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Pergialiotis V, Rodolakis I, Rodolakis A, Thomakos N. Controversies and Advances in the Personalized Surgical Treatment of Cervical Cancer. J Pers Med 2024; 14:606. [PMID: 38929827 PMCID: PMC11204897 DOI: 10.3390/jpm14060606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Cervical cancer represents a global health issue as it is mostly encountered in women of reproductive age, while at the same time, survival outcomes seem to have remained constant during the last two decades. The need to implement fertility-sparing strategies as well as to decrease the morbidity that accompanies radical treatment has been extensively studied. During the last decade, several randomized clinical trials have been released, resulting in significant advances in the surgical treatment of early-stage disease. At the same time, evidence about the surgical treatment of advanced-stage disease as well as recurrent disease has gradually appeared and seems to be promising, thus leading the point forward towards personalized medicine that will remove the surgical barriers that seem concrete in our era. Nevertheless, the discrepancies in perioperative morbidity and survival outcomes that were observed among published studies raise several questions. In the present article, we chose to review the gray fields in the surgical treatment of early-stage and advanced-stage cervical cancer. Studies that are based on strong evidence that support current clinical practice are compared to smaller cohorts that present novel data that may form the basis for future research, and issues that remain poorly explored are discussed in an effort to help establish a consensus for future research development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasilios Pergialiotis
- First Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Gynecologic Oncology, “Alexandra” General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15703 Athens, Greece; (I.R.); (A.R.); (N.T.)
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Su X, Huang J, Wang N. Effect of different treatment modalities on the prognosis of patients with stage IIIC cervical cancer. Front Oncol 2024; 14:1405778. [PMID: 38863632 PMCID: PMC11165038 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2024.1405778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective To compare the effects of different treatments on the prognosis of patients with stage IIIC cervical cancer and to identify the main influencing factors to predict the outcomes of patients. Methods In this study, a total of 1763 patients with stage IIIC cervical cancer from 2010-2015 were retrospectively analyzed, and these patients were divided into the radical radiotherapy ± chemotherapy group (877 patients) and the radical surgery + radiotherapy ± chemotherapy group (886 patients) according to the treatment methods. The survival differences between the two groups were compared using the Kaplan-Meier method. Unifactorial and multifactorial COX analyses screened the clinical factors affecting the prognosis. The nomogram was constructed, and the accuracy of the line graph was verified using the C-index, calibration, and ROC (receiver operator characteristic curve, ROC). Results Age, race, T-stage, pathologic type, mass size, whether or not they underwent surgery, and whether or not they received radiotherapy were independent factors affecting Overall Survival (OS). For all patients with TxN1M0 in cervical cancer stage IIIC, radical synchronized radiotherapy was better than the radical surgery group (p<0.0001). After comparing the tumor size breakdown, it could be found that in the T1N1M0, T2N1M0, and T3N1M0 groups, none of the OS in the surgical group achieved an improvement in OS compared with that in the non-surgical group (p>0.05). Conclusion In patients with stage IIIC cervical cancer, OS did not improve in the radical surgery group compared with the radical simultaneous radiotherapy group. And surgery did not benefit patients' survival regardless of tumor size.
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Wang Y, Lyu Y, Che X, Li J, Feng W. Can surgery boost the survival benefit of chemoradiotherapy in T1b1-T2a1 stage cervical cancer with lymph node metastasis? A population-based study. J Gynecol Oncol 2024; 35:e36. [PMID: 38216135 PMCID: PMC11107273 DOI: 10.3802/jgo.2024.35.e36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2023] [Revised: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to determine whether surgery followed by adjuvant chemoradiotherapy has superior survival outcomes for node-positive patients with T1b1-T2a1 stage cervical cancer compared with those who undergo chemoradiation. METHODS We investigated the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database for 12,701 patients diagnosed between 2000 and 2018. Patients were stratified according to different T stages and different treatment strategies. Surgery included radical hysterectomy (RH) or total hysterectomy (TH). Radiotherapy (RT) included adjuvant chemoradiation or chemoradiation alone. Cox analyses were performed to select the clinically important factors of survival outcomes. Survival analysis was used to compare those who received different treatment methods. RESULTS A total of 12,701 International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics 2018 stage IIIC cervical cancer patients were identified. The risk of overall survival (OS) was significantly different between patients who received and did not receive chemoradiotherapy in the T categories. In the propensity-score matched dataset, early-T stage (T1b1 and T1b2) and node-positive patients in the "RH+RT" and "TH+RT" groups had better disease-specific survival (DSS) than those in the RT group. No difference in DSS was observed between the "surgery following RT" group and the RT group in locally advanced stage (T1b3 and T2a1, node positive) patients. Regarding T1b1-T2a1 node-positive patients, the RH+RT group had a similar survival outcome to that in the TH+RT group. CONCLUSION We showed that surgery following RT benefits early-T stage (T1b1 and T1b2) cervical cancer patients with lymph node metastasis. For locally advanced stages (T1b3 and T2a1), surgery and RT had similar survival outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwei Wang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - You Lyu
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoxia Che
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiwei Feng
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China.
