Levels of Myeloperoxidase and Alkaline Phosphatase in Periimplant Sulcus Fluid in Health and Disease and After Nonsurgical Therapy

Biomarker Expression of Peri-Implantitis Lesions before and after Treatment: A Systematic Review

The need to predict, diagnose and treat peri-implant diseases has never been greater. We present a systematic review of the literature on the changes in the expression of biomarkers in peri-implant crevicular fluid (PICF) before and after treatment of peri-implantitis. Bacterial composition, clinical and radiographic parameters, and systemic biomarkers before and after treatment are reported as secondary outcomes. A total of 17 studies were included. Treatment groups were non-surgical treatment or surgical treatment, either alone or with adjunctive therapy. Our findings show that non-surgical treatment alone does not influence biomarker levels or clinical outcomes. Both adjunctive photodynamic therapy and local minocycline application resulted in a reduction of interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-10 twelve months after treatment. Non-surgical treatments with adjunctive use of lasers or antimicrobials were more effective at improving the clinical outcomes in the short-term only. Access flap debridement led to matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-8 and tumour necrosis factor-α reduction twelve months post-surgery. Surgical debridement with adjunctive antimicrobials achieved a decrease in MMP-8 at three months. Adjunctive use of Emdogain^™ (EMD) was associated with a reduction in 40 PICF proteins compared to access flap surgery alone. Surgical interventions were more effective at reducing probing pocket depth and bleeding on probing both in the short- and long-term. Surgical treatment in combination with EMD was found to be more effective in resolving inflammation up to twelve months.

Differential expressions of biomarkers in gingival crevicular fluid of Han and Uygur populations with peri-implantitis

This study aims to investigate and compare the biomarkers in the gingival crevicular fluid between the Han and Uygur subjects with healthy implants and peri-implantitis.Totally 80 subjects were divided into the H-case (Han patients with peri-implantitis), U-case (Uygur patients with peri-implantitis), H-control (Han subjects with healthy implants), and U-control (Uygur subjects with healthy implants) groups. Cytokine levels in the gingival crevicular fluid were detected, and the dominant bacteria species were analyzed.The matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-13 level in the gingival crevicular fluid in the U-control group was significantly higher than the H-control group, whereas the C-reactive protein level in the H-control group was significantly higher than in the U-control group. No significant difference was observed in the dominant subgingival bacteria species between the H- and U-control groups. The levels of interleukin (IL)-1β and MMP-8 were significantly higher in the H-case group than the U-case group, whereas the IL-17A level in the U-case group was significantly higher. The shared dominant subgingival bacteria species of the case groups mainly included Prevotella, clostridium, Porphyromonas, treponema, Streptococcus, neisseria, and hemophilus. Moreover, Acinetobacter, Micrococcus, and Moraxella were found to be the specific dominant subgingival bacteria species for the U-case group. In addition, compared with the H-case group, the IL-1β levels were negatively correlated with Acinetobacter, Micrococcus, and Moraxella in the U-case group.Han and Uygur populations with healthy implants and peri-implantitis have differentially expressed cytokines in the gingival crevicular fluid. Moreover, dominant subgingival bacteria species differ between the Han and Uygur populations with peri-implantitis.