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Stordal B, Farrelly AM, Hennessy BT. Chromosomal copy number and mutational status are required to authenticate ovarian cancer cell lines as appropriate cell models. Mol Biol Rep 2024; 51:784. [PMID: 38940864 PMCID: PMC11213756 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-024-09747-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mutational status of ovarian cancer cell line IGROV-1 is inconsistent across the literature, suggestive of multiple clonal populations of the cell line. IGROV-1 has previously been categorised as an inappropriate model for high-grade serous ovarian cancer. METHODS IGROV-1 cells were obtained from the Netherlands Cancer Institute (IGROV-1-NKI) and the MD Anderson Cancer Centre (IGROV-1-MDA). Cell lines were STR fingerprinted and had their chromosomal copy number analysed and BRCA1/2 genes sequenced. Mutation status of ovarian cancer-related genes were extracted from the literature. RESULTS The IGROV-1-NKI cell line has a tetraploid chromosomal profile. In contrast, the IGROV-1-MDA cell line has pseudo-normal chromosomes. The IGROV-1-NKI and IGROV-MDA are both STR matches (80.7% and 84.6%) to the original IGROV-1 cells isolated in 1985. However, IGROV-1-NKI and IGROV-1-MDA are not an STR match to each other (78.1%) indicating genetic drift. The BRCA1 and BRCA2 gene sequences are 100% identical between IGROV-1-MDA and IGROV-1-NKI, including a BRCA1 heterozygous deleterious mutation. The IGROV-1-MDA cells are more resistant to cisplatin and olaparib than IGROV-1-NKI. IGROV-1 has a mutational profile consistent with both Type I (PTEN, PIK3CA and ARID1A) and Type II ovarian cancer (BRCA1, TP53) and is likely to be a Type II high-grade serous carcinoma of the SET (Solid, pseudo-Endometroid and Transitional cell carcinoma-like morphology) subtype. CONCLUSIONS Routine testing of chromosomal copy number as well as the mutational status of ovarian cancer related genes should become the new standard alongside STR fingerprinting to ensure that ovarian cancer cell lines are appropriate models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britta Stordal
- Department of Natural Sciences, Middlesex University London, The Burroughs, Hendon, London, NW4 4BT, UK.
| | - Angela M Farrelly
- Department of Medical Oncology, Beaumont Hospital and Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Bryan T Hennessy
- Department of Medical Oncology, Beaumont Hospital and Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
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Razak Amanullah NA, Poothiode U, Vilasiniamma L. Expression of p53 in epithelial ovarian tumors. INDIAN J PATHOL MICR 2021; 63:235-240. [PMID: 32317522 DOI: 10.4103/ijpm.ijpm_526_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ovarian cancers remain the most lethal of all gynecological malignancies despite major developments in their treatment. Objectives To study the rate of expression and staining patterns of p53 in various histological types and grades of epithelial ovarian tumors (EOT). Materials and Methods Sixty EOTs received in a tertiary care center were studied for gross, microscopy, and p53 immunohistochemistry (IHC) expression patterns. Parameters such as age, laterality of tumor, ascites, capsule rupture, tumor size, stage at presentation, metastasis, tumor grade, and number of mitosis were correlated. Results Of the sixty cases studied, 23 (38.3%) were malignant. Serous carcinomas were the largest group with 17 cases (74%) followed by mucinous with 4 cases (17%) and 2 clear cell carcinomas (9%). All benign and borderline EOT were p53 negative. 65.2% of the malignancies were p53 positive and all of them were serous malignancies. 15 out of 16 high-grade serous carcinomas were p53 positive (94%), while one case was negative (6%). 10 cases (63%) showed intense diffuse positivity of more than 60% of the nucleus, while 5 cases (31%) showed aberrant null staining <5% staining of the nucleus. All mucinous, clear cell carcinomas, and the only low-grade serous carcinoma in the study were p53 negative. P53 staining had positive correlations with variables like capsule rupture, ascites, laterality, and CA 125. Conclusions The study highlights the different rates of expression and staining patterns of p53 and the need for correct interpretation of p53 IHC for the diagnosis of various EOT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nihad Abdul Razak Amanullah