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Agustí N, Viveros-Carreño D, Mora-Soto N, Ramírez PT, Rauh-Hain A, Wu CF, Rodríguez J, Grillo-Ardila CF, Salazar C, Jorgensen K, Segarra-Vidal B, Chacón E, Melamed A, Pareja R. Diagnostic accuracy of sentinel lymph node frozen section analysis in patients with early-stage cervical cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Gynecol Oncol 2023; 177:157-164. [PMID: 37703622 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2023.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the diagnostic accuracy of intraoperative SLN frozen section analysis compared with ultrastaging in patients with early-stage cervical cancer. METHODS A systematic literature review was conducted following the PRISMA checklist. MEDLINE (via Ovid), Embase, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials were searched from inception until February 2023. The inclusion criteria were patients with early-stage cervical cancer (2018 FIGO stage I-II), consisting of the histological subtype squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, or adenosquamous carcinoma (≥90% of the patients in each study), who underwent SLN detection (with any tracer) and intraoperative frozen section followed by SLN ultrastaging. Randomized controlled trials, prospective and retrospective observational studies were considered. The detection rates and measures of diagnostic accuracy were pooled using a random effects univariate model. A preplanned subgroup meta-analysis was conducted, with isolated tumor cells excluded as positive lymph nodes. The review was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42023397147). RESULTS The search identified 190 articles, with 153 studies considered potentially eligible after removing duplicates. Fourteen studies met the selection criteria, including a total of 1720 patients. Seven studies were retrospective, and the other seven were prospective. Frozen section analysis detected 159 of 292 (54.5%) patients with lymph node metastases. In 281 patients the type of volume metastasis was reported: 1 of 41 (2.4%) patients had isolated tumor cells, 21 of 78 (26.9%) patients had micrometastases, and 133 of 162 (82.1%) patients had macrometastases. The pooled sensitivity of intraoperative SLN frozen section analysis was 65% (95% CI, 51-77%) for macrometastases, micrometastases, and isolated tumor cells. When we excluded patients with isolated tumor cells, the pooled sensitivity increased to 72% (95% CI, 60-82%). CONCLUSION SLN frozen section detects 65% of lymph node metastases compared with SLN ultrastaging and may prevent unnecessary radical surgery in some patients with early-stage cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuria Agustí
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States of America.
| | - David Viveros-Carreño
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Bogotá, Colombia; Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Clínica Universitaria Colombia and Centro de Tratamiento (e) Investigación sobre Cáncer Luis Carlos Sarmiento Angulo - CTIC, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Nathalia Mora-Soto
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Pedro T Ramírez
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Alejandro Rauh-Hain
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Chi-Fang Wu
- Department of Health Services Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Juliana Rodríguez
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Bogotá, Colombia; Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Section of Gynecologic Oncology, Fundación Santa Fe de Bogotá, Bogotá, Colombia; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | | | - Catherin Salazar
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Kirsten Jorgensen
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Blanca Segarra-Vidal
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University General Hospital of Castellon, Castellon, Spain
| | - Enrique Chacón
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Alexander Melamed
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, United States of America; New York-Presbyterian/Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States of America; Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - René Pareja
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Bogotá, Colombia; Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Clínica ASTORGA, Medellín, Colombia
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Fan X, Wang Y, Yang N, Zhu P. Prognostic analysis of patients with stage IIIC1p cervical cancer treated by surgery. World J Surg Oncol 2023; 21:186. [PMID: 37344912 DOI: 10.1186/s12957-023-03076-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cervical cancer (CC) is one of the most common gynaecologic malignancies. The prognosis of stage IIIC1p cervical cancer patients treated by surgery is heterogeneous. Therefore, the aim of this study was to analyse the factors influencing the prognosis in such patients. METHODS From January 2012 to December 2017, 102 patients with cervical cancer who underwent surgical treatment in the Department of Gynaecology and Tumours, Changzhou Maternal and Child Health Hospital, and had pelvic lymph node metastasis confirmed by pathology were analysed retrospectively. All patients underwent radical hysterectomy with/without oophorectomy with pelvic lymphadenectomy with/without para-aortic lymphadenectomy. Clinical data was collected including age, surgical method, ovarian status, intraoperative blood loss, perioperative complications, tumