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Schuh A, Hintschich C. Intralesional Bevacizumab in Periorbital Recurrence of an Orbital Lymphaticovenous Malformation. Klin Monbl Augenheilkd 2024; 241:192-194. [PMID: 37451286 DOI: 10.1055/a-2129-5668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Schuh
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany
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2
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Jiang C, Yin X, Chang J, Liu G, Lu P. Topical Administration of Bevacizumab to Facilitate the Functional Filtering Bleb After Trabeculectomy in the Rabbit. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2023; 39:716-724. [PMID: 37669059 DOI: 10.1089/jop.2023.0046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose: To evaluate the effects of bevacizumab in 3 different application methods, subconjunctival injection (SCI), hyaluronic acid retardant (HAR), and eye drop (ED), on attenuating scar formation in the filtering bleb. Methods: Trabeculectomy (TRAB) was performed on New Zealand rabbits. TRAB rabbits were intervened with bevacizumab SCI, HAR, ED, or mitomycin C, respectively. Intraocular pressure (IOP) of 1, 7, 14, and 28 days after TRAB was recorded, and the bleb survival rate was analyzed. Bleb height, area, and vascularization were evaluated using anterior segment optical coherence tomography (OCT) and optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) at 7, 14 and 28 days after surgery. A histopathology examination of the bleb tissue was performed. The expression levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A, interleukin (IL)-1α, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) were measured by Western blot. Results: Bevacizumab significantly reduced postoperative IOP and increased the survival of the filtering bleb, especially in the ED group. Less vascularization was shown in the SCI, HAR, and ED groups. Histopathological results showed the fewest levels of scarring and fibrosis in the ED group. The local VEGF-A, IL-1α, and TNF-α expression levels after bevacizumab ED were decreased, combined with suppression of TGF-β1 and α-SMA. Conclusions: Postoperative use of bevacizumab EDs was an effective application method for improving surgical outcomes after TRAB in rabbits. It might be effective in preventing scarring of the filtering bleb by antivascularization and anti-inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Jiang
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xue Yin
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jiayu Chang
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Gaoqin Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Peirong Lu
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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Dave TV, Walvekar P. Two-Year Outcomes of Transcutaneous Non-Image Guided Bleomycin Sclerotherapy in Conjunctival Lymphatic Malformations: A Protocol-Based Management in 16 Eyes. Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg 2023; 39:64-71. [PMID: 35829652 DOI: 10.1097/iop.0000000000002243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To study the efficacy and the 2-year outcomes of treating conjunctival lymphatic malformations (LM) with protocol-based bleomycin sclerotherapy. METHODS A retrospective interventional study of 16 eyes with conjunctival LM treated with bleomycin sclerotherapy between December 2016 and 2019. A clinical resolution was assessed as poor (less than 25% decrease in size), fair (25%-50% decrease in size), good (50%-75% decrease in size), excellent (more than 75% decrease in size), and complete resolution. RESULTS Mean age at presentation was 18 ± 13.09 (15 years, 3 to 59 years) years. The conjunctival component was classified based on clinical appearance as conjunctival mass (12) and microcystic LM (4). Mean clock hours of involvement were 3.32 ± 5.29 clock hours (4, 2-9 clock hours). An average per session dose of 1.8 ± 0.3 IU (median 2 IU, range 1-2 IU) and a cumulative dose of 3 ± 1.5 IU (3, 1-6 IU) of bleomycin were injected over an average of 1.6 ± 0.7 (median 2, range 1-3) treatment sessions per patient. Excellent response was observed in 11 (69%) cases. A residual lesion requiring surgical debulking was noted in 1 case. Recurrence was noted in 2 (13%) cases one of which was treated with repeat sclerotherapy resulting in complete resolution. Adverse reactions included restricted extraocular motility in extreme gaze in 2 eyes (13%). Sustained tumor resolution was observed over a mean follow-up of 29.24 + 9.45 months (24, 24-38 months). CONCLUSIONS Bleomycin sclerotherapy gives excellent response in conjunctival LMs and is an effective first-line therapy in these cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarjani Vivek Dave
