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Strigari L, Strolin S, Morganti AG, Bartoloni A. Dose-Effects Models for Space Radiobiology: An Overview on Dose-Effect Relationships. Front Public Health 2021; 9:733337. [PMID: 34820349 PMCID: PMC8606590 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.733337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Space radiobiology is an interdisciplinary science that examines the biological effects of ionizing radiation on humans involved in aerospace missions. The dose-effect models are one of the relevant topics of space radiobiology. Their knowledge is crucial for optimizing radioprotection strategies (e.g., spaceship and lunar space station-shielding and lunar/Mars village design), the risk assessment of the health hazard related to human space exploration, and reducing damages induced to astronauts from galactic cosmic radiation. Dose-effect relationships describe the observed damages to normal tissues or cancer induction during and after space flights. They are developed for the various dose ranges and radiation qualities characterizing the actual and the forecast space missions [International Space Station (ISS) and solar system exploration]. Based on a Pubmed search including 53 papers reporting the collected dose-effect relationships after space missions or in ground simulations, 7 significant dose-effect relationships (e.g., eye flashes, cataract, central nervous systems, cardiovascular disease, cancer, chromosomal aberrations, and biomarkers) have been identified. For each considered effect, the absorbed dose thresholds and the uncertainties/limitations of the developed relationships are summarized and discussed. The current knowledge on this topic can benefit from further in vitro and in vivo radiobiological studies, an accurate characterization of the quality of space radiation, and the numerous experimental dose-effects data derived from the experience in the clinical use of ionizing radiation for diagnostic or treatments with doses similar to those foreseen for the future space missions. The growing number of pooled studies could improve the prediction ability of dose-effect relationships for space exposure and reduce their uncertainty level. Novel research in the field is of paramount importance to reduce damages to astronauts from cosmic radiation before Beyond Low Earth Orbit exploration in the next future. The study aims at providing an overview of the published dose-effect relationships and illustrates novel perspectives to inspire future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Strigari
- Department of Medical Physics, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Silvia Strolin
- Department of Medical Physics, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Alessio Giuseppe Morganti
- Radiation Oncology Center, School of Medicine, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine - DIMES, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Central Nervous System Responses to Simulated Galactic Cosmic Rays. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19113669. [PMID: 30463349 PMCID: PMC6275046 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19113669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In preparation for lunar and Mars missions it is essential to consider the challenges to human health that are posed by long-duration deep space habitation via multiple stressors, including ionizing radiation, gravitational changes during flight and in orbit, other aspects of the space environment such as high level of carbon dioxide, and psychological stress from confined environment and social isolation. It remains unclear how these stressors individually or in combination impact the central nervous system (CNS), presenting potential obstacles for astronauts engaged in deep space travel. Although human spaceflight research only within the last decade has started to include the effects of radiation transmitted by galactic cosmic rays to the CNS, radiation is currently considered to be one of the main stressors for prolonged spaceflight and deep space exploration. Here we will review the current knowledge of CNS damage caused by simulated space radiation with an emphasis on neuronal and glial responses along with cognitive functions. Furthermore, we will present novel experimental approaches to integrate the knowledge into more comprehensive studies, including multiple stressors at once and potential translation to human functions. Finally, we will discuss the need for developing biomarkers as predictors for cognitive decline and therapeutic countermeasures to prevent CNS damage and the loss of cognitive abilities.
