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Ng HJ, Vermeer KA, La Heij EC, Kuip CP, van Meurs JC. Retinal damage extends beyond the border of the detached retina in fovea-on retinal detachment. Acta Ophthalmol 2024; 102:285-295. [PMID: 37221643 DOI: 10.1111/aos.15713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to investigate the preoperative and postoperative change in retinal sensitivity in relation to the distance to the retinal detachment (RD) in patients with fovea-on RD. METHODS We prospectively evaluated 13 patients with fovea-on RD and a healthy control eye. Preoperatively, OCT scans of the RD border and the macula were obtained. The RD border was highlighted on the SLO image. Microperimetry was used to assess the retinal sensitivity at the macula, the RD border and the retina around the RD border. At 6 weeks, 3 and 6 months postoperatively, follow-up examinations of OCT and microperimetry were performed in the study eye. Microperimetry was performed once in control eyes. Microperimetry data were overlaid on the SLO image. The shortest distance to the RD border was calculated for each sensitivity measurement. The change in retinal sensitivity was calculated as control-study. The relation between the change in retinal sensitivity and the distance to the RD border was assessed using a locally weighted scatterplot smoothing curve. RESULTS Preoperatively, the greatest loss in retinal sensitivity was 21 dB at 3° inside the RD which decreased linearly, through the RD border, and reached a plateau of 2 dB at 4°. For 6 weeks and 3 months postoperatively, the greatest retinal sensitivity loss remained at 3° inside the RD but was 4 dB and sensitivity loss decreased linearly to a plateau of 0 dB at 5° outside the RD. At 6 months postoperatively, the greatest sensitivity loss was 2 dB at 3° inside the RD, and decreased linearly to a plateau of 0 dB at 2° outside the RD. CONCLUSIONS Retinal damage extends beyond the detached retina. Retinal sensitivity loss of the attached retina decreased drastically as the distance to the RD increased. Postoperative recovery occurred for both attached and detached retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hei Jan Ng
- The Rotterdam Eye Hospital, Rotterdam Ophthalmic Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Koenraad A Vermeer
- The Rotterdam Eye Hospital, Rotterdam Ophthalmic Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ellen C La Heij
- The Rotterdam Eye Hospital, Vitreoretinal Surgery, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Caroline P Kuip
- The Rotterdam Eye Hospital, Rotterdam Ophthalmic Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jan C van Meurs
- The Rotterdam Eye Hospital, Vitreoretinal Surgery, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Chua PY, Sandinha MT, Steel DH. Idiopathic epiretinal membrane: progression and timing of surgery. Eye (Lond) 2022; 36:495-503. [PMID: 34290446 PMCID: PMC9074182 DOI: 10.1038/s41433-021-01681-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary idiopathic epiretinal membrane (iERM) is a common finding, particularly so in the era of high street spectral-domain optical coherence tomography. Clinicians often face the dilemma of early versus delayed surgical intervention in the management of iERM with macular pucker, especially in those patients with good vision. The aim of this review is to assist clinicians in their understanding of the natural history of iERM to enable decision-making and optimally advising patients. We systematically searched the Medline and EMBASE databases for relevant publications from 2001 onwards using defined search terms with pre-planned inclusion and exclusion criteria. In this article, we review the epidemiology of iERM, classifications, their effect on visual function, the natural history and factors predicting progression and finally, factors which might predict the visual outcome with surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Y. Chua
- grid.415970.e0000 0004 0417 2395St. Paul’s Eye Unit, The Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Liverpool, UK
| | - Maria T. Sandinha