- Ophthalmic Plastic Surgery Service, Kallam Anji Reddy Campus, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India
| | - Priyanka Walvekar
- Ophthalmic Plastic and Facial Aesthetic, Orbit and Ocular Oncology Service, Grandhi Mallikarjuna Rao Varalakshmi Campus, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh, India
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Artz K, Mazinani B. Idiopathische konjunktivale Lymphangiektasie. SPEKTRUM DER AUGENHEILKUNDE 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00717-021-00513-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Xia S, Ding Z, Luo L, Chen B, Schneider J, Yang J, Eberhart CG, Stark WJ, Xu Q. Shear-Thinning Viscous Materials for Subconjunctival Injection of Microparticles. AAPS PharmSciTech 2020; 22:8. [PMID: 33241486 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-020-01877-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
While drug-loaded microparticles (MPs) can serve as drug reservoirs for sustained drug release and therapeutic effects, needle clogging by MPs poses a challenge for ocular drug delivery via injection. Two polymers commonly used in ophthalmic procedures-hyaluronic acid (HA) and methylcellulose (MC)-have been tested for their applicability for ocular injections. HA and MC were physically blended with sunitinib malate (SUN)-loaded PLGA MPs for subconjunctival (SCT) injection into rat eyes. The HA and MC viscous solutions facilitated injection through fine-gauged needles due to their shear-thinning properties as shown by rheological characterizations. The diffusion barrier presented by HA and MC reduced burst drug release and extended overall release from MPs. The significant level of MP retention in the conjunctiva tissue post-operation confirmed the minimal leakage of MPs following injection. The safety of HA and MC for ocular applications was demonstrated histologically.
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Nakamura F, Seino M, Suzuki Y, Sakaki H, Sudo T, Ohta T, Tsutsumi S, Nagase S. Successful management of cutaneous lymphangitis carcinomatosa arising from cervical cancer with paclitaxel-cisplatin and bevacizumab combination therapy: a case report and review of the literature. J Med Case Rep 2019; 13:328. [PMID: 31699140 PMCID: PMC6836488 DOI: 10.1186/s13256-019-2262-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Globally, cervical cancer is the fourth most common cancer in women. Here, we report a case of cutaneous lymphangitis carcinomatosa arising from cervical cancer, an extremely rare and treatment-resistant condition. Case presentation A 64-year-old Japanese woman presented with genital bleeding. She was diagnosed as having stage IB1 squamous cell cervical cancer and subsequently treated with radiotherapy. Approximately 2 years after the curative radiotherapy, she developed itching, skin rash, and small nodules on her left femoral and pubic area. Slight 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose uptake was detected at her left femoral skin on positron emission tomography with computed tomography. A histopathological examination was performed on a biopsy sample from an erythematous macule on her left femoral skin and vulva. Consequently, she was diagnosed as having cutaneous lymphangitis carcinomatosa arising from cervical cancer. Paclitaxel (135 mg/m2), cisplatin (50 mg/m2), and bevacizumab (15 mg/kg) combination therapy was administered every 21 days. Both itching and rash improved after three treatment cycles. After the completion of six cycles, skin erythema in the femoral and vulval area disappeared completely. Our patient experienced a 25-month symptom-free interval after the last chemotherapy session. Conclusion Our findings suggest that combination chemotherapy plus bevacizumab is an effective therapeutic option in patients with cutaneous lymphangitis carcinomatosa arising from cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumihiro Nakamura
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yamagata University, School of Medicine, 2-2-2 Iidanishi, Yamagata, Yamagata, 990-9585, Japan
| | - Manabu Seino
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yamagata University, School of Medicine, 2-2-2 Iidanishi, Yamagata, Yamagata, 990-9585, Japan.
