The B-cell Receptor Autoantigen LRPAP1 Can Replace Variable Antibody Regions to Target Mantle Cell Lymphoma Cells

Identification of novel prognostic autoantibodies in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma treated with rituximab plus cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone via a high-throughput antigen microarray

BACKGROUND

R-CHOP (rituximab plus cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone) is a standard first-line treatment for diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). However, 20%-40% of patients survive less than 5 years. Novel prognostic biomarkers remain in demand.

METHODS

Baseline plasma autoantibodies (AAbs) were assessed in 336 DLBCLs. In the discovery phase (n = 20), a high-density antigen microarray (∼21,000 proteins) was used to expound AAb profiles. In the verification phase (n = 181), with a DLBCL-focused microarray, comparative results based on event-free survival at 24 months (EFS24) and lasso Cox regression models of progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were integrated to identify potential biomarkers. They were further validated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in validation phase 1 (n = 135) and a dynamic cohort (n = 12). In validation phase 2, a two-AAb-based risk score was established. They were further validated in an immunohistochemistry cohort (n = 55) and four independent Gene Expression Omnibus datasets (n = 1598).

RESULTS

Four AAbs (CREB1, N4BP1, UBAP2, and DEAF1) were identified that showed associations with EFS24 status (p < .05) and superior PFS and OS (p < .05). A novel risk score model based on CREB1 and N4BP1 AAbs was developed to predict PFS with areas under the curve of 0.72, 0.71, 0.76, and 0.82 at 1, 3, 5, and 7 years, respectively, in DLBCL treated with R-CHOP independent of the International Prognostic Index (IPI) and provided significant additional recurrence risk discrimination (p < .05) for the IPI. CREB1 and N4BP1 proteins and messenger RNAs were also associated with better PFS and OS (p < .05).

CONCLUSIONS

This study identified a novel prognostic panel of CREB1, N4BP1, DEAF1, and UBAP2 AAbs that is independent of the IPI in DLBCL.

Ars2-containing bispecific, Fab- and IgG1-format BAR-bodies to target DLBCL cells

Despite recent advances in the therapy of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, not otherwise specified (DLBCL), around 30% of patients develop refractory disease or relapse after first-line treatment. Recently, Ars2 was reported as the auto-antigenic target of the B-cell receptor (BCR) in approximately 25% of activated B-cell DLBCL cases. Ars2 could be used to specifically target B cells expressing Ars2-reactive BCRs. However, the optimal therapeutic format to integrate Ars2 into has yet to be determined. To mimic therapeutic antibody formats, Ars2-containing bispecific and IgG1-like constructs (BCR antigens for reverse [BAR]-bodies) were developed. Two bispecific BAR-bodies connecting single-chain antibodies against CD16 or CD3 to the BCR-binding epitope of Ars2 were constructed. Both constructs showed strong binding to U2932 cells and induced effector cell-dependent and selective cytotoxicity against U2932 cells of up to 44% at concentrations of 20 μg/ml. Additionally, IgG1-format Ars2 BAR-bodies were constructed by replacing the variable heavy- and light-chain regions of a full-length antibody with the Ars2 epitope. IgG1-format Ars2 BAR-bodies also bound selectively to U2932 and OCI-Ly3 cells and induced selective cytotoxicity of up to 60% at 10 μg/ml. In conclusion, Ars2-containing bispecific and IgG1-format BAR-bodies both are new therapeutic formats to target DLBCL cells.

Ligand-based CAR-T cell: Different strategies to drive T cells in future new treatments

Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-based therapies are presented as innovative treatments for multiple malignancies. Despite their clinical success, there is scientific evidence of the limitations of these therapies mainly due to immunogenicity issues, toxicities associated with the infusion of the product, and relapses of the tumor. As a result, novel approaches are appearing aiming to solve and/or mitigate the harmful effects of CAR-T therapies. These include strategies based on the use of ligands as binding moieties or ligand-based CAR-T cells. Several proposals are currently under development, with some undergoing clinical trials to assess their potential benefits. In addition to these, therapies such as chimeric autoantibody receptor (CAAR), B-cell receptor antigen for reverse targeting (BAR), and even chimeric human leukocyte antigen (HLA) antibody receptor (CHAR) have emerged, benefiting from the advantages of antigenic ligands as antibody-binding motifs. This review focuses on the potential role that ligands can play in current and future antitumor treatments and in other types of diseases, such as autoimmune diseases or problems associated with transplantation.

Preparation and Synergistic Anti-Tumor Effect of Iridium Oxide Nanocomposites under Microscope

In order to solve the great difficulties in cancer prevention, diagnosis, and treatment, a preparation method of iridium oxide nanocomposites under the microscope was proposed in this paper. Through a retrospective analysis of an experiment, IrOx nanoparticles were prepared by direct hydrothermal hydrolysis and loaded with chemotherapy drug adriamycin to construct nanodrug-loaded complex IrOx@DOX. At the same time, IrOx, as a sound-sensitive agent, can produce ROS under US irradiation, amplify intracellular oxidative stress, accelerate tumor cell death, and finally achieve the effect of SDT chemotherapy synergistic therapy. The experimental results show that IrOx@DOX has the dual response of pH and US, and the inhibition rates are 27%, 57%, and 76%, respectively. At the same time, ultrasound not only can enhance the uptake of nanoparticles by cells but also can promote the release of DOX in cells, which provides a basis for subsequent SDT chemotherapy synergistic therapy. Conclusion. Iridium oxide nanocomposite DOX combined with SDT can obtain a good therapeutic effect, which has positive feedback on the efficacy of chemotherapy and the therapeutic effect of cancer surgery.