- Assistant Professor in Pathology, Department of Neuroscience Technology, College of Applied Medical Sciences - Jubail (CAMSJ), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Jubail Industrial City, Al Jubail P O Box 3856, Saudi Arabia
| | - Usha Poothiode
- Department of Pathology, Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church Medical College, Kolenchery, Kerala University of Health Sciences, Kerala, India
| | - Letha Vilasiniamma
- Department of Pathology, Govt. Medical College Kottayam, Kerala University of Health Sciences, Kerala, India
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Ribeiro CM, Brito LGO, Benetti-Pinto CL, Teixeira JC, Yela DA. Is Diagnostic Hysteroscopy Safe for the Investigation of Type II Endometrial Cancer? A Retrospective Cohort Analysis. J Minim Invasive Gynecol 2021; 28:1536-1543. [PMID: 33444791 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmig.2021.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVE Although hysteroscopy (HSC) can be used for assessing the uterine cavity in women with suspected endometrial cancer (EC), it remains controversial as a procedure because it can potentially enhance the metastatic spread of cancer cells. Moreover, it is important to assess this hypothesis for type II EC, a more aggressive phenotype that usually presents with endometrial atrophy and has worse prognosis. Thus, we aimed to assess the prevalence of positive peritoneal cytology result in women with type II EC who underwent HSC as a diagnostic tool and to determine the factors associated with patient relapse/survival. DESIGN Retrospective cohort analysis (2002-2017). SETTING Tertiary, academic hospital. PATIENTS One hundred twenty-seven women with type II EC. INTERVENTIONS Diagnostic HSC (HSC) (n = 43) or dilation/curettage (D&C) (n = 84). MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Primary end point was the frequency of positive peritoneal cytology result. Survival curves were projected using the Kaplan-Meier method and compared using the log-rank test. Cox regression analysis with hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated to assess the factors related with the disease-free survival (DFS) and the disease-specific survival (DSS). Advanced cancer stage and greater vascular invasion appeared more frequently in the D&C group (p = .008 and p = .04, respectively). Positive peritoneal cytology result was present in 2 of 43 (4.6%) women following HSC and in 9 of 84 (10.7%) following D&C (p = .22). DFS and DSS curves did not statistically differ between the groups. Multivariate analysis for DFS revealed that advanced cancer stage (III and IV) (HR = 4.67; 95% CI, 2.34-9.34; p <.001) and advanced age (HR = 1.08; 95% CI, 1.04-1.13]; p <.001) were the factors associated with relapse. For DSS, advanced age (HR = 1.08; 95% CI, 1.05-1.12; p <.001), cancer stage III/IV (HR = 3.95; 95% CI, 2.18-7.15; p <.001), and vascular invasion (HR = 2.47; 95% CI, 1.34-4.54; p = .004) increased the risk of mortality. CONCLUSION Diagnostic HSC did not increase the rate of positive peritoneal cytology result at the time of surgical staging in this cohort of women with type II EC and is probably as safe as D&C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Machado Ribeiro
- Division of Minimally Invasive Gynecologic Surgery (Drs. Ribeiro, Brito, Benetti-Pinto, and Yela), Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luiz Gustavo Oliveira Brito
- Division of Minimally Invasive Gynecologic Surgery (Drs. Ribeiro, Brito, Benetti-Pinto, and Yela), Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cristina Laguna Benetti-Pinto
- Division of Minimally Invasive Gynecologic Surgery (Drs. Ribeiro, Brito, Benetti-Pinto, and Yela), Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Júlio César Teixeira
- Divison of Gynecologic Oncology (Dr. Teixeira), Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daniela Angerame Yela
