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Elchuri SV, Rajasekaran S, Miles WO. RNA-Sequencing of Primary Retinoblastoma Tumors Provides New Insights and Challenges Into Tumor Development. Front Genet 2018; 9:170. [PMID: 29868118 PMCID: PMC5966869 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2018.00170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinoblastoma is rare tumor of the retina caused by the homozygous loss of the Retinoblastoma 1 tumor suppressor gene (RB1). Loss of the RB1 protein, pRB, results in de-regulated activity of the E2F transcription factors, chromatin changes and developmental defects leading to tumor development. Extensive microarray profiles of these tumors have enabled the identification of genes sensitive to pRB disruption, however, this technology has a number of limitations in the RNA profiles that they generate. The advent of RNA-sequencing has enabled the global profiling of all of the RNA within the cell including both coding and non-coding features and the detection of aberrant RNA processing events. In this perspective, we focus on discussing how RNA-sequencing of rare Retinoblastoma tumors will build on existing data and open up new area's to improve our understanding of the biology of these tumors. In particular, we discuss how the RB-research field may be to use this data to determine how RB1 loss results in the expression of; non-coding RNAs, causes aberrant RNA processing events and how a deeper analysis of metabolic RNA changes can be utilized to model tumor specific shifts in metabolism. Each section discusses new opportunities and challenges associated with these types of analyses and aims to provide an honest assessment of how understanding these different processes may contribute to the treatment of Retinoblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sailaja V. Elchuri
- Department of Nanotechnology, Vision Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, India
| | - Swetha Rajasekaran
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH, United States
- Center for RNA Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Wayne O. Miles
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH, United States
- Center for RNA Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
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2
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Castro-Magdonel BE, Orjuela M, Camacho J, García-Chéquer AJ, Cabrera-Muñoz L, Sadowinski-Pine S, Durán-Figueroa N, Orozco-Romero MDJ, Velázquez-Wong AC, Hernández-Ángeles A, Hernández-Galván C, Lara-Molina C, Ponce-Castañeda MV. miRNome landscape analysis reveals a 30 miRNA core in retinoblastoma. BMC Cancer 2017; 17:458. [PMID: 28668075 PMCID: PMC5493862 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-017-3421-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background miRNAs exert their effect through a negative regulatory mechanism silencing expression upon hybridizing to their target mRNA, and have a prominent position in the control of many cellular processes including carcinogenesis. Previous miRNA studies on retinoblastoma (Rb) have been limited to specific miRNAs reported in other tumors or to medium density arrays. Here we report expression analysis of the whole miRNome on 12 retinoblastoma tumor samples using a high throughput microarray platform including 2578 mature miRNAs. Methods Twelve retinoblastoma tumor samples were analyzed using an Affymetrix platform including 2578 mature miRNAs. We applied RMA analysis to normalize raw data, obtained categorical data from detection call values, and also used signal intensity derived expression data. We used Diana-Tools-microT-CDS to find miRNA targets and ChromDraw to map miRNAs in chromosomes. Results We discovered a core-cluster of 30 miRNAs that were highly expressed in all the cases and a cluster of 993 miRNAs that were uniformly absent in all cases. Another 1022 miRNA were variably present in the samples reflecting heterogeneity between tumors. We explored mRNA targets, pathways and biological processes affected by some of these miRNAs. We propose that the core-cluster of 30 miRs represent miRNA machinery common to all Rb, and affecting most pathways considered hallmarks of cancer. In this core, we identified miR-3613 as a potential and critical down regulatory hub, because it is highly expressed in all the samples and its potential mRNA targets include at least 36 tumor suppressor genes, including RB1. In the variably expressed miRNA, 36 were differentially expressed between males and females. Some of the potential pathways targeted by these 36 miRNAs were associated with hormonal production. Conclusion These findings indicate that Rb tumor samples share a common miRNA expression profile regardless of tumor heterogeneity, and shed light on potential novel therapeutic targets such as mir-3613 This is the first work to delineate the miRNA landscape in retinoblastoma tumor samples using an unbiased approach. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12885-017-3421-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blanca Elena Castro-Magdonel
- Medical Research Unit in Infectious Diseases, Hospital de Pediatría, CMN SXXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Av. Cuauhtémoc 330, 06720, Mexico City, Mexico.,Pharmacology Department, CINVESTAV, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | | | - Adda Jeanette García-Chéquer