- grid.415970.e0000 0004 0417 2395St. Paul’s Eye Unit, The Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Liverpool, UK ,grid.10025.360000 0004 1936 8470Department of Eye and Vision Science, Institute of Ageing & Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - David H. Steel
- grid.10025.360000 0004 1936 8470Department of Eye and Vision Science, Institute of Ageing & Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK ,grid.419700.b0000 0004 0399 9171Sunderland Eye Infirmary, Sunderland, Sunderland, UK ,grid.1006.70000 0001 0462 7212Bioscience Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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Long-term functional outcomes and vision-related quality of life after vitrectomy for epiretinal membrane: a prospective cohort study. Sci Rep 2022; 12:2470. [PMID: 35169203 PMCID: PMC8847664 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-06482-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate the long-term effect of unilateral idiopathic epiretinal membrane (uiERM) removal on monocular and binocular visual function, and on vision-related quality of life (VR-QoL). Prospective, single-center study. The following data were collected before and after surgery: distance monocular and binocular best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), horizontal and vertical metamorphopsia, horizontal and vertical aniseikonia, stereoacuity and National Eye Institute Visual Function Questionnaire-25 item (NEI VFQ-25). Forty-two patients (mean age: 72.7 ± 7.4 years; 24 men) were included. At 6 months postoperatively, distance monocular BCVA (p < 0.001), horizontal metamorphopsia (p = 0.001) and the composite score of NEI VFQ-25 (p < 0.001) significantly improved, in comparison to baseline. At 2 years postoperatively, distance monocular (p < 0.001) and binocular (p = 0.01) BCVA, horizontal (p < 0.001) and vertical (p = 0.02) metamorphopsia, vertical aniseikonia (p = 0.01), stereoacuity (p < 0.001) and 3 subscales scores of the NEI VFQ-25 (p < 0.05) (“general vision”, “mental health”, “driving”) significantly improved in comparison to baseline.
Removal of uiERM improves VR-QoL and achieves good visual outcomes on both monocular and binocular visual parameters over long-term. Visual symptoms induced by macular contraction have different improvement kinetics after surgery. Stereopsis, the highest level of binocular vision, can be improved in some cases.
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Kim BH, Kim DI, Bae KW, Park UC. Influence of postoperative ectopic inner foveal layer on visual function after removal of idiopathic epiretinal membrane. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0259388. [PMID: 34735519 PMCID: PMC8568108 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0259388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To investigate the functional and anatomical parameters and their postoperative changes according to the ectopic inner foveal layer (EIFL) staging scheme for idiopathic epiretinal membrane (ERM). Methods In this prospective study, patients with idiopathic ERM underwent pars plana vitrectomy and ERM removal, and were followed-up for 6 months. The associations of EIFL with pre- and postoperative functional and anatomical parameters were analyzed. Results A total of 84 eyes (84 patients) were included: 39 (46.4%), 33 (39.3%), and 12 (14.3%) as EIFL stages 2, 3, and 4, respectively. At 6 months after surgery, the mean best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) significantly improved in all EIFL stages (P ≤ 0.003); however, metamorphopsia improved only in eyes with EIFL stage 2 (P = 0.039) and 3 (P = 0.011). The aniseikonia and foveal avascular zone (FAZ) area showed no significant postoperative changes in any of the EIFL stages. Both preoperatively and during 6 months after surgery, the EIFL stage showed a significant correlation with BCVA (P ≤ 0.033), metamorphopsia (P ≤ 0.008), central macular thickness (P < 0.001), and FAZ parameters (P ≤ 0.016) at each time point, but not with aniseikonia. Significant correlations of EIFL thickness with BCVA (P = 0.028) and metamorphopsia (P = 0.006) before surgery were not persistent after surgery. Conclusion Both pre- and postoperatively, the staging of EIFL, rather than its thickness, is a simple and adequate surrogate marker for visual acuity and metamorphopsia in eyes with idiopathic ERM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Hee Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dong Ik Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ki Woong Bae
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Un Chul Park
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- * E-mail:
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Aniseikonia following intravitreal ranibizumab treatment for branch retinal vein occlusion. Jpn J Ophthalmol 2021; 65:672-679. [PMID: 34250549 DOI: 10.1007/s10384-021-00852-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To quantify aniseikonia following intravitreal ranibizumab (IVR) in patients with branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO) and assess the relationship between aniseikonia and retinal microstructure. STUDY DESIGN Prospective observational study. METHODS This study included 50 patients undergoing IVR treatment for unilateral BRVO. The degree of aniseikonia and best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was examined, and retinal microstructure was assessed with optical coherence tomography (OCT) before and 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 months after treatment. Based on OCT images, we assessed central retinal thickness (CRT), presence of the epiretinal membrane, and serous retinal detachment (SRD), as well as status of the external limiting membrane and ellipsoid zone. RESULTS At baseline, mean aniseikonia was - 1.0 ± 2.5%, ranging from - 11.0 to + 6.0%. Nine out of 50 patients had micropsia (18%), one had macropsia (2%), and 40 had no aniseikonia (80%). After 6 months of treatment, mean aniseikonia was - 0.7 ± 1.5%, ranging from - 4.5 to + 3.5%. BCVA significantly improved after treatment (P < 0.001), but aniseikonia did not change (P = 0.73). In patients with BRVO who had micropsia (≤ - 2.0%) at baseline, mean aniseikonia significantly improved from - 4.8 ± 3.3% to - 0.9 ± 1.4% (P < 0.05). Aniseikonia after treatment significantly correlated with BCVA (P < 0.05) and the presence of SRD at baseline (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Majority of eyes with aniseikonia in BRVO had micropsia. The BCVA as well as the micropsia improved following treatment with IVR for BRVO. BCVA and the presence of SRD were predictors of post-treatment aniseikonia.
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CORRELATION BETWEEN MACULAR MICROSTRUCTURES AND ANISEIKONIA AFTER IDIOPATHIC EPIRETINAL MEMBRANE REMOVAL. Retina 2021; 40:1160-1168. [PMID: 30932997 DOI: 10.1097/iae.0000000000002530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To analyze the correlation between preoperative measurements of macular microstructures and aniseikonia after epiretinal membrane removal. METHODS This retrospective study included 32 eyes of 32 patients who underwent epiretinal membrane surgery and were followed up for 12 months. Spectral-domain optical coherence tomography was used to measure the thicknesses of the ganglion cell layer-inner plexiform layer, inner nuclear layer (INL), and outer retinal layer in macular microstructures. The new aniseikonia test was used to measure vertical and horizontal aniseikonia scores. RESULTS There was a significant decrease in central macular thickness and ganglion cell layer-inner plexiform layer thickness at 6 and 12 months postoperatively (all P < 0.001). Vertical aniseikonia scores, horizontal aniseikonia scores, and INL and outer retinal layer thicknesses did not show significant changes. Vertical aniseikonia scores and horizontal aniseikonia scores were significantly associated with INL thicknesses of each meridian at each follow-up time point (all P < 0.05). Preoperative vertical and horizontal INL thicknesses were correlated with vertical aniseikonia scores and horizontal aniseikonia scores at 12 months postoperatively (P = 0.014 and P = 0.002, respectively). CONCLUSION Aniseikonia values did not change after epiretinal membrane removal and were associated with INL thickness before and after surgery. Thus, preoperative INL thickness could be used as a predictor of surgical prognosis in epiretinal membrane patients.
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Ng H, Vermeer KA, van Meurs JC, La Heij EC. Visual Acuity Inadequately Reflects Vision-Related Quality of Life in Patients After Macula-Off Retinal Detachment Surgery. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2021; 61:34. [PMID: 32805003 PMCID: PMC7441472 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.61.10.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To determine the impact of postoperative visual function on the vision-related quality of life (VRQoL) in patients after anatomically successful surgery for macula-off rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) and to propose a classification to grade the extent of macular detachment using preoperative optical coherence tomography (OCT) scans. Methods This prospective study evaluated 48 patients. At 12 months after surgery, visual function assessments were as follows: metamorphopsia (M-CHARTS), aniseikonia (New Aniseikonia Test), best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) (Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study [ETDRS]), low contrast BCVA (10% ETDRS), color vision (Hardy Rand Rittler), and stereopsis (Titmus Fly). VRQoL was assessed by the National Eye Institute Visual Functioning Questionnaire-25 (NEIVFQ-25). Associations between visual function parameters and NEIVFQ-25 scores were evaluated. Preoperative OCT-scans were classified into six stages according to the extent of macular detachment based on an ETDRS-grid: incomplete perifoveal detachment (1), incomplete parafoveal detachment (2), incomplete foveal detachment (3), complete foveal detachment (4), complete parafoveal detachment (5), and complete perifoveal detachment (6). Results General vision and driving were the lowest scoring categories. General vision had the strongest correlation with low contrast BCVA (r = −0.41, P = 0.002), while driving had the strongest correlation with stereopsis (r = −0.39, P = 0.008). All macular detachments were graded stage 3 or beyond. Patients with stage 3 macular detachments had the highest visual function values compared to the other stages. The highest percentage of patients with metamorphopsia, aniseikonia and BCVA>0.1 logMAR was found in stages 5 and 6. Conclusions Macula-off RRD particularly affects general vision and driving. The extent of macular detachment is a potential predictor for visual function and can be graded using the proposed classification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heijan Ng
- Rotterdam Ophthalmic Institute, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Jan C van Meurs
- The Rotterdam Eye Hospital, Vitreoretinal Surgery, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ellen C La Heij
- The Rotterdam Eye Hospital, Vitreoretinal Surgery, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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Monocular and binocular visual parameters associated to vision-related quality of life in patients with epiretinal membrane: a prospective cohort. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2021; 259:1723-1730. [DOI: 10.1007/s00417-020-05064-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Krarup T, Nisted I, Christensen U, Kiilgaard JF, Cour M. Monocular and binocular end-points after epiretinal membrane surgery and their correlation to patient-reported outcomes. Acta Ophthalmol 2020; 98:716-725. [PMID: 32323909 DOI: 10.1111/aos.14449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study evaluates current available endpoints for epiretinal membrane (ERM) surgery and examine their correlation to patient reported outcomes (PRO). METHODS Retrospective study including 38 eyes of 38 patients who underwent cataract extraction and subsequent vitrectomy for idiopathic ERM. The fellow eye was phakic with good visual acuity. The registered outcomes were monocular and binocular visual acuity, stereoacuity, M-chart metamorphopsia score, aniseikonia and aniseikonia tolerance range (ATR). Two questionnaires were completed: the convergence insufficiency symptom survey and Visual Function Questionnaire (VFQ-39). RESULTS Median total aniseikonia was 11% (range 0-35). There was a statistically significant correlation between the mean total M-chart score of the study eye and VFQ-Near (Spearman rho: VFQ-Near: -0.54, p < 0.01). There was no correlation between the best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) of the project eye, binocular BCVA, stereoacuity, ATR or mean total aniseikonia and PRO (Spearman p-values > 0.05). There was no correlation between mean total aniseikonia and mean total M-chart score (Spearman rho: 0.21 p = 0.26). There was a large variation between the mean total M-chart scores and questionnaire results. CONCLUSION The mean total M-chart score is currently the best end-points to predict PRO of ERM surgery; however, it is possible to have high M-chart values and have no visual complaints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Therese Krarup
- Department of Ophthalmology Rigshospitalet‐Glostrup Glostrup Denmark
| | - Ivan Nisted
- Institute for Clinical Medicine Aarhus University Faculty of Health Sciences Aarhus Denmark
| | - Ulrik Christensen