- Division of Minimally Invasive Gynecologic Surgery (Drs. Ribeiro, Brito, Benetti-Pinto, and Yela), Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Adachi M, Masugi Y, Yamazaki K, Emoto K, Kobayashi Y, Tominaga E, Banno K, Aoki D, Sakamoto M. Upregulation of cyclase-associated actin cytoskeleton regulatory protein 2 in epithelial ovarian cancer correlates with aggressive histologic types and worse outcomes. Jpn J Clin Oncol 2020; 50:643-652. [PMID: 32211793 DOI: 10.1093/jjco/hyaa026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cyclase-associated actin cytoskeleton regulatory protein 2 (CAP2) regulates actin dynamics to control cell cycles and cell migration. CAP2 overexpression contributes to cancer progression in several tumor types; however, the role of CAP2 expression in ovarian cancer remains unclear. This study aimed to clarify the significance of CAP2 expression in epithelial ovarian tumor. METHODS We evaluated CAP2 expression in ovarian cancer cell lines using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, western blotting and immunocytochemistry and examined the effect of CAP2 silencing in migration and proliferation assays. CAP2 immunohistochemistry was conducted using tissue specimens from 432 ovarian carcinoma patients; a further 55 borderline and benign 65 lesions were analyzed. CAP2 expression levels were defined as low, intermediate or high, for correlation analysis with clinicopathological factors. RESULTS CAP2 expression was significantly higher in cell lines from Type II ovarian cancer than in those in Type I, and knockdown of CAP2 showed decreased migration and proliferation. Higher levels of CAP2 expression in human tissues were associated with Type II histology, residual lesion, lymph node metastasis, ascites cytology and higher clinical stage. High CAP2 expression levels were observed in 26 (23.4%) of 111 Type II ovarian cancers and in 16 (5.0%) of 321 Type I cancers but not in any borderline or benign lesions. Multivariate analyses showed that CAP2 expression in ovarian cancer is an independent prognostic factor for recurrence-free survival (P = 0.019). CONCLUSION CAP2 expression is upregulated in aggressive histologic types of epithelial ovarian cancer and serves as a novel prognostic biomarker for patient survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masataka Adachi
- Department of Pathology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yohei Masugi
- Department of Pathology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ken Yamazaki
- Department of Pathology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Katsura Emoto
- Department of Pathology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yusuke Kobayashi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Eiichiro Tominaga
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kouji Banno
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daisuke Aoki
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Michiie Sakamoto
- Department of Pathology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Jammal MP, Martins Filho A, Bandeira GH, Murta BMT, Murta EFC, Nomelini RS. Laboratory predictors of survival in ovarian cancer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 66:61-66. [PMID: 32130383 DOI: 10.1590/1806-9282.66.1.61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To relate disease-free survival and overall survival with type I and type II ovarian cancer and preoperative laboratory parameters biomarkers. METHODS A retrospective study was carried out based on the collection of data from medical records of patients with ovarian tumors. Kaplan-Mayer curves were drawn based on the statistical analysis of the data and were compared using the Log-rank test. RESULTS Disease-free survival in type I ovarian cancer was significantly higher than in type II (p=0.0013), as well as in those with normal levels of CA-125 (p=0.0243) and with a platelet-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) lower than 200 (p=0.0038). The overall survival of patients with type I ovarian cancer was significantly higher than in patients with type II, as well as in patients with normal CA-125 serum levels (p=0.0039) and those with a preoperative fasting glucose of less than 100 mg/dL. CONCLUSION CA-125 levels may predict greater overall and disease-free survival. PLR < 200 may suggest greater disease-free survival, whereas normal fasting glucose may suggest greater overall survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Millena Prata Jammal
- . Instituto de Pesquisa em Oncologia (IPON)/Departamento de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia; Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, MG, Brasil