- Medical Research Unit in Infectious Diseases, Hospital de Pediatría, CMN SXXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Av. Cuauhtémoc 330, 06720, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Lourdes Cabrera-Muñoz
- Pathology Department, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Secretaría de Salud, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Stanislaw Sadowinski-Pine
- Pathology Department, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Secretaría de Salud, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Noé Durán-Figueroa
- Unidad Profesional Interdisciplinaria de Biotecnología, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Ana Claudia Velázquez-Wong
- Medical Research Unit in Human Genetics, Hospital de Pediatría, CMN SXXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Adriana Hernández-Ángeles
- Medical Research Unit in Infectious Diseases, Hospital de Pediatría, CMN SXXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Av. Cuauhtémoc 330, 06720, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Claudia Hernández-Galván
- Ophthalmology Department, Hospital de Pediatría, CMN SXXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Citlali Lara-Molina
- Ophthalmology Department, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - M Verónica Ponce-Castañeda
- Medical Research Unit in Infectious Diseases, Hospital de Pediatría, CMN SXXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Av. Cuauhtémoc 330, 06720, Mexico City, Mexico.
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3
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Ewens KG, Bhatti TR, Moran KA, Richards-Yutz J, Shields CL, Eagle RC, Ganguly A. Phosphorylation of pRb: mechanism for RB pathway inactivation in MYCN-amplified retinoblastoma. Cancer Med 2017; 6:619-630. [PMID: 28211617 PMCID: PMC5345671 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.1010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Revised: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A small, but unique subgroup of retinoblastoma has been identified with no detectable mutation in the retinoblastoma gene (RB1) and with high levels of MYCN gene amplification. This manuscript investigated alternate pathways of inactivating pRb, the encoded protein in these tumors. We analyzed the mutation status of the RB1 gene and MYCN copy number in a series of 245 unilateral retinoblastomas, and the phosphorylation status of pRb in a subset of five tumors using immunohistochemistry. There were 203 tumors with two mutations in RB1 (RB1-/- , 83%), 29 with one (RB1+/- , 12%) and 13 with no detectable mutations (RB1+/+ , 5%). Eighteen tumors carried MYCN amplification between 29 and 110 copies: 12 had two (RB1-/- ) or one RB1 (RB1+/- ) mutations, while six had no mutations (RB1+/+ ). Immunohistochemical staining of tumor sections with antibodies against pRb and phosphorylated Rb (ppRb) displayed high levels of pRb and ppRb in both RB1+/+ and RB1+/- tumors with MYCN amplification compared to no expression of these proteins in a classic RB1-/- , MYCN-low tumor. These results establish that high MYCN amplification can be present in retinoblastoma with or without coding sequence mutations in the RB1 gene. The functional state of pRb is inferred to be inactive due to phosphorylation of pRb in the MYCN-amplified retinoblastoma without coding sequence mutations. This makes inactivation of RB1 by gene mutation or its protein product, pRb, by protein phosphorylation, a necessary condition for initiating retinoblastoma tumorigenesis, independent of MYCN amplification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn G Ewens
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Tricia R Bhatti
- Department of Pathology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Department of Pathology, The Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Kimberly A Moran
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jennifer Richards-Yutz
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Carol L Shields
- Oncology Services, Wills Eye Hospital, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Ralph C Eagle
- Department of Pathology, Wills Eye Hospital, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Arupa Ganguly
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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4
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Kooi IE, Mol BM, Massink MPG, Ameziane N, Meijers-Heijboer H, Dommering CJ, van Mil SE, de Vries Y, van der Hout AH, Kaspers GJL, Moll AC, Te Riele H, Cloos J, Dorsman JC. Somatic genomic alterations in retinoblastoma beyond RB1 are rare and limited to copy number changes. Sci Rep 2016; 6:25264. [PMID: 27126562 PMCID: PMC4850475 DOI: 10.1038/srep25264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinoblastoma is a rare childhood cancer initiated by RB1 mutation or MYCN amplification, while additional alterations may be required for tumor development. However, the view on single nucleotide variants is very limited. To better understand oncogenesis, we determined the genomic landscape of retinoblastoma. We performed exome sequencing of 71 retinoblastomas and matched blood DNA. Next, we determined the presence of single nucleotide variants, copy number alterations and viruses. Aside from RB1, recurrent gene mutations were very rare. Only a limited fraction of tumors showed BCOR (7/71, 10%) or CREBBP alterations (3/71, 4%). No evidence was found for the presence of viruses. Instead, specific somatic copy number alterations were more common, particularly in patients diagnosed at later age. Recurrent alterations of chromosomal arms often involved less than one copy, also in highly pure tumor samples, suggesting within-tumor heterogeneity. Our results show that retinoblastoma is among the least mutated cancers and signify the extreme sensitivity of the childhood retina for RB1 loss. We hypothesize that retinoblastomas arising later in retinal development benefit more from subclonal secondary alterations and therefore, these alterations are more selected for in these tumors. Targeted therapy based on these subclonal events might be insufficient for complete tumor control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irsan E Kooi