- Department of Ophthalmology Rigshospitalet‐Glostrup Glostrup Denmark
| | | | - Morten Cour
- Department of Ophthalmology Rigshospitalet‐Glostrup Glostrup Denmark
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FOVEAL AVASCULAR ZONE AREA ANALYSIS USING OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY ANGIOGRAPHY BEFORE AND AFTER IDIOPATHIC EPIRETINAL MEMBRANE SURGERY. Retina 2020; 39:339-346. [PMID: 29232330 DOI: 10.1097/iae.0000000000001972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the size of the foveal avascular zone (FAZ) by optical coherence tomography angiography before and after idiopathic epiretinal membrane surgery. METHODS Thirteen consecutive patients (13 eyes) with unilateral epiretinal membrane were studied retrospectively. Optical coherence tomography angiography was used to measure the FAZ area within 3 mm × 3 mm scans of the superficial (superficial FAZ) and deep plexus layers (deep FAZ) before and 6 months after vitrectomy. The unaffected fellow eyes were used as controls. RESULTS The mean superficial and deep FAZ areas at 6 months after vitrectomy (0.080 ± 0.038 and 0.113 ± 0.045 mm, respectively) were significantly (P < 0.0001, P = 0.0035) larger than the corresponding mean preoperative FAZ areas (0.056 ± 0.030 and 0.082 ± 0.035 mm). However, the areas of FAZ expansion were small (0.024 ± 0.013 and 0.031 ± 0.031 mm). The mean postoperative superficial and deep FAZ areas were significantly (P < 0.0001, P < 0.0001) smaller than those of fellow eyes (0.295 ± 0.108 and 0.410 ± 0.142 mm). Multiple regression analysis showed that preoperative FAZ area had the highest correlation with postoperative FAZ area (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION This study showed horizontal contraction of the FAZ area in eyes with epiretinal membrane. Because preoperative FAZ area correlates with postoperative FAZ area, FAZ area may be a useful parameter for determining timing of surgery for epiretinal membrane.
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POSTOPERATIVE CHANGES AND PROGNOSTIC FACTORS OF VISUAL ACUITY, METAMORPHOPSIA, AND ANISEIKONIA AFTER VITRECTOMY FOR EPIRETINAL MEMBRANE. Retina 2019; 38:2118-2127. [PMID: 28858064 DOI: 10.1097/iae.0000000000001831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate postoperative changes and prognostic factors of visual impairment after vitrectomy for unilateral epiretinal membrane. METHODS A prospective observational study on 45 eyes from 45 patients with unilateral idiopathic epiretinal membrane who underwent vitrectomy. Visual parameters (best-corrected visual acuity, metamorphopsia using M-CHARTS, and aniseikonia using the New Aniseikonia Test) and spectral domain optical coherence tomography parameters (macular retinal layer thickness and microstructure of the outer retina) were measured preoperatively and 6 and 12 months postoperatively. Statistical analyses included linear mixed-effects models for the longitudinal changes and prognostic factors of visual parameters. RESULTS Best-corrected visual acuity and horizontal metamorphopsia improved significantly from 6 months after surgery (P < 0.001), whereas aniseikonia decreased significantly only at 12 months (P = 0.015). Vertical metamorphopsia remained unchanged. Preoperative inner nuclear layer thickness was significantly correlated with preoperative metamorphopsia. Besides baseline values, best-corrected visual acuity had no significant prognostic factors, but preoperative ellipsoid zone disruption had a negative direction of association with postoperative metamorphopsia (coefficients: -0.37 and -0.62, P = 0.015 and 0.006 for horizontal and vertical metamorphopsia, respectively), and preoperative horizontal metamorphopsia had a positive direction of association with postoperative aniseikonia (coefficient: 1.77, P = 0.002). CONCLUSION After vitrectomy, postoperative changes and prognostic factors for unilateral epiretinal membrane differed for best-corrected visual acuity, metamorphopsia, and aniseikonia.
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Relationship between the morphology of the foveal avascular zone and the degree of aniseikonia before and after vitrectomy in patients with unilateral epiretinal membrane. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2019; 257:507-515. [DOI: 10.1007/s00417-019-04245-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 12/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
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Okamoto F, Sugiura Y, Okamoto Y, Hiraoka T, Oshika T. Aniseikonia in various retinal disorders. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2017; 255:1063-1071. [DOI: 10.1007/s00417-017-3597-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Revised: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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Aniseikonia and Foveal Microstructure in Patients with Idiopathic Macular Hole. Ophthalmology 2016; 123:1926-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2016.05.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Revised: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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