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Alves M, Asbell P, Dogru M, Giannaccare G, Grau A, Gregory D, Kim DH, Marini MC, Ngo W, Nowinska A, Saldanha IJ, Villani E, Wakamatsu TH, Yu M, Stapleton F. TFOS Lifestyle Report: Impact of environmental conditions on the ocular surface. Ocul Surf 2023; 29:1-52. [PMID: 37062427 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2023.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
Environmental risk factors that have an impact on the ocular surface were reviewed and associations with age and sex, race/ethnicity, geographical area, seasonality, prevalence and possible interactions between risk factors are reviewed. Environmental factors can be (a) climate-related: temperature, humidity, wind speed, altitude, dew point, ultraviolet light, and allergen or (b) outdoor and indoor pollution: gases, particulate matter, and other sources of airborne pollutants. Temperature affects ocular surface homeostasis directly and indirectly, precipitating ocular surface diseases and/or symptoms, including trachoma. Humidity is negatively associated with dry eye disease. There is little data on wind speed and dewpoint. High altitude and ultraviolet light exposure are associated with pterygium, ocular surface degenerations and neoplastic disease. Pollution is associated with dry eye disease and conjunctivitis. Primary Sjögren syndrome is associated with exposure to chemical solvents. Living within a potential zone of active volcanic eruption is associated with eye irritation. Indoor pollution, "sick" building or house can also be associated with eye irritation. Most ocular surface conditions are multifactorial, and several environmental factors may contribute to specific diseases. A systematic review was conducted to answer the following research question: "What are the associations between outdoor environment pollution and signs or symptoms of dry eye disease in humans?" Dry eye disease is associated with air pollution (from NO2) and soil pollution (from chromium), but not from air pollution from CO or PM10. Future research should adequately account for confounders, follow up over time, and report results separately for ocular surface findings, including signs and symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Alves
- Department of Ophthalmology and Otorhinolaryngology, University of Campinas Campinas, Brazil.
| | - Penny Asbell
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Memphis, Memphis, USA
| | - Murat Dogru
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, UNSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Giuseppe Giannaccare
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Cantanzaro, Italy
| | - Arturo Grau
- Department of Ophthalmology, Pontifical Catholic University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Darren Gregory
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, USA
| | - Dong Hyun Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | | | - William Ngo
- School of Optometry & Vision Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
| | - Anna Nowinska
- Clinical Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Ian J Saldanha
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Edoardo Villani
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Eye Clinic, San Giuseppe Hospital, IRCCS Multimedica, Milan, Italy
| | - Tais Hitomi Wakamatsu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Paulista School of Medicine, São Paulo Hospital, Federal University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mitasha Yu
- Sensory Functions, Disability and Rehabilitation Unit, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Fiona Stapleton
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, UNSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Tryptophan and Substance Abuse: Mechanisms and Impact. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032737. [PMID: 36769059 PMCID: PMC9917371 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Addiction, the continuous misuse of addictive material, causes long-term dysfunction in the neurological system. It substantially affects the control strength of reward, memory, and motivation. Addictive substances (alcohol, marijuana, caffeine, heroin, methamphetamine (METH), and nicotine) are highly active central nervous stimulants. Addiction leads to severe health issues, including cardiovascular diseases, serious infections, and pulmonary/dental diseases. Drug dependence may result in unfavorable cognitive impairments that can continue during abstinence and negatively influence recovery performance. Although addiction is a critical global health challenge with numerous consequences and complications, currently, there are no efficient options for treating drug addiction, particularly METH. Currently, novel treatment approaches such as psychological contingency management, cognitive behavioral therapy, and motivational enhancement strategies are of great interest. Herein, we evaluate the devastating impacts of different addictive substances/drugs on users' mental health and the role of tryptophan in alleviating unfavorable side effects. The tryptophan metabolites in the mammalian brain and their potential to treat compulsive abuse of addictive substances are investigated by assessing the functional effects of addictive substances on tryptophan. Future perspectives on developing promising modalities to treat addiction and the role of tryptophan and its metabolites to alleviate drug dependency are discussed.