- Department of Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center, Van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081BT, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Berber M Mol
- Department of Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center, Van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081BT, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten P G Massink
- Department of Medical Genetics, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Universiteitsweg 100, 3508 AB, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Najim Ameziane
- Department of Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center, Van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081BT, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hanne Meijers-Heijboer
- Department of Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center, Van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081BT, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Charlotte J Dommering
- Department of Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center, Van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081BT, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Saskia E van Mil
- Department of Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center, Van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081BT, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Yne de Vries
- Department of Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center, Van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081BT, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Annemarie H van der Hout
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Gertjan J L Kaspers
- Department of Pediatric Oncology/Hematology, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Annette C Moll
- Department of Ophthalmology, VU University Medical Center, de Boelelaan 1117, 1007 MB, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hein Te Riele
- Department of Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center, Van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081BT, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Division of Biological Stress Response, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jacqueline Cloos
- Department of Pediatric Oncology/Hematology, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Hematology, VU University Medical Center, de Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Josephine C Dorsman
- Department of Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center, Van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081BT, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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5
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Kooi IE, Mol BM, Massink MPG, de Jong MC, de Graaf P, van der Valk P, Meijers-Heijboer H, Kaspers GJL, Moll AC, te Riele H, Cloos J, Dorsman JC. A Meta-Analysis of Retinoblastoma Copy Numbers Refines the List of Possible Driver Genes Involved in Tumor Progression. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0153323. [PMID: 27115612 PMCID: PMC4846005 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0153323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND While RB1 loss initiates retinoblastoma development, additional somatic copy number alterations (SCNAs) can drive tumor progression. Although SCNAs have been identified with good concordance between studies at a cytoband resolution, accurate identification of single genes for all recurrent SCNAs is still challenging. This study presents a comprehensive meta-analysis of genome-wide SCNAs integrated with gene expression profiling data, narrowing down the list of plausible retinoblastoma driver genes. METHODS We performed SCNA profiling of 45 primary retinoblastoma samples and eight retinoblastoma cell lines by high-resolution microarrays. We combined our data with genomic, clinical and histopathological data of ten published genome-wide SCNA studies, which strongly enhanced the power of our analyses (N = 310). RESULTS Comprehensive recurrence analysis of SCNAs in all studies integrated with gene expression data allowed us to reduce candidate gene lists for 1q, 2p, 6p, 7q and 13q to a limited gene set. Besides the well-established driver genes RB1 (13q-loss) and MYCN (2p-gain) we identified CRB1 and NEK7 (1q-gain), SOX4 (6p-gain) and NUP205 (7q-gain) as novel retinoblastoma driver candidates. Depending on the sample subset and algorithms used, alternative candidates were identified including MIR181 (1q-gain) and DEK (6p gain). Remarkably, our study showed that copy number gains rarely exceeded change of one copy, even in pure tumor samples with 100% homozygosity at the RB1 locus (N = 34), which is indicative for intra-tumor heterogeneity. In addition, profound between-tumor variability was observed that was associated with age at diagnosis and differentiation grades. INTERPRETATION Since focal alterations at commonly altered chromosome regions were rare except for 2p24.3 (MYCN), further functional validation of the oncogenic potential of the described candidate genes is now required. For further investigations, our study provides a refined and revised set of candidate retinoblastoma driver genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irsan E. Kooi
