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Chandra S, Gurudas S, Burton BJL, Menon G, Pearce I, Mckibbin M, Kotagiri A, Talks J, Grabowska A, Ghanchi F, Gale R, Giani A, Chong V, Yamaguchi TCN, Pal B, Thottarath S, Pakeer RM, Chandak S, Montesel A, Sivaprasad S. Associations of presenting visual acuity with morphological changes on OCT in neovascular age-related macular degeneration: PRECISE Study Report 2. Eye (Lond) 2024; 38:757-765. [PMID: 37853106 PMCID: PMC10920623 DOI: 10.1038/s41433-023-02769-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To study associations of optical coherence tomography (OCT) features with presenting visual acuity (VA) in treatment naive neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD). METHODS Patients with nAMD initiated on aflibercept therapy were recruited from December 2019 to August 2021. Demographic and OCT (Spectralis, Heidelberg Engineering) features associated with good VA (VA ≥ 68 ETDRS letters, Snellen ≥ 6/12) and poor VA (VA < 54 letters, Snellen < 6/18) were analysed using Generalised Estimating Equations to account for inter-eye correlation. RESULTS Of 2274 eyes of 2128 patients enrolled, 2039 eyes of 1901 patients with complete data were analysed. Mean age was 79.4 (SD 7.8) years, female:male 3:2 and mean VA 58.0 (SD 14.5) letters. On multivariable analysis VA < 54 letters was associated with increased central subfield thickness (CST) (OR 1.40 per 100 µm; P < 0.001), foveal intraretinal fluid (OR 2.14; P < 0.001), polypoidal vasculopathy (PCV) relative to Type 1 macular neovascularisation (MNV) (OR 1.66; P = 0.049), presence of foveal subretinal hyperreflective material (SHRM) (OR 1.73; P = 0.002), foveal fibrosis (OR 3.85; P < 0.001), foveal atrophy (OR 5.54; P < 0.001), loss of integrity of the foveal ellipsoid zone (EZ) or external limiting membrane (ELM) relative to their preservation (OR 3.83; P < 0.001) and absence of subretinal drusenoid deposits (SDD) (presence vs absence; OR 0.75; P = 0.04). These features were associated with reduced odds of VA ≥ 68 letters except MNV subtypes and SDD. CONCLUSION Presence of baseline fovea-involving atrophy, fibrosis, intraretinal fluid, SHRM, PCV EZ/ELM loss and increased CST determine poor presenting VA. This highlights the need for early detection and treatment prior to structural changes that worsen baseline VA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shruti Chandra
- National Institute of Health Research Moorfields Biomedical Research Centre, Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, UK
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College, London, UK
| | - Sarega Gurudas
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College, London, UK
| | | | - Geeta Menon
- Frimley Health NHS Foundation Trust, Surrey, UK
| | - Ian Pearce
- The Royal Liverpool and Broadgreen University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK
| | | | - Ajay Kotagiri
- South Tyneside and Sunderland NHS Foundation Trust, Sunderland, UK
| | - James Talks
- Newcastle Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle, UK
| | - Anna Grabowska
- King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Faruque Ghanchi
- Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford, UK
| | - Richard Gale
- Hull York Medical School and York, University of York and Scarborough Teaching Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, York, UK
| | - Andrea Giani
- Boehringer Ingelheim, Binger Str. 173, 55216, Ingelheim am, Rhein, Germany
| | - Victor Chong
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College, London, UK
| | | | - Bishwanath Pal
- National Institute of Health Research Moorfields Biomedical Research Centre, Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, UK
| | - Sridevi Thottarath
- National Institute of Health Research Moorfields Biomedical Research Centre, Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, UK
| | - Raheeba Muhamed Pakeer
- National Institute of Health Research Moorfields Biomedical Research Centre, Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, UK
| | - Swati Chandak
- National Institute of Health Research Moorfields Biomedical Research Centre, Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, UK
| | - Andrea Montesel
- National Institute of Health Research Moorfields Biomedical Research Centre, Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, UK
| | - Sobha Sivaprasad
- National Institute of Health Research Moorfields Biomedical Research Centre, Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, UK.