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HUANG C, CHENG H, ZHANG J, ZHANG D. DHA-promoted repair of human corneal epithelial cells in high-glucose environment. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/fst.77221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Hong CHENG
- The Third People’s Hospital of Hefei, China
| | - Jing ZHANG
- The Third People’s Hospital of Hefei, China
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Jin M, Wang Y, An X, Kang H, Wang Y, Wang G, Gao Y, Wu S, Reinach PS, Liu Z, Xue Y, Li C. Phenotypic and transcriptomic changes in the corneal epithelium following exposure to cigarette smoke. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 287:117540. [PMID: 34147784 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Cigarette smoke extract (CSE), a complex mixture of compounds, contributes to a range of eye diseases; however, the underlying pathophysiological responses to tobacco smoke remain ambiguous. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the cigarette smoke-induced phenotypic and transcriptomic changes in the corneal epithelium with a view to elucidating the likely underlying mechanism. Accordingly, for the first time, we characterized the genome-wide effects of CSE on the corneal epithelium. The ocular surface of the mice in the experimental groups was exposed to CSE for 1 h per day for a period of one week, while mice in the control group were exposed to preservative-free artificial tears. Corneal fluorescein staining, in vivo confocal microscopy and scanning electron microscopy were performed to examine the corneal ultrastructure. Transcriptome sequencing and bioinformatics analysis were performed followed by RT-qPCR to validate gene expression changes. The results indicate that CSE exposure disrupted the structural integrity of the superficial epithelium, decreased the density of microvilli, and compromised the corneal epithelial barrier intactness. RNA-seq revealed 667 differentially expressed genes, and functional analysis highlighted the enhancement of several biological processes such as antioxidant activity and the response to oxidative stress. Moreover, the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis showed that glutathione metabolism and drug metabolism cytochrome P450 were the most relevant pathways contributing to the effects of CSE on the corneal epithelium. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis illustrated that GCLC, NQO1, and HMOX1 were the most relevant nodes. In conclusion, the present study indicates that CSE exposure induces changes in the phenotype and genotype of the corneal epithelium. The antioxidant response element is essential for counteracting the effects of cigarette smoke on this tissue layer. These results shed novel insights into how cigarette smoke damages this ocular surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyi Jin
- Eye Institute & Affiliated Xiamen Eye Center, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Yanzi Wang
- Eye Institute & Affiliated Xiamen Eye Center, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Xiaoya An
- Eye Institute & Affiliated Xiamen Eye Center, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Honghua Kang
- Eye Institute & Affiliated Xiamen Eye Center, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Yixin Wang
- Eye Institute & Affiliated Xiamen Eye Center, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Guoliang Wang
- Eye Institute & Affiliated Xiamen Eye Center, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Yang Gao
- College of Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Shuiping Wu
- College of Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Peter S Reinach
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Zuguo Liu
- Eye Institute & Affiliated Xiamen Eye Center, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Yuhua Xue
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Cheng Li
- Eye Institute & Affiliated Xiamen Eye Center, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China.
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[Preoperative management of subconjunctival/sub-Tenon's glaucoma surgery with special consideration of the gel implant (XEN®)]. Ophthalmologe 2021; 118:139-143. [PMID: 32430610 DOI: 10.1007/s00347-020-01121-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND When using subconjunctival/sub-Tenon's ab interno glaucoma surgical procedures, patient selection and preoperative management are essential to reduce postoperative scarring of the bleb. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to compile a list of risk factors that may have an unfavorable effect on the scarring process. METHOD A literature search was carried out in PubMed with respect to the scarring process of the gel implant XEN®. RESULTS Ophthalmological risk factors for conjunctivoscleral/Tenon's wound healing process include dry eye, allergies, use of eye drops containing preservatives and previous eye surgery. CONCLUSION The preoperative administration of artificial tear substitutes, corticosteroids and the fundamental change to preservative-free eye drops can support the normalization of a chronic inflammatory altered conjunctiva and thus positively influence the wound healing process after surgery.