| | - Agrimaldo Martins Filho
- . Instituto de Pesquisa em Oncologia (IPON)/Departamento de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia; Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, MG, Brasil
| | - Guilherme Henrique Bandeira
- . Instituto de Pesquisa em Oncologia (IPON)/Departamento de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia; Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, MG, Brasil
| | | | - Eddie Fernando Candido Murta
- . Instituto de Pesquisa em Oncologia (IPON)/Departamento de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia; Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, MG, Brasil
| | - Rosekeila Simões Nomelini
- . Instituto de Pesquisa em Oncologia (IPON)/Departamento de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia; Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, MG, Brasil
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Skirnisdottir I, Akerud H, Seidal T, Sundstrom-Poromaa I. Cell Cycle Regulator p27 Mediates Body Mass Index Effects in Ovarian Cancer in FIGO-stages I-II. Cancer Genomics Proteomics 2019; 16:443-450. [PMID: 31659099 DOI: 10.21873/cgp.20148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM The aim of the present study was to evaluate the association between body mass index (BMI), the biomarker p27, and the clinical factors in FIGO-stages I-II ovarian cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS A total of 128 patients with ovarian cancer were included in the study. For testing differences in univariate analyzes we used the Pearson's Chi-square test and the log-rank test. For multivariate analyses the logistic regression and Cox regression models were used with recurrent disease and disease-free survival as endpoints, respectively. RESULTS Patients with BMI ≤25 kg/m2 had a significantly better 5-year disease-free survival compared with patients with BMI >25 kg/m2 in the total series of patients (p=0.008), and in the series of patients (n=77) with non-serous tumors (p=0.047). Patients with p27-positive non-serous tumors had higher survival compared to patients with p27-negative non-serous tumors (p=0.020). CONCLUSION The cell cycle regulator p27 mediates BMI effects in ovarian cancer in FIGO-stages I-II.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Helena Akerud
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Tomas Seidal
- Department of Pathology, Halmstad Medical Center Hospital, Halmstad, Sweden
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Pelupessy NU, Andrijono A, Sutrisna B, Harahap AR, Kanoko M, Nuranna L, Siregar B, Wulandari D. CD133, CD44, and ALDH1A1 as cancer stem cell markers and prognostic factors in epithelial ovarian cancer. MEDICAL JOURNAL OF INDONESIA 2019. [DOI: 10.13181/mji.v28i1.2863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ovarian cancer is a heterogeneous disease, and most patients are diagnosed at an advanced stage. Epithelial ovarian cancer type II is characterized by rapid tumor growth and is genetically more labile than type I. This study was aimed to demonstrate the prognostic value of CSC by using the markers CD133, CD44, and ALDH1A1 in EOC.METHODS Clinicopathological and demographic data were collected from medical records. The markers CD133, CD44, and ALDH1A1 were examined with flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry. Cancer stem cell (CSC) marker expression in patients with ovarian cancer types I and II were related to chemotherapy and survival. In multivariate analysis, the prognosis model was tested for ten months.RESULTS The largest demographic consisted of patients aged ≥45 years, with stage I, poor differentiation, and type II, of which there were 40 samples (72.7%), 23 samples (41.8%), 30 samples (54.5%), and 16 samples (29.1%), respectively. There is a high correlation between the 10-month chemotherapy response and the 4 variables, i.e., age ≥45 years, type II, stage III–IV, and CD44, with an ROC of 80.75% and a post-test probability of 82.5%. Using the ROC curve, the highest chemoresistance score was 0.841, based on the combination of CSCs markers and clinicopathological factors, that is stage III–IV, age ≥45 years, poor differentiation, type II, negative CD133, high CD44, and high ALDH1A1.CONCLUSIONS CSC (CD133, CD44, and ALDH1A1) markers and clinicopathological factors are prognostic of epithelial ovarian cancer.
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Salazar C, Campbell IG, Gorringe KL. When Is "Type I" Ovarian Cancer Not "Type I"? Indications of an Out-Dated Dichotomy. Front Oncol 2018; 8:654. [PMID: 30627526 PMCID: PMC6309131 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2018.00654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The dualistic classification of epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) into “type I” and “type II” is widely applied in the research setting; it is used as a convenient way of conceptualizing different mechanisms of tumorigenesis. However, this classification conflicts with recent molecular insights of the etiology of EOC. Molecular and cell of origin studies indicate that while type II tumors could be classed together, type I tumors are not homogenous, even within the histological types, and can have poor clinical outcomes. Type II high grade serous carcinoma and type I low grade serous carcinomas best fit the description of the dualistic model, with different precursors, and distinct molecular profiles. However, endometriosis-associated cancers should be considered a separate group, without assuming an indolent course or type I genetic profiles. Furthermore, the very clear differences between mucinous ovarian carcinomas and other type I tumors, including an uncertain origin, and heterogeneous mutational spectrum and clinical behavior, indicate a non-type I classification for this entity. The impression that only type II carcinomas are aggressive, have poor prognosis, and carry TP53 mutations is an unhelpful misinterpretation of the dualistic classification. In this review, we revisit the history of EOC classification, and discuss the misunderstanding of the dualistic model by comparing the clinical and molecular heterogeneity of EOC types. We also emphasize that all EOC research, both basic and clinical, should consider the subtypes as different diseases beyond the type I/type II model, and base novel therapies on the molecular characteristics of each tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Salazar
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Ian G Campbell
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Kylie L Gorringe
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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Chen J, Clark LH, Kong WM, Yan Z, Han C, Zhao H, Liu TT, Zhang TQ, Song D, Jiao SM, Zhou C. Does hysteroscopy worsen prognosis in women with type II endometrial carcinoma? PLoS One 2017; 12:e0174226. [PMID: 28334032 PMCID: PMC5363864 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0174226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 03/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Prior studies evaluating the impact of hysteroscopy on outcomes in endometrial cancer have predominantly evaluated type I tumors. We sought to evaluate whether hysteroscopy worsens prognosis in type II endometrial cancer. Methods A retrospective cohort analysis of 140 patients from two institutions with type II endometrial cancer was performed. Women who underwent either diagnostic hysteroscopy (HSC) or dilation and curettage (D&C) for cancer diagnosis from June 2001 until June 2010 were included. The clinical and pathologic characteristics, including peritoneal cytology results were reviewed. The primary endpoint was disease-specific survival (DSS). The exposure of interest was hysteroscopy. Survival curves were projected using the Kaplan-Meier method and compared using the log-rank test. Results There was no difference in age, histology, stage, depth of myometrial invasion, adnexal involvement, or nodal metastasis between HSC and D&C patients. Positive cytology was found in 16/54 (30%) patients following HSC and in 10/86 (12%) following D&C (p = 0.008). Fourteen patients with stage I and II disease had positive peritoneal cytology, with 11/40 (27.5%) patients in the HSC group and 3/59 (5%) patients in the D&C group(p = 0.002). Median DSS was clinically different for the HSC and D&C groups, but statistical significance was not reached (53 versus 63.5 months, p = 0.34). For stage I and II patients, 18/99 (18%) were dead of EC, with a median DSS of 60 months for HSC and 71 months for D&C (p = 0.82). Overall 46 (33%) patients developed a recurrence, with 18/54 (33%) in the HSC group compared to 28/86 (32%) in the D&C group (p = 0.92). There was no difference in recurrence location between groups. Conclusions Diagnostic hysteroscopy significantly increased the rate of positive peritoneal cytology at the time of surgical staging in this cohort of patients with type II EC. However, we were unable to detect a difference in prognosis as measured by DSS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Chen
- Department of Gynecological Oncology, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Leslie H. Clark
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Wei-Min Kong
- Department of Gynecological Oncology, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (WMK); (CZ)
| | - Zhen Yan
- Department of Gynecological Oncology, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Chao Han
- Department of Gynecological Oncology, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Zhao
- Department of Gynecological Oncology, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ting-Ting Liu
- Department of Gynecological Oncology, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Tong-Qing Zhang
- Department of Gynecological Oncology, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Dan Song
- Department of Gynecological Oncology, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Si-Meng Jiao
- Department of Gynecological Oncology, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Chunxiao Zhou
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail: (WMK); (CZ)
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