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College, London, UK.
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Hanson RLW, Airody A, Sivaprasad S, Gale RP. Optical coherence tomography imaging biomarkers associated with neovascular age-related macular degeneration: a systematic review. Eye (Lond) 2023; 37:2438-2453. [PMID: 36526863 PMCID: PMC9871156 DOI: 10.1038/s41433-022-02360-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this systematic literature review is twofold, (1) detail the impact of retinal biomarkers identifiable via optical coherence tomography (OCT) on disease progression and response to treatment in neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) and (2) establish which biomarkers are currently identifiable by artificial intelligence (AI) models and the utilisation of this technology. Following the PRISMA guidelines, PubMed was searched for peer-reviewed publications dated between January 2016 and January 2022. POPULATION Patients diagnosed with nAMD with OCT imaging. SETTINGS Comparable settings to NHS hospitals. STUDY DESIGNS Randomised controlled trials, prospective/retrospective cohort studies and review articles. From 228 articles, 130 were full-text reviewed, 50 were removed for falling outside the scope of this review with 10 added from the author's inventory, resulting in the inclusion of 90 articles. From 9 biomarkers identified; intraretinal fluid (IRF), subretinal fluid, pigment epithelial detachment, subretinal hyperreflective material (SHRM), retinal pigmental epithelial (RPE) atrophy, drusen, outer retinal tabulation (ORT), hyperreflective foci (HF) and retinal thickness, 5 are considered pertinent to nAMD disease progression; IRF, SHRM, drusen, ORT and HF. A number of these biomarkers can be classified using current AI models. Significant retinal biomarkers pertinent to disease activity and progression in nAMD are identifiable via OCT; IRF being the most important in terms of the significant impact on visual outcome. Incorporating AI into ophthalmology practice is a promising advancement towards automated and reproducible analyses of OCT data with the ability to diagnose disease and predict future disease conversion. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION This review has been registered with PROSPERO (registration ID: CRD42021233200).
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel L W Hanson
- Academic Unit of Ophthalmology, York and Scarborough Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, York, UK
| | - Archana Airody
- Academic Unit of Ophthalmology, York and Scarborough Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, York, UK
| | - Sobha Sivaprasad
- Moorfields National Institute of Health Research, Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK
| | - Richard P Gale
- Academic Unit of Ophthalmology, York and Scarborough Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, York, UK.
- Hull York Medical School, University of York, York, UK.
- York Biomedical Research Institute, University of York, York, UK.
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3
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Significance of Hyperreflective Foci as an Optical Coherence Tomography Biomarker in Retinal Diseases: Characterization and Clinical Implications. J Ophthalmol 2021; 2021:6096017. [PMID: 34956669 PMCID: PMC8709761 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6096017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyperreflective foci (HRF) is a term coined to depict hyperreflective dots or roundish lesions within retinal layers visualized through optical coherence tomography (OCT). Histopathological correlates of HRF are not univocal, spacing from migrating retinal pigment epithelium cells, lipid-laden macrophages, microglial cells, and extravasated proteinaceous or lipid material. Despite this, HRF can be considered OCT biomarkers for disease progression, treatment response, and prognosis in several retinal diseases, including diabetic macular edema, age-related macular degeneration (AMD), retinal vascular occlusions, and inherited retinal dystrophies. The structural features and topographic location of HRF guide the interpretation of their significance in different pathological conditions. The presence of HRF less than 30 μm with reflectivity comparable to the retinal nerve fiber layer in the absence of posterior shadowing in diabetic macular edema indicates an inflammatory phenotype with a better response to steroidal treatment. In AMD, HRF overlying drusen are associated with the development of macular neovascularization, while parafoveal drusen and HRF predispose to macular atrophy. Thus, HRF can be considered a key biomarker in several common retinal diseases. Their recognition and critical interpretation via multimodal imaging are vital to support clinical strategies and management.
