (DIM), a phytoconstituent extracted from cruciferous vegetables, has various effects such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and anti-apoptotic. However, the effects of DIM on osteoarthritic chondrocytes remain undetermined. In this study, we simulated a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced osteoarthritis model in human primary chondrocytes. We found that LPS stimulation significantly inhibited autophagy, induced chondrocyte apoptosis and extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation, which could be ameliorated by DIM. DIM inhibited the expression of a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motif 5 (ADAMTS-5), matrix metalloproteinase 13 (MMP13), cleaved caspase-3, Bax, and p62, and increased the expression level of collagen II, aggrecan, Bcl-2, light chain 3 Ⅱ (LC3 Ⅱ), and beclin-1. Mechanistic studies showed that DIM increased chondrocyte autophagy levels by inhibiting the activation of PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway. In mice destabilization of the medial meniscus (DMM) model, immunohistochemical analysis showed that DIM inhibited the expression of p-PI3K and cleaved caspase-3, increased the expression of LC3 Ⅱ. Furthermore, DIM relieved joint cartilage degeneration. In conclusion, our findings demonstrate for the first time that DIM inhibits LPS-induced chondrocyte apoptosis and ECM degradation by regulating the PI3K/AKT/mTOR-autophagy axis and delays OA progression in vivo.
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Zhou X, Bao WA, Zhu X, Lin J, Fan JF, Yang Y, Du XH, Wang YZ. 3,3'-Diindolylmethane attenuates inflammation and fibrosis in radiation-induced lung injury by regulating NF-κB/TGF-β/Smad signaling pathways. Exp Lung Res 2022; 48:103-113. [PMID: 35594367 DOI: 10.1080/01902148.2022.2052208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aims to investigate the protective effect of 3,3'-diindolylmethane (DIM) on the radiation-induced lung injury (RILI) model and to explore its possible mechanism. Methods: A mouse model of RILI was established by thoracic irradiation, and dexamethasone was used as a positive drug to investigate the effect of DIM on RILI mice. Lung histopathology was analyzed by HE staining and Masson staining. Then the levels of inflammatory cytokines (TGF-β, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6), inflammatory cell counts, and activity of MPO were detected. The expression of TGFβ1/Smad signaling pathway-related proteins was determined by immunohistochemistry. qPCR was used to analyze the mRNA expression levels of inflammatory factors, α‑SMA and COL1A1. The expression of COX-2, NF-κB, IκBα, PI3K, and Akt proteins was assessed by Western blot. Results: Histopathological staining of lung tissues showed that DIM administration alleviated the pulmonary inflammation and fibrosis caused by RILI. Moreover, the content of inflammatory factors such as IL-1β and IL-6, the expression of NF-κB pathway-related proteins, and the counts of inflammatory cells were inhibited in lung tissue, indicating that DIM can inhibit the NF-κB pathway to reduce inflammation. In addition, DIM could down-regulate the mRNA levels of α-SMA, COL1A1, and downregulate TGFβ1, Smad3, and p-Smad2/3 in lung tissues. Conclusion: Our study confirms that DIM has the potential to treat RILI in vivo by inhibiting fibrotic and inflammatory responses in lung tissue through the TGFβ/Smad and NF-κB dual pathways, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Zhou
- Department of Radiation Therapy, Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.,Institute of Cancer and Basic Medicine (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Wu-An Bao
- Department of Radiation Therapy, Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xiang Zhu
- Institute of Cancer and Basic Medicine (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Juan Lin
- Institute of Cancer and Basic Medicine (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Ju-Fen Fan
- Department of Radiation Therapy, Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Institute of Cancer and Basic Medicine (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xiang-Hui Du
- Department of Radiation Therapy, Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.,Institute of Cancer and Basic Medicine (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yue-Zhen Wang
- Department of Radiation Therapy, Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.,Institute of Cancer and Basic Medicine (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
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