| | - Yuriko Suzuki
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yamagata University, School of Medicine, 2-2-2 Iidanishi, Yamagata, Yamagata, 990-9585, Japan
| | - Hirotsugu Sakaki
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yamagata University, School of Medicine, 2-2-2 Iidanishi, Yamagata, Yamagata, 990-9585, Japan
| | - Takeshi Sudo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yamagata University, School of Medicine, 2-2-2 Iidanishi, Yamagata, Yamagata, 990-9585, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Ohta
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yamagata University, School of Medicine, 2-2-2 Iidanishi, Yamagata, Yamagata, 990-9585, Japan
| | - Seiji Tsutsumi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yamagata University, School of Medicine, 2-2-2 Iidanishi, Yamagata, Yamagata, 990-9585, Japan
| | - Satoru Nagase
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yamagata University, School of Medicine, 2-2-2 Iidanishi, Yamagata, Yamagata, 990-9585, Japan
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Choi SM, Jin KH, Kim TG. Successful treatment of conjunctival lymphangiectasia accompanied by corneal dellen using a high-frequency radiowave electrosurgical device. Indian J Ophthalmol 2019; 67:409-411. [PMID: 30777972 PMCID: PMC6407410 DOI: 10.4103/ijo.ijo_1109_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A 62-year-old man presented with a 1-month history of right eye pain unresponsive to artificial tears and topical steroids. At presentation, bullous yellowish fluid collection was noted in the nasal conjunctiva. Corneal thinning and opacity were observed at the 3 o’clock position of the cornea. High-frequency radiowave ablation and biopsy were performed at the affected area. Conjunctival lymphangiectasia was confirmed by excisional biopsy. An improvement in the degree of corneal dellen and chemosis was evident 1 week after ablation. Use of a high-frequency radiowave electrosurgical device may be a simple and effective treatment option for symptomatic conjunctival lymphangiectasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-Myeong Choi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyung Hyun Jin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kyung Hee University Medical Center, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Tae Gi Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
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Ronin C, Jullienne R, Dumollard JM, Thuret G, Gain P, Perrot JL. [Conjunctival lymphangiectasia: Appearance on confocal microscopy and OCT]. J Fr Ophtalmol 2018; 41:e271-e273. [PMID: 29910136 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfo.2017.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Revised: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C Ronin
- Service d'ophtalmologie, hôpital universitaire de Saint-Étienne, 42055 Saint-Étienne cedex 2, France.
| | - R Jullienne
- Service d'ophtalmologie, hôpital universitaire de Saint-Étienne, 42055 Saint-Étienne cedex 2, France.
| | - J-M Dumollard
- Service d'anatomopathologie, hôpital universitaire de Saint-Étienne, 42055 Saint-Étienne cedex 2, France.
| | - G Thuret
- Service d'ophtalmologie, hôpital universitaire de Saint-Étienne, 42055 Saint-Étienne cedex 2, France.
| | - P Gain
- Service d'ophtalmologie, hôpital universitaire de Saint-Étienne, 42055 Saint-Étienne cedex 2, France.
| | - J-L Perrot
- Service de dermatologie, hôpital universitaire de Saint-Étienne, 42055 Saint-Étienne cedex 2, France.
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Mustak H, Ugradar S, Goldberg R, Rootman D. Bevacizumab and Bleomycin combination for treatment of orbital lymphatico-venous malformation recalcitrant to sclerosing therapy alone. Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2018; 46:815-816. [PMID: 29369465 DOI: 10.1111/ceo.13159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hamzah Mustak
- Groote Schuur Hospital, Division of Ophthalmology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,Stein Eye Institute, Division of Orbital and Oculoplastic Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Shoaib Ugradar
- Stein Eye Institute, Division of Orbital and Oculoplastic Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Robert Goldberg
- Stein Eye Institute, Division of Orbital and Oculoplastic Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Daniel Rootman
- Stein Eye Institute, Division of Orbital and Oculoplastic Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Jeong HK, Park HS, Seo KY, Lee J. The Effects of Surgery for Conjunctival Lymphangiectasia Using a High-frequency Radio Wave Electrosurgical Unit. JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN OPHTHALMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 2018. [DOI: 10.3341/jkos.2018.59.4.314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Kyo Jeong
- Siloam Eye Hospital, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyo Song Park
- Siloam Eye Hospital, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyoung Yul Seo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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11
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Swann PG, Han T. Lymphangiectasia. Clin Exp Optom 2017; 101:418-419. [PMID: 29232763 DOI: 10.1111/cxo.12647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Revised: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Peter G Swann
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,School of Optometry, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Tina Han
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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12