- Department of Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Berber M. Mol
- Department of Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten P. G. Massink
- Department of Bio-medical Genetics, University Medical center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marcus C. de Jong
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Pim de Graaf
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Paul van der Valk
- Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hanne Meijers-Heijboer
- Department of Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gertjan J. L. Kaspers
- Department of Pediatric Oncology/Hematology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Annette C. Moll
- Department of Ophthalmology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Hein te Riele
- Division of Biological Stress Response, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jacqueline Cloos
- Department of Pediatric Oncology/Hematology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Hematology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Josephine C. Dorsman
- Department of Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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6
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García-Chequer AJ, Méndez-Tenorio A, Olguín-Ruiz G, Sánchez-Vallejo C, Isa P, Arias CF, Torres J, Hernández-Angeles A, Ramírez-Ortiz MA, Lara C, Cabrera-Muñoz ML, Sadowinski-Pine S, Bravo-Ortiz JC, Ramón-García G, Diegopérez-Ramírez J, Ramírez-Reyes G, Casarrubias-Islas R, Ramírez J, Orjuela MA, Ponce-Castañeda MV. Overview of recurrent chromosomal losses in retinoblastoma detected by low coverage next generation sequencing. Cancer Genet 2015; 209:57-69. [PMID: 26883451 DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergen.2015.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Revised: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Genes are frequently lost or gained in malignant tumors and the analysis of these changes can be informative about the underlying tumor biology. Retinoblastoma is a pediatric intraocular malignancy, and since deletions in chromosome 13 have been described in this tumor, we performed genome wide sequencing with the Illumina platform to test whether recurrent losses could be detected in low coverage data from DNA pools of Rb cases. An in silico reference profile for each pool was created from the human genome sequence GRCh37p5; a chromosome integrity score and a graphics 40 Kb window analysis approach, allowed us to identify with high resolution previously reported non random recurrent losses in all chromosomes of these tumors. We also found a pattern of gains and losses associated to clear and dark cytogenetic bands respectively. We further analyze a pool of medulloblastoma and found a more stable genomic profile and previously reported losses in this tumor. This approach facilitates identification of recurrent deletions from many patients that may be biological relevant for tumor development.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J García-Chequer
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Centro Médico Nacional SXXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, México D.F., Mexico
| | - A Méndez-Tenorio
- Lab. Bioinformática Genómica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México D.F., Mexico
| | - G Olguín-Ruiz
- Lab. Bioinformática Genómica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México D.F., Mexico
| | - C Sánchez-Vallejo
- Lab. Bioinformática Genómica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México D.F., Mexico
| | - P Isa
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - C F Arias
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - J Torres
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Centro Médico Nacional SXXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, México D.F., Mexico
| | - A Hernández-Angeles
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Centro Médico Nacional SXXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, México D.F., Mexico
| | | | - C Lara
- Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, México D.F., Mexico
| | | | | | - J C Bravo-Ortiz
- Hospital de Pediatría, CMN SXXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, México D.F., Mexico
| | - G Ramón-García
- Hospital de Pediatría, CMN SXXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, México D.F., Mexico
| | - J Diegopérez-Ramírez
- Hospital de Pediatría, CMN SXXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, México D.F., Mexico
| | - G Ramírez-Reyes
- Hospital de Pediatría, CMN SXXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, México D.F., Mexico
| | - R Casarrubias-Islas
- Hospital de Pediatría, CMN SXXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, México D.F., Mexico
| | - J Ramírez
- Unidad de Microarreglos, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México D.F., Mexico
| | | | - M V Ponce-Castañeda
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Centro Médico Nacional SXXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, México D.F., Mexico.