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Britten RA, Jewell JS, Davis LK, Miller VD, Hadley MM, Semmes OJ, Lonart G, Dutta SM. Changes in the Hippocampal Proteome Associated with Spatial Memory Impairment after Exposure to Low (20 cGy) Doses of 1 GeV/n 56Fe Radiation. Radiat Res 2017; 187:287-297. [PMID: 28156212 DOI: 10.1667/rr14067.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to low (∼20 cGy) doses of high-energy charged (HZE) particles, such as 1 GeV/n 56Fe, results in impaired hippocampal-dependent learning and memory (e.g., novel object recognition and spatial memory) in rodents. While these findings raise the possibility that astronauts on deep-space missions may develop cognitive deficits, not all rats develop HZE-induced cognitive impairments, even after exposure to high (200 cGy) HZE doses. The reasons for this differential sensitivity in some animals that develop HZE-induced cognitive failure remain speculative. We employed a robust quantitative mass spectrometry-based workflow, which links early-stage discovery to next-stage quantitative verification, to identify differentially active proteins/pathways in rats that developed spatial memory impairment at three months after exposure to 20 cGy of 1 GeV/n 56Fe (20/impaired), and in those rats that managed to maintain normal cognitive performance (20/functional). Quantitative data were obtained on 665-828 hippocampal proteins in the various cohorts of rats studied, of which 580 were expressed in all groups. A total of 107 proteins were upregulated in the irradiated rats irrespective of their spatial memory performance status, which included proteins involved in oxidative damage response, calcium transport and signaling. Thirty percent (37/107) of these "radiation biomarkers" formed a functional interactome of the proteasome and the COP9 signalosome. These data suggest that there is persistent oxidative stress, ongoing autophagy and altered synaptic plasticity in the irradiated hippocampus, irrespective of the spatial memory performance status, suggesting that the ultimate phenotype may be determined by how well the hippocampal neurons compensate to the ongoing oxidative stress and associated side effects. There were 67 proteins with expression that correlated with impaired spatial memory performance. Several of the "impaired biomarkers" have been implicated in poor spatial memory performance, neurodegeneration, neuronal loss or neuronal susceptibility to apoptosis, or neuronal synaptic or structural plasticity. Therefore, in addition to the baseline oxidative stress and altered adenosine metabolism observed in all irradiated rats, the 20/impaired rats expressed proteins that led to poor spatial memory performance, enhanced neuronal loss and apoptosis, changes in synaptic plasticity and dendritic remodeling. A total of 46 proteins, which were differentially upregulated in the sham-irradiated and 20/functional rat cohorts, can thus be considered as markers of good spatial memory, while another 95 proteins are associated with the maintenance of good spatial memory in the 20/functional rats. The loss or downregulation of these "good spatial memory" proteins would most likely exacerbate the situation in the 20/impaired rats, having a major impact on their neurocognitive status, given that many of those proteins play an important role in neuronal homeostasis and function. Our large-scale comprehensive proteomic analysis has provided some insight into the processes that are altered after exposure, and the collective data suggests that there are multiple problems with the functionality of the neurons and astrocytes in the irradiated hippocampi, which appear to be further exacerbated in the rats that have impaired spatial memory performance or partially compensated for in the rats with good spatial memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard A Britten
- Department of a Radiation Oncology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia 23507.,b Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia 23507.,c Leroy T. Canoles Jr. Cancer Research Center, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia 23507
| | - Jessica S Jewell
- Department of a Radiation Oncology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia 23507
| | - Leslie K Davis
- Department of a Radiation Oncology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia 23507
| | - Vania D Miller
- Department of a Radiation Oncology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia 23507
| | - Melissa M Hadley
- Department of a Radiation Oncology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia 23507
| | - O John Semmes
- b Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia 23507.,c Leroy T. Canoles Jr. Cancer Research Center, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia 23507.,d Department of Pathology and Anatomy, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia 23507
| | - György Lonart
- d Department of Pathology and Anatomy, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia 23507
| | - Sucharita M Dutta
- c Leroy T. Canoles Jr. Cancer Research Center, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia 23507