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Abstract
There is a myriad of changes that can be produced in the eye by toxic drugs ranging from mild/no symptoms to severe loss of vision from endophthalmitis. The routes of administration include oral ingestion, smoking, nasal inhalation, intravenous injection, topical application or application to other mucosal surfaces. It is important to recognize certain clinical signs and symptoms in the eye produced by these toxins. This article describes in brief some of the ocular effects of commonly abused drugs. For identification of a particular poisoning, in addition to the clinical presentation, pulse, blood pressure, respiration and body temperature, pupillary size, pupillary reaction to light, ocular convergence and nystagmus can be useful indicators of the type of drug the patient is exposed to. Unmasking these features help the clinician in an early and accurate diagnosis of the offending drug as well as timely management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepika Dhingra
- Department of Ophthalmology, Advanced Eye Centre, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Savleen Kaur
- Department of Ophthalmology, Advanced Eye Centre, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Jagat Ram
- Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, India
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Munsamy A, Bhanprakash B, Sirkhot A, Mlambo L, Dlamuka S, Mhlongo N, Naidoo R. A pre-test post-test assessment of non-invasive keratograph break up time and corneal epithelial thickness after vaping. Afr Health Sci 2019; 19:2926-2933. [PMID: 32127867 PMCID: PMC7040307 DOI: 10.4314/ahs.v19i4.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effects of electronic cigarettes on the ocular surface has yet to be shown. The purpose of the study was to assess the impact of e-cigarette use on the anterior corneal surface integrity. METHODS Forty three males and 21 females with an average of 21years were required to vape 0.05ml of e-liquid of 8mg nicotine concentration. Corneal epithelial thickness (CET) and Non Invasive Keratograph Tear Break up Time (NIKBUT) measurements were obtained prior to and post vaping. The Optovue iVue optical coherence topographer was used to measure central; superior; inferior; nasal and temporal CET and NIKBUT was assessed using the Oculus Keratograph 5M. RESULTS There was a mean increase for central corneal epithelial thickness of 0.3448 microns. The superior CET increased by 0.2414 microns. The inferior CET increased by 0.2931microns. The nasal CET increased by 0.2069 microns. The temporal CET increased by 0.2759 microns. The mean change in NIKBUT post-vaping was an increase of 1.40 seconds. All observations occurred at p > 0.05. CONCLUSION The acute effect of e-cigarette use does not impact corneal epithelial thickness and non-invasive keratography tear break up time after 10 puffs mild exposure but more research is needed to assess if this remains the case with more frequent, higher exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvin Munsamy
- University of KwaZulu-Natal College of Health Sciences Optometry
| | | | - Amina Sirkhot
- University of KwaZulu-Natal College of Health Sciences Optometry
| | - Lufun Mlambo
- University of KwaZulu-Natal College of Health Sciences Optometry
| | | | - Ndumiso Mhlongo
- University of KwaZulu-Natal College of Health Sciences Optometry
| | - Ronelle Naidoo
- University of KwaZulu-Natal College of Health Sciences Optometry
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Xiao C, Wu M, Liu J, Gu J, Jiao X, Lu D, He J, Lin C, Xue Y, Fu T, Wang H, Wang G, Yang X, Li Z. Acute tobacco smoke exposure exacerbates the inflammatory response to corneal wounds in mice via the sympathetic nervous system. Commun Biol 2019; 2:33. [PMID: 30701198 PMCID: PMC6345828 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-018-0270-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to tobacco smoke is a major public health concern that can also affect ophthalmic health. Based on previous work demonstrating the important role of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) in corneal wound repair, we postulated that acute tobacco smoke exposure (ATSE) may act through the SNS in the impairment of corneal wound repair. Here we find that ATSE rapidly increases the markers of inflammatory response in normal corneal limbi. After an abrasion injury, ATSE exaggerates inflammation, impairs wound repair, and enhances the expression of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and inflammatory molecules such as interleukin-6 (IL-6) and IL-17. We find that chemical SNS sympathectomy, local adrenergic receptor antagonism, NF-κB1 inactivation, and IL-6/IL-17A neutralization can all independently attenuate ATSE-induced excessive inflammatory responses and alleviate their impairment of the healing process. These findings highlight that the SNS may represent a major molecular sensor and mediator of ATSE-induced inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengju Xiao
- International Ocular Surface Research Center, Institute of Ophthalmology, Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mingjuan Wu
- International Ocular Surface Research Center, Institute of Ophthalmology, Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun Liu
- International Ocular Surface Research Center, Institute of Ophthalmology, Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianqin Gu
- Henan Eye Institute, Henan Eye Hospital, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Henan University People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xinwei Jiao
- Henan Eye Institute, Henan Eye Hospital, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Henan University People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Dingli Lu
- Henan Eye Institute, Henan Eye Hospital, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Henan University People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jingxin He
- International Ocular Surface Research Center, Institute of Ophthalmology, Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Cuipei Lin
- International Ocular Surface Research Center, Institute of Ophthalmology, Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yunxia Xue
- International Ocular Surface Research Center, Institute of Ophthalmology, Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ting Fu
- International Ocular Surface Research Center, Institute of Ophthalmology, Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hanqing Wang
- International Ocular Surface Research Center, Institute of Ophthalmology, Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guang Wang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Jinan University Medical School, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xuesong Yang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Jinan University Medical School, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhijie Li
- International Ocular Surface Research Center, Institute of Ophthalmology, Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Henan Eye Institute, Henan Eye Hospital, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Henan University People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
- Section of Leukocyte Biology, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX USA
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Bourcier T, Sauer A, Dory A, Denis J, Sabou M. [Fungal keratitis]. J Fr Ophtalmol 2017; 40:882-888. [PMID: 29150029 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfo.2017.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Fungal keratitis, or keratomycoses, are corneal infections which must be considered in cases of corneal trauma, prior corneal surgery, chronic ocular surface disease, topical corticosteroids or contact lens wear. Filamentous fungi or yeasts may be involved. Presenting clinical features such as corneal infiltrates with feathery edges and/or raised surface, intact epithelium with deep stromal involvement, satellite lesions, endothelial plaques, lack of improvement with antibiotics and worsening with steroids are suggestive of fungal keratitis. Corneal scraping for laboratory examination is mandatory. Medical management with antifungal eye drops and systemic agents should be started as soon as possible. Surgical interventions are required in a significant number of cases to control the infection. The prognosis of fungal keratitis is worse than that of bacterial keratitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Bourcier
- Service d'ophtalmologie, Nouvel hôpital civil, EA7290, FMTS, hôpitaux universitaires, université de Strasbourg, 1, place de l'Hôpital, BP 426, 67091 Strasbourg cedex, France.