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Volek E, Toth J, Nagy ZZ, Schneider M. Evaluation of lymphatic vessel dilatations by anterior segment swept-source optical coherence tomography: case report. BMC Ophthalmol 2017; 17:194. [PMID: 29061139 PMCID: PMC5654095 DOI: 10.1186/s12886-017-0588-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Conjunctival lymphangiectasia is a rare condition presumably caused by the obstruction of lymphatic channels or by an abnormal connection between conjunctival lymphatic and blood vessels. Diagnosis is based on clinical appearance and histology. We report a case of conjunctival lymphangiectasia in which anterior segment optical coherence tomography (OCT) was used to assist the diagnosis and the planning of the biopsy location. Case presentation A 31-year-old woman was referred with repeated episodes of conjunctival “hemorrhages” and chemosis with extended recovery periods over the last months. Other symptoms were dryness, redness, burning sensation and itching. Photo documentation, anterior segment OCT, ultrasound, computer tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain were performed. MRI revealed dilated atypical Virchow-Robin space (VRS). Conjunctival biopsy was taken and the location of the biopsy was selected based on OCT findings. Based on the clinical appearance we suspected the case to be conjunctival lymphangiectasia or lymphangioma. Histology and immunhistochemistry confirmed the diagnosis of conjunctival lymphangiectasia. Conclusions Anterior segment OCT is a non-invasive tool, useful in the evaluation of conjunctival lesions and planning surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Volek
- St. Lazarus Hospital, Salgotarjan, Hungary
| | - Jeannette Toth
- 2nd Department of Pathology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zoltan Zsolt Nagy
- Faculty of Medicine Department of Ophthalmology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Miklos Schneider
- Faculty of Medicine Department of Ophthalmology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.
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Zhang X, M VJ, Qu Y, He X, Ou S, Bu J, Jia C, Wang J, Wu H, Liu Z, Li W. Dry Eye Management: Targeting the Ocular Surface Microenvironment. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E1398. [PMID: 28661456 PMCID: PMC5535891 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18071398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Revised: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Dry eye can damage the ocular surface and result in mild corneal epithelial defect to blinding corneal pannus formation and squamous metaplasia. Significant progress in the treatment of dry eye has been made in the last two decades; progressing from lubricating and hydrating the ocular surface with artificial tear to stimulating tear secretion; anti-inflammation and immune regulation. With the increase in knowledge regarding the pathophysiology of dry eye, we propose in this review the concept of ocular surface microenvironment. Various components of the microenvironment contribute to the homeostasis of ocular surface. Compromise in one or more components can result in homeostasis disruption of ocular surface leading to dry eye disease. Complete evaluation of the microenvironment component changes in dry eye patients will not only lead to appropriate diagnosis, but also guide in timely and effective clinical management. Successful treatment of dry eye should be aimed to restore the homeostasis of the ocular surface microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobo Zhang
- Eye Institute of Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
- Medical College of Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
- Xiamen University affiliated Xiamen Eye Center, Xiamen 361102, China.
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Xiamen 361102, China.
| | - Vimalin Jeyalatha M
- Eye Institute of Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
- Medical College of Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Xiamen 361102, China.
| | - Yangluowa Qu
- Eye Institute of Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
- Medical College of Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Xiamen 361102, China.
| | - Xin He
- Eye Institute of Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
- Medical College of Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Xiamen 361102, China.
| | - Shangkun Ou
- Eye Institute of Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
- Medical College of Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Xiamen 361102, China.
| | - Jinghua Bu
- Eye Institute of Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
- Medical College of Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Xiamen 361102, China.
| | - Changkai Jia
- Eye Institute of Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
- Medical College of Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Xiamen 361102, China.
| | - Junqi Wang
- Eye Institute of Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
- Medical College of Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Xiamen 361102, China.
| | - Han Wu
- Eye Institute of Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
- Medical College of Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Xiamen 361102, China.
| | - Zuguo Liu
- Eye Institute of Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
- Medical College of Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
- Xiamen University affiliated Xiamen Eye Center, Xiamen 361102, China.
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Xiamen 361102, China.
| | - Wei Li
- Eye Institute of Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
- Medical College of Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
- Xiamen University affiliated Xiamen Eye Center, Xiamen 361102, China.
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Xiamen 361102, China.
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