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Wyrobek AJ, Britten RA. Individual variations in dose response for spatial memory learning among outbred wistar rats exposed from 5 to 20 cGy of (56) Fe particles. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2016; 57:331-340. [PMID: 27237589 DOI: 10.1002/em.22018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Exposures of brain tissue to ionizing radiation can lead to persistent deficits in cognitive functions and behaviors. However, little is known about the quantitative relationships between exposure dose and neurological risks, especially for lower doses and among genetically diverse individuals. We investigated the dose relationship for spatial memory learning among genetically outbred male Wistar rats exposed to graded doses of (56) Fe particles (sham, 5, 10, 15, and 20 cGy; 1 GeV/n). Spatial memory learning was assessed on a Barnes maze using REL3 ratios measured at three months after exposure. Irradiated animals showed dose-dependent declines in spatial memory learning that were fit by a linear regression (P for slope <0.0002). The irradiated animals showed significantly impaired learning at 10 cGy exposures, no detectable learning between 10 and 15 cGy, and worsened performances between 15 and 20 cGy. The proportions of poor learners and the magnitude of their impairment were fit by linear regressions with doubling doses of ∼10 cGy. In contrast, there were no detectable deficits in learning among the good learners in this dose range. Our findings suggest that genetically diverse individuals can vary substantially in their spatial memory learning, and that exposures at low doses appear to preferentially impact poor learners. This hypothesis invites future investigations of the genetic and physiological mechanisms of inter-individual variations in brain function related to spatial memory learning after low-dose HZE radiation exposures and to determine whether it also applies to physical trauma to brain tissue and exposures to chemical neurotoxicants. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 57:331-340, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Wyrobek
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, California
| | - Richard A Britten
- Department of Radiation Oncology, and the Leroy T. Canoles Jr. Cancer Center, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia
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Britten RA, Jewell JS, Miller VD, Davis LK, Hadley MM, Wyrobek AJ. Impaired Spatial Memory Performance in Adult Wistar Rats Exposed to Low (5–20 cGy) Doses of 1 GeV/n56Fe Particles. Radiat Res 2016; 185:332-7. [DOI: 10.1667/rr14120.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Chin MS, Freniere BB, Lancerotto L, Lujan-Hernandez J, Saleeby JH, Lo YC, Orgill DP, Lalikos JF, Fitzgerald TJ. Hyperspectral Imaging as an Early Biomarker for Radiation Exposure and Microcirculatory Damage. Front Oncol 2015; 5:232. [PMID: 26579490 PMCID: PMC4620692 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2015.00232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Radiation exposure can lead to detrimental effects in skin microcirculation. The precise relationship between radiation dose received and its effect on cutaneous perfusion still remains controversial. Previously, we have shown that hyperspectral imaging (HSI) is able to demonstrate long-term reductions in cutaneous perfusion secondary to chronic microvascular injury. This study characterizes the changes in skin microcirculation in response to varying doses of ionizing radiation and investigates these microcirculatory changes as a possible early non-invasive biomarker that may correlate with the extent of long-term microvascular damage. Methods Immunocompetent hairless mice (n = 66) were exposed to single fractions of superficial beta-irradiation in doses of 0, 5, 10, 20, 35, or 50 Gy. A HSI device was utilized to measure deoxygenated hemoglobin levels in irradiated and control areas. HSI measurements were performed at baseline before radiation exposure and for the first 3 days post-irradiation. Maximum macroscopic skin reactions were graded, and histological assessment of cutaneous microvascular densities at 4 weeks post-irradiation was performed in harvested tissue by CD31 immunohistochemistry. Results CD31 immunohistochemistry demonstrated a significant correlation (r = 0.90, p < 0.0001) between dose and vessel density reduction at 4 weeks. Using HSI analysis, early changes in deoxygenated hemoglobin levels were observed during the first 3 days post-irradiation in all groups. These deoxygenated hemoglobin changes varied proportionally with dose (r = 0.98, p < 0.0001) and skin reactions (r = 0.98, p < 0.0001). There was a highly significant correlation (r = 0.91, p < 0.0001) between these early changes in deoxygenated hemoglobin and late vascular injury severity assessed at the end of 4 weeks. Conclusion Radiation dose is directly correlated with cutaneous microvascular injury severity at 4 weeks in our model. Early post-exposure measurement of cutaneous deoxygenated hemoglobin levels may be a useful biomarker for radiation dose reconstruction and predictor for chronic microvascular injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Chin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Massachusetts Medical School , Worcester, MA , USA
| | - Brian B Freniere
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital , Boston, MA , USA