| | - A Sauer
- Service d'ophtalmologie, Nouvel hôpital civil, EA7290, FMTS, hôpitaux universitaires, université de Strasbourg, 1, place de l'Hôpital, BP 426, 67091 Strasbourg cedex, France
| | - A Dory
- Service de pharmacie, Nouvel hôpital civil, FMTS, hôpitaux universitaires, université de Strasbourg, BP 426, 67091 Strasbourg, France
| | - J Denis
- Service de parasitologie - mycologie, plateau technique de microbiologie, Nouvel hôpital civil, FMTS, hôpitaux universitaires, université de Strasbourg, BP 426, 67091 Strasbourg, France
| | - M Sabou
- Service de parasitologie - mycologie, plateau technique de microbiologie, Nouvel hôpital civil, FMTS, hôpitaux universitaires, université de Strasbourg, BP 426, 67091 Strasbourg, France
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Bourcier T, Sauer A, Dory A, Denis J, Sabou M. Fungal keratitis. J Fr Ophtalmol 2017; 40:e307-e313. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfo.2017.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Revised: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Abstract
Epidemiological studies have indicated that smoking is a pivotal risk factor for the progression of several chronic diseases. Nicotine, the addictive component of cigarettes, has powerful pathophysiological properties in the body. Although the effects of cigarette smoking on corneal re-epithelialization have been studied, the effects of nicotine on corneal wound healing-related neovascularization and fibrosis have not been fully demonstrated. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of chronic administration of nicotine on corneal wound healing following acute insult induced by an alkali burn. BALB/C female mice randomly received either vehicle (2% saccharin) or nicotine (100 or 200 μg/ml in 2% saccharin) in drinking water ad libitum. After 1 week, animals were re-randomized and the experimental group was subjected to a corneal alkali burn, and then nicotine was administered until day 14 after the alkali burn. A corneal alkali burn model was generated by placing a piece of 2 mm-diameter filter paper soaked in 1N NaOH on the right eye. Histopathological analysis and the expression level of the pro-angiogenic genes vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP9) revealed that chronic nicotine administration enhanced alkali burn-induced corneal neovascularization. Furthermore, the mRNA expression of the pro-fibrogenic factors α-smooth muscle actin (αSMA), transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), and collagen α1 (Col1) was enhanced in the high-concentration nicotine-treated group compared with the vehicle group after corneal injury. Immunohistochemical analysis also showed that the αSMA-positive area was increased in chronic nicotine-treated mice after corneal alkali burn. An in vitro assay found that expression of the α3, α7, and β1 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) subunits was significantly increased by chemical injury in human corneal fibroblast cells. Moreover, alkali-induced fibrogenic gene expression and proliferation of fibroblast cells were further increased by treatment with nicotine and cotinine. The proliferation of such cells induced by treatment of nicotine and cotinine was reduced by inhibition of the PI3K and PKC pathways using specific inhibitors. In conclusion, chronic administration of nicotine accelerated the angiogenic and fibrogenic healing processes in alkali-burned corneal tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Won Kim
- Biosafety Research Institute and Laboratory of Pathology (BK21 Plus Program), College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
| | - Chae Woong Lim
- Biosafety Research Institute and Laboratory of Pathology (BK21 Plus Program), College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
| | - Bumseok Kim
- Biosafety Research Institute and Laboratory of Pathology (BK21 Plus Program), College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail:
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