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7
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Ruiz del Río N, Abelairas Gómez JM, Alonso García de la Rosa FJ, Peralta Calvo JM, de las Heras Martín A. Genetic analysis in retinoblastoma and peripheral blood correlation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 90:562-5. [PMID: 26279484 DOI: 10.1016/j.oftal.2015.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2013] [Revised: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the importance of intratumoral genetic analysis in the diagnosis of germ-line mutations in patients with retinoblastoma. To underline the importance of performing these genetic tests in every case of retinoblastoma. METHOD Intratumoral genetic analysis of RB1 mutation was performed on 17 enucleated eyes that were non-responsive to conservative treatment. Patients had no family history of retinoblastoma, and lesions were always single. The identified mutations were then also studied in peripheral blood analysis. RESULTS There were 12 (70.6%) cases with positive results in intratumoral analysis. In 8 cases (47.1%) mutation of both RB1 alelli were detected, and in 4 (23.5%) cases only one allele was found mutated. In 5 patients (29.4%) no mutation was identified. In the first hit, mutations comprised 7 frameshift or nonsense and 2 splice, whereas in the second hit, one splice mutation, 2 nonsense and 8 loss of heterozygosity were identified. Among 6 patients where intratumoral analysis detected a single mutation associated with a loss of heterozygosity, the peripheral blood analysis was able to detect the same mutation in 3 cases (50%). CONCLUSIONS Intratumoral genetic analysis of sporadic retinoblastoma can detect germ-line mutations. These patients are at higher risk of bilateralization and development of second tumors or trilateral retinoblastoma. Genetic screening is recommended in every patient diagnosed with retinoblastoma.
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8
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Villegas VM, Gold AS, Wildner A, Ehlies F, Murray TG. Genomic landscape of retinoblastoma. Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2014; 42:2-3. [PMID: 24433353 DOI: 10.1111/ceo.12277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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10
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Thériault BL, Dimaras H, Gallie BL, Corson TW. The genomic landscape of retinoblastoma: a review. Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2013; 42:33-52. [PMID: 24433356 DOI: 10.1111/ceo.12132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2013] [Accepted: 04/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Retinoblastoma is a paediatric ocular tumour that continues to reveal much about the genetic basis of cancer development. Study of genomic aberrations in retinoblastoma tumours has exposed important mechanisms of cancer development and identified oncogenes and tumour suppressors that offer potential points of therapeutic intervention. The recent development of next-generation genomic technologies has allowed further refinement of the genomic landscape of retinoblastoma at high resolution. In a relatively short period of time, a wealth of genetic and epigenetic data has emerged on a small number of tumour samples. These data highlight the inherent molecular complexity of this cancer despite the fact that most retinoblastomas are initiated by the inactivation of a single tumour suppressor gene. This review outlines the current understanding of the genomic, genetic and epigenetic changes in retinoblastoma, highlighting recent genome-wide analyses that have identified exciting candidate genes worthy of further validation as potential prognostic and therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brigitte L Thériault
- Campbell Family Cancer Research Institute, Ontario Cancer Institute, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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11
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Yang Y, Tian S, Brown B, Chen P, Hu H, Xia L, Zhang J, Cai X, Chen Z, Pan X, Ge J, Yu K, Zhuang J. The Rb1 gene inhibits the viability of retinoblastoma cells by regulating homologous recombination. Int J Mol Med 2013; 32:137-43. [PMID: 23670186 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2013.1374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2013] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinoblastoma is a childhood ocular tumor caused by the inactivation of both alleles of the retinoblastoma gene (Rb1). Without Rb1 gene function, chromosomal aberrations are observed in retinoblastoma cells. The instability of the genome is closely associated with the repair of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs). However, the precise molecular mechanism of