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Schmidt-Erfurth U, Reiter GS, Riedl S, Seeböck P, Vogl WD, Blodi BA, Domalpally A, Fawzi A, Jia Y, Sarraf D, Bogunović H. AI-based monitoring of retinal fluid in disease activity and under therapy. Prog Retin Eye Res 2021; 86:100972. [PMID: 34166808 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2021.100972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Retinal fluid as the major biomarker in exudative macular disease is accurately visualized by high-resolution three-dimensional optical coherence tomography (OCT), which is used world-wide as a diagnostic gold standard largely replacing clinical examination. Artificial intelligence (AI) with its capability to objectively identify, localize and quantify fluid introduces fully automated tools into OCT imaging for personalized disease management. Deep learning performance has already proven superior to human experts, including physicians and certified readers, in terms of accuracy and speed. Reproducible measurement of retinal fluid relies on precise AI-based segmentation methods that assign a label to each OCT voxel denoting its fluid type such as intraretinal fluid (IRF) and subretinal fluid (SRF) or pigment epithelial detachment (PED) and its location within the central 1-, 3- and 6-mm macular area. Such reliable analysis is most relevant to reflect differences in pathophysiological mechanisms and impacts on retinal function, and the dynamics of fluid resolution during therapy with different regimens and substances. Yet, an in-depth understanding of the mode of action of supervised and unsupervised learning, the functionality of a convolutional neural net (CNN) and various network architectures is needed. Greater insight regarding adequate methods for performance, validation assessment, and device- and scanning-pattern-dependent variations is necessary to empower ophthalmologists to become qualified AI users. Fluid/function correlation can lead to a better definition of valid fluid variables relevant for optimal outcomes on an individual and a population level. AI-based fluid analysis opens the way for precision medicine in real-world practice of the leading retinal diseases of modern times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ursula Schmidt-Erfurth
- Department of Ophthalmology Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 23, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Gregor S Reiter
- Department of Ophthalmology Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 23, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Sophie Riedl
- Department of Ophthalmology Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 23, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Philipp Seeböck
- Department of Ophthalmology Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 23, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Wolf-Dieter Vogl
- Department of Ophthalmology Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 23, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Barbara A Blodi
- Fundus Photograph Reading Center, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA.
| | - Amitha Domalpally
- Fundus Photograph Reading Center, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA.
| | - Amani Fawzi
- Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Yali Jia
- Ophthalmology, Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.
| | - David Sarraf
- Stein Eye Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Hrvoje Bogunović
- Department of Ophthalmology Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 23, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
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Kodjikian L, Parravano M, Clemens A, Dolz-Marco R, Holz FG, Munk MR, Nicolò M, Ricci F, Silva R, Talks SJ, Verma RK, Zarranz-Ventura J, Zweifel SA. Fluid as a critical biomarker in neovascular age-related macular degeneration management: literature review and consensus recommendations. Eye (Lond) 2021; 35:2119-2135. [PMID: 33795837 PMCID: PMC8302650 DOI: 10.1038/s41433-021-01487-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Current guidelines on the management of patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) lack clear recommendations on the interpretation of fluid as seen on optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging and the incorporation of this information into an ongoing disease treatment strategy. Our objective was to review current guidelines and scientific evidence on the role of fluid as a biomarker in the management of nAMD, and develop a clinically oriented, practical algorithm for diagnosis and management based on a consensus of expert European retinal specialists. PubMed was searched for articles published since 2006 relating to the role of fluid in nAMD. A total of 654 publications were screened for relevance and 66 publications were included for review. Of these, 14 were treatment guidelines, consensus statements and systematic reviews or meta-analyses, in which OCT was consistently recommended as an important tool in the initial diagnosis and ongoing management of nAMD. However, few guidelines distinguished between types of fluid when providing recommendations. A total of 52 publications reported primary evidence from clinical trials, studies, and chart reviews. Observations from these were sometimes inconsistent, but trends were observed with regard to features reported as being predictive of visual outcomes. Based on these findings, diagnostic recommendations and a treatment algorithm based on a treat-and-extend (T&E) regimen were developed. These provide guidance on the diagnosis of nAMD as well as a simple treatment pathway based on the T&E regimen, with treatment decisions made according to the observations of fluid as a critical biomarker for disease activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Kodjikian
- Department of Ophthalmology, Croix-Rousse University Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France.,UMR-CNRS 5510 Matéis, Villeurbanne, INSA de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, University of Lyon, Lyon, France
| | | | - Andreas Clemens
- Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, Heart Center Freiburg University, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | | | - Frank G Holz
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Marion R Munk
- Department of Ophthalmology, Inselspital, University Hospital Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Massimo Nicolò
- University Eye Clinic of Genoa DINOGMI, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino - IRCCS, Genoa, Italy
| | - Federico Ricci
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Rufino Silva
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra (ICBR-FMUC), Coimbra, Portugal.,Department of Ophthalmology, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra (CHUC), Coimbra, Portugal.,Association of Innovation and Biomedical Research in Light and Image (AIBILI), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - S James Talks
- Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | | | - Javier Zarranz-Ventura
- Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut de Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sandrine A Zweifel
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland. .,University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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Mendonça LSM, Levine ES, Waheed NK. Can the Onset of Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration Be an Acceptable Endpoint for Prophylactic Clinical Trials? Ophthalmologica 2020; 244:379-386. [PMID: 33197919 DOI: 10.1159/000513083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Many studies over the past 20 years have pursued the goal of preventing or deferring progression from early and intermediate age-related macular degeneration (AMD) to advanced AMD. The onset of neovascular AMD has been used as a primary endpoint in some prophylactic clinical trials because it is easy to assess and relatively well-defined. Nevertheless, the use of this endpoint for assessing progression of AMD lacks validation. The aims of this paper are to review the current practice of clinical trials investigating the prevention of progression of early or intermediate AMD to neovascular AMD, so-called prophylactic trials, as well as identify ongoing efforts to standardize endpoints and select the ideal population for such studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luísa S M Mendonça
- New England Eye Center, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Emily S Levine
- New England Eye Center, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Nadia K Waheed
- New England Eye Center, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA,
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7
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Michl M, Fabianska M, Seeböck P, Sadeghipour A, Haj Najeeb B, Bogunovic H, Schmidt-Erfurth UM, Gerendas BS. Automated quantification of macular fluid in retinal diseases and their response to anti-VEGF therapy. Br J Ophthalmol 2020; 106:113-120. [PMID: 33087314 DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2020-317416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
AIM To objectively assess disease activity and treatment response in patients with retinal vein occlusion (RVO), neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) and centre-involved diabetic macular oedema (DME), using artificial intelligence-based fluid quantification. METHODS Posthoc analysis of 2311 patients (11 151 spectral-domain optical coherence tomography volumes) from five clinical, multicentre trials, who received a flexible antivascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) therapy over a 12-month period. Fluid volumes were measured with a deep learning algorithm at baseline/months 1, 2, 3 and 12, for three concentric circles with diameters of 1, 3 and 6 mm (fovea, paracentral ring and pericentral ring), as well as four sectors surrounding the fovea (superior, nasal, inferior and temporal). RESULTS In each disease, at every timepoint, most intraretinal fluid (IRF) per square millimetre was present at the fovea, followed by the paracentral ring and pericentral ring (p<0.0001). While this was also the case for subretinal fluid (SRF) in RVO/DME (p<0.0001), patients with nAMD showed more SRF in the paracentral ring than at the fovea up to month 3 (p<0.0001). Between sectors, patients with RVO/DME showed the highest IRF volumes temporally (p<0.001/p<0.0001). In each disease, more SRF was consistently found inferiorly than superiorly (p<0.02). At month 1/12, we measured the following median reductions of initial fluid volumes. For IRF: RVO, 95.9%/97.7%; nAMD, 91.3%/92.8%; DME, 37.3%/69.9%. For SRF: RVO, 94.7%/97.5%; nAMD, 98.4%/99.8%; DME, 86.3%/97.5%. CONCLUSION Fully automated localisation and quantification of IRF/SRF over time shed light on the fluid dynamics in each disease. There is a specific anatomical response of IRF/SRF to anti-VEGF therapy in all diseases studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Michl
- Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Maria Fabianska
- Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Philipp Seeböck
- Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Amir Sadeghipour
- Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Bilal Haj Najeeb
- Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hrvoje Bogunovic
- Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Bianca S Gerendas
- Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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8
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Moraes G, Fu DJ, Wilson M, Khalid H, Wagner SK, Korot E, Ferraz D, Faes L, Kelly CJ, Spitz T, Patel PJ, Balaskas K, Keenan TDL, Keane PA, Chopra R. Quantitative Analysis of OCT for Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration Using Deep Learning. Ophthalmology 2020; 128:693-705. [PMID: 32980396 PMCID: PMC8528155 DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2020.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To apply a deep learning algorithm for automated, objective, and comprehensive quantification of OCT scans to a large real-world dataset of eyes with neovascular age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and make the raw segmentation output data openly available for further research. DESIGN Retrospective analysis of OCT images from the Moorfields Eye Hospital AMD Database. PARTICIPANTS A total of 2473 first-treated eyes and 493 second-treated eyes that commenced therapy for neovascular AMD between June 2012 and June 2017. METHODS A deep learning algorithm was used to segment all baseline OCT scans. Volumes were calculated for segmented features such as neurosensory retina (NSR), drusen, intraretinal fluid (IRF), subretinal fluid (SRF), subretinal hyperreflective material (SHRM), retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), hyperreflective foci (HRF), fibrovascular pigment epithelium detachment (fvPED), and serous PED (sPED). Analyses included comparisons between first- and second-treated eyes by visual acuity (VA) and race/ethnicity and correlations between volumes. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Volumes of segmented features (mm3) and central subfield thickness (CST) (μm). RESULTS In first-treated eyes, the majority had both IRF and SRF (54.7%). First-treated eyes had greater volumes for all segmented tissues, with the exception of drusen, which was greater in second-treated eyes. In first-treated eyes, older age was associated with lower volumes for RPE, SRF, NSR, and sPED; in second-treated eyes, older age was associated with lower volumes of NSR, RPE, sPED, fvPED, and SRF. Eyes from Black individuals had higher SRF, RPE, and serous PED volumes compared with other ethnic groups. Greater volumes of the majority of features were associated with worse VA. CONCLUSIONS We report the results of large-scale automated quantification of a novel range of baseline features in neovascular AMD. Major differences between first- and second-treated eyes, with increasing age, and between ethnicities are highlighted. In the coming years, enhanced, automated OCT segmentation may assist personalization of real-world care and the detection of novel structure-function correlations. These data will be made publicly available for replication and future investigation by the AMD research community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Moraes
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre for Ophthalmology, Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Dun Jack Fu
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre for Ophthalmology, Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Hagar Khalid
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre for Ophthalmology, Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Siegfried K Wagner
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre for Ophthalmology, Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Edward Korot
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre for Ophthalmology, Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Ferraz
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre for Ophthalmology, Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom; Department of Ophthalmology, Federal University São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Livia Faes
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre for Ophthalmology, Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Praveen J Patel
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre for Ophthalmology, Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Konstantinos Balaskas
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre for Ophthalmology, Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Tiarnan D L Keenan
- Division of Epidemiology and Clinical Applications, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Pearse A Keane
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre for Ophthalmology, Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Reena Chopra
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre for Ophthalmology, Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom; Google Health, London, United Kingdom
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9