| | - Luca Lancerotto
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital , Boston, MA , USA
| | - Jorge Lujan-Hernandez
- Division of Plastic Surgery, University of Massachusetts Medical School , Worcester, MA , USA
| | - Jonathan H Saleeby
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Massachusetts Medical School , Worcester, MA , USA
| | - Yuan-Chyuan Lo
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Massachusetts Medical School , Worcester, MA , USA
| | - Dennis P Orgill
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital , Boston, MA , USA
| | - Janice F Lalikos
- Division of Plastic Surgery, University of Massachusetts Medical School , Worcester, MA , USA
| | - Thomas J Fitzgerald
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Massachusetts Medical School , Worcester, MA , USA
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Nylund R, Lemola E, Hartwig S, Lehr S, Acheva A, Jahns J, Hildebrandt G, Lindholm C. Profiling of low molecular weight proteins in plasma from locally irradiated individuals. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH 2014; 55:674-82. [PMID: 24570173 PMCID: PMC4099999 DOI: 10.1093/jrr/rru007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Revised: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
In studies reported in the 1960s and since, blood plasma from radiation-exposed individuals has been shown to induce chromosome damage when transferred into lymphocyte cultures of non-irradiated persons. This effect has been described to occur via clastogenic factors, whose nature is still mostly unknown. We have previously examined clastogenic factors from irradiated individuals by looking at plasma-induced DNA damage in reporter cells. Plasma was tested from ca. 30 locally exposed clinical patients receiving fractionated radiation treatment, as well as from three radiological accident victims exposed in 1994, albeit sampled 14 years post-accident. In the current work, proteome changes in the plasma from all subjects were examined with 2D gel electrophoresis-based proteomics techniques, in order to evaluate the level of protein expression with respect to the findings of a clastogenic factor effect. No differences were observed in protein expression due to local radiation exposure (pre- vs post-exposure). In contrast, plasma from the radiation accident victims showed alterations in the expression of 18 protein spots (in comparison with plasma from the control group). Among these, proteins such as haptoglobin, serotransferrin/transferrin, fibrinogen and ubiquitin-60S ribosomal protein L40 were observed, none of them likely to be clastogenic factors. In conclusion, the proteomics techniques applied were unable to identify changes in the proteome of the locally irradiated patients, whereas such differences were observed for the accident victims. However, association with the clastogenic effect or any specific clastogenic factor remains unresolved and thus further studies with more sensitive techniques are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reetta Nylund
- STUK - Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority, Laippatie 4, PO Box 14, 00881 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Elina Lemola
- STUK - Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority, Laippatie 4, PO Box 14, 00881 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sonja Hartwig
- Institute for Clinical Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, German Diabetes Center, Auf'm Hennekamp 65, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Stefan Lehr
- Institute for Clinical Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, German Diabetes Center, Auf'm Hennekamp 65, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Anna Acheva
- STUK - Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority, Laippatie 4, PO Box 14, 00881 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jutta Jahns
- Department of Radiotherapy and Radiation Oncology, University of Leipzig, Stephanstrasse 9a, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Guido Hildebrandt
- Department of Radiotherapy and Radiation Oncology, University of Leipzig, Stephanstrasse 9a, 04103 Leipzig, Germany Department of Radiotherapy, University of Rostock, Suedring 75, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Carita Lindholm
- STUK - Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority, Laippatie 4, PO Box 14, 00881 Helsinki, Finland
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Britten RA, Davis LK, Johnson AM, Keeney S, Siegel A, Sanford LD, Singletary SJ, Lonart G. Low (20 cGy) Doses of 1 GeV/u56Fe-Particle Radiation Lead to a Persistent Reduction in the Spatial Learning Ability of Rats. Radiat Res 2012; 177:146-51. [DOI: 10.1667/rr2637.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Luloff TW, Wishart AE, Addison SMF, Macdougall-Shackleton SA, Hill KA. Radiation exposure differentially affects songbird 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine plasma profiles: ionizing radiation damage response in songbirds. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2011; 52:658-663. [PMID: 21809389 DOI: 10.1002/em.20666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2011] [Revised: 05/24/2011] [Accepted: 06/06/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The importance of understanding the effects of radiation exposure on wildlife is a critical responsibility of our stewardship of nuclear energy production. We tested the hypothesis that songbirds respond to exogenous radiation exposure with changes in plasma 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OH-dG). We exposed two species of songbirds, house sparrows (Passer domesticus; n = 12) and song sparrows (Melospiza melodia; n = 12), to one of four acute whole-body radiation treatments: 75, 150, 300, or 600 mGy. We measured DNA damage by proxy as 8-OH-dG levels in the plasma at 0 hr (baseline), 36 hr, and 7 days post radiation. For both species, at all radiation treatments, 8-OH-dG levels increased significantly 36 hr following radiation exposure. However, songbird species differed significantly in response to treatment across time and between treatment groups. Song sparrows showed no significant changes in 8-OH-dG levels between 36 hr and Day 7. In contrast, house sparrows exposed to 300 and 600 mGy had significantly increased 8-OH-dG levels at Day 7 compared with 36 hr. This study demonstrates that in a controlled experiment, in isolation from other sources of genotoxicity, radiation exposure significantly affects songbirds. Our results suggest future research examining the effects of radiation on songbirds must consider using multiple species to assess the biological effects of radiation, as different species can show strikingly different responses to radiation dosage across time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas W Luloff
- Department of Biology, The University of Western Ontario, Advanced Facility for Avian Research, London, Ontario
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Swartz HM, Williams BB, Nicolalde RJ, Demidenko E, Flood AB. Overview of biodosimetry for management of unplanned exposures to ionizing radiation. RADIAT MEAS 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radmeas.2011.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Azimzadeh O, Scherthan H, Sarioglu H, Barjaktarovic Z, Conrad M, Vogt A, Calzada-Wack J, Neff F, Aubele M, Buske C, Atkinson MJ, Tapio S. Rapid proteomic remodeling of cardiac tissue caused by total body ionizing radiation. Proteomics 2011; 11:3299-311. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201100178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Williams BB, Dong R, Nicolalde RJ, Matthews TP, Gladstone DJ, Demidenko E, Zaki BI, Salikhov IK, Lesniewski PN, Swartz HM. Physically-based biodosimetry using in vivo EPR of teeth in patients undergoing total body irradiation. Int J Radiat Biol 2011; 87:766-75. [PMID: 21696339 DOI: 10.3109/09553002.2011.583316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The ability to estimate individual exposures to radiation following a large attack or incident has been identified as a necessity for rational and effective emergency medical response. In vivo electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy of tooth enamel has been developed to meet this need. MATERIALS AND METHODS A novel transportable EPR spectrometer, developed to facilitate tooth dosimetry in an emergency response setting, was used to measure upper incisors in a model system, in unirradiated subjects, and in patients who had received total body doses of 2 Gy. RESULTS A linear dose response was observed in the model system. A statistically significant increase in the intensity of the radiation-induced EPR signal was observed in irradiated versus unirradiated subjects, with an estimated standard error of dose prediction of 0.9 ± 0.3 Gy. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate the current ability of in vivo EPR tooth dosimetry to distinguish between subjects who have not been irradiated and those who have received exposures that place them at risk for acute radiation syndrome. Procedural and technical developments to further increase the precision of dose estimation and ensure reliable operation in the emergency setting are underway. With these developments EPR tooth dosimetry is likely to be a valuable resource for triage following potential radiation exposure of a large population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin B Williams
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Dartmouth Physically-based Biodosimetry Center for Medical Countermeasures against Radiation, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA.
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Villasana LE, Benice TS, Raber J. Long-Term Effects of 56Fe Irradiation on Spatial Memory of Mice: Role of Sex and Apolipoprotein E Isoform. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2011; 80:567-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2010.12.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2010] [Revised: 12/09/2010] [Accepted: 12/15/2010] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Machida M, Lonart G, Britten RA. Low (60 cGy) Doses of56Fe HZE-Particle Radiation Lead to a Persistent Reduction in the Glutamatergic Readily Releasable Pool in Rat Hippocampal Synaptosomes. Radiat Res 2010; 174:618-23. [DOI: 10.1667/rr1988.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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