action of Rb1 in DNA DSB repair remains unclear. Thus, in this study, we aimed to investigate whether the Rb1 gene affects DNA stability by assaying DNA DSB repair and also whether it regulates the proliferation of retinoblastoma cells. Rb1 immunofluorescence and RT-PCR were performed, demonstrating that the Rb1 gene is silenced in SO-Rb50 retinoblastoma cells, and the karyotype analysis of SO-Rb50 cells indicated that the loss of Rb1 function led to genomic instability; both numerical and structural chromosomal aberrations were observed in our study. In addition, the DNA DSB repair efficiency of the SO-Rb50 cells was measured by γ-H2AX immunofluorescence, a commonly used in situ marker of DNA DSBs, following exposure to ionizing radiation (IR) (2.5 and 5.0 Gy). We found that the DNA repair efficiency was significantly increased following IR-induced damage (P<0.01). However, there was no significant difference in DNA repair efficiency between the cells expressing exogenous Rb1 and the control (P>0.05). The assay for the screening of the effect of Rb1 on the sub-pathway of DNA DSB repair, non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) and homologous recombination (HR), indicated that Rb1 did not affect NHEJ activity, although it significantly promoted the HR pathway (HR levels increased by 2.46-fold) compared with the control (P<0.01). Furthermore, we found that the cell viability of the SO-Rb50 cells transfected with exogenous Rb1 was significantly inhibited (P<0.01) and cell cycle assay indicated that exogenous Rb1 induced S phase arrest (P<0.001) which also inhibited the proliferation of retinoblastoma cells (SO-Rb50) in vitro. Therefore, this study provides new insight into the mechanisms of action of the Rb1 gene in regulating the proliferation of retinoblastoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, P.R. China
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12
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Houston SK, Murray TG, Wolfe SQ, Fernandes CE. Current update on retinoblastoma. Int Ophthalmol Clin 2011; 51:77-91. [PMID: 21139478 DOI: 10.1097/iio.0b013e3182010f29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Differential gene expression profile of retinoblastoma compared to normal retina. Mol Vis 2010; 16:1292-303. [PMID: 20664703 PMCID: PMC2904042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2010] [Accepted: 07/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The retinoblastoma gene (RB1) is a tumor suppressor gene that was first discovered in a rare ocular pediatric tumor called retinoblastoma (RB). The RB1 gene is essential for normal progression through the cell cycle and exerts part of its function through the family of transcription factors (E2F) and many other intermediaries. In the absence of normal RB1, genomic instability and chromosomal aberrations accumulate, leading to tumor initiation, progression, and ultimately metastasis. The purpose of this report was to identify the molecular pathways that are deregulated in retinoblastoma. METHODS We compared gene expression signatures of matched normal retinal tissue and retinoblastoma (RB) tumor tissue from six individuals, using microarray analysis followed by statistical and bioinformatic analyses. RESULTS We identified 1,116 genes with increased expression and 837 with decreased expression in RB tumor tissue compared to matched normal retinal tissue. Functional categories of the cognate genes with the greatest statistical support were cell cycle (309 genes), cell death (437 genes), DNA replication, recombination and repair (270 genes), cellular growth and proliferation (464 genes), and cellular assembly and organization (110 genes). The list included differentially expressed retinal cone-cell-specific markers. These data indicated the predominance of cone cells in RB and support the idea that the latter group of cells may be the cells of origin for RB. CONCLUSIONS The genes differentially expressed in RB as compared to normal retina belong mainly to DNA damage-response pathways, including, but not limited to, breast cancer associated genes (BRCA1, BRCA2), ataxia telangiectasia mutated gene (ATM), ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3 related gene(ATR), E2F, checkpoint kinase 1 (CHK1) genes. In addition, novel pathways, such as aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) signaling, polo-like kinase and mitosis, purine metabolism pathways were involved. The molecules AHR, CHK1, and polo-like kinases are of particular interest because there are several currently available drugs that target these molecules. Further studies are needed to determine if targeting these pathways in RB will have therapeutic value. It is also important to evaluate the relative importance of these pathways in different cells that make up the normal retina.
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