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Association of imaging biomarkers and local activation of complement in aqueous humor of patients with early forms of age-related macular degeneration. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2020; 259:623-632. [PMID: 32876798 PMCID: PMC7904720 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-020-04910-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To investigate a possible correlation between established imaging biomarkers for age-related macular degeneration and local complement system activation, measured in aqueous humor (AH) of patients with early stages of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and controls. Methods This analysis included prospectively acquired AH samples of 106 eyes (35 with early/intermediate AMD, 71 controls). The levels of complement protein 3 (C3), 4 (C4), 5 (C5); activation products of complement factor 3a (C3a) and Ba, C3b/iC3b; complement factors B, D, H, I (CFB, CFD, CFH, CFI); and total protein concentration were analyzed. Quantitative levels of complement factors were correlated to the presence of reticular pseudodrusen (RPD), the presence of hyperreflective foci (HRF), and total drusen volume (DV) graded on imaging by spectral-domain optical coherence tomography and using Spearman’s rank correlation test. Results DV correlated with C3b/iC3b (r = 0.285; P = 0.034), C3a (r = 0.200; P = 0.047), Ba (r = 0.262; P = 0.009), and C5 (r = 430; P = 0.005), and showed a tendency towards correlation with C3a (r = 0.198; P = 0.057). HRF correlated significantly with C5 (r = 0.388; P = 0.011) and RPD showed a tendency towards correlation with CFB (r = 0.196; P = 0.050). Conclusion In patients with early AMD, HRF and drusen parameters but not RPD show low to fair levels of correlation with local complement activation in patients’ AH. Better understanding of complement activation could provide some insights into the pathogenesis of AMD. Imaging biomarkers could be useful to identify suitable patients for future clinical trials with complement-modulating therapies.
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10
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Casalino G, Scialdone A, Bandello F, Chakravarthy U. Hyperreflective material as a biomarker in neovascular age-related macular degeneration. EXPERT REVIEW OF OPHTHALMOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/17469899.2020.1745062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Francesco Bandello
- Department of Ophthalmology, Scientific Institue San Raffaele, Vita-Salute Univerity, Milan, Italy
| | - Usha Chakravarthy
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, UK
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Sitnilska V, Kersten E, Altay L, Schick T, Enders P, de Jong EK, Langmann T, Hoyng CB, den Hollander AI, Fauser S. Major Predictive Factors for Progression of Early to Late Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Ophthalmologica 2020; 243:444-452. [PMID: 32172233 DOI: 10.1159/000507196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We present a prediction model for progression from early/intermediate to advanced age-related macular degeneration (AMD) within 5.9 years. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the combined role of genetic, nongenetic, and phenotypic risk factors for conversion from early to late AMD over ≥5 years. METHODS Baseline phenotypic characteristics were evaluated based on color fundus photography, spectral-domain optical coherence tomography, and infrared images. Genotyping for 36 single-nucleotide polymorphisms as well as systemic lipid and complement measurements were performed. Multivariable backward logistic regression resulted in a final prediction model. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS During a mean of 5.9 years of follow-up, 22.4% (n = 52) of the patients (n = 232) showed progression to late AMD. The multivariable prediction model included age, CFH variant rs1061170, pigment abnormalities, drusenoid pigment epithelial detachment (DPED), and hyperreflective foci (HRF). The model showed an area under the curve of 0.969 (95% confidence interval 0.948-0.990) and adequate calibration (Hosmer-Lemeshow test, p = 0.797). In addition to advanced age and carrying a CFH variant, pigment abnormalities, DPED, and HRF are relevant imaging biomarkers for conversion to late AMD. In clinical routine, an intensified monitoring of patients with a high-risk phenotypic profile may be suitable for the early detection of conversion to late AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasilena Sitnilska
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Eveline Kersten
- Department of Ophthalmology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Lebriz Altay
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany,
| | - Tina Schick
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Philip Enders
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Eiko K de Jong
- Department of Ophthalmology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Langmann
- Experimental Immunology of the Eye, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Carel B Hoyng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Anneke I den Hollander
- Department of Ophthalmology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Sascha Fauser
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Hoffmann-La Roche AG, Basel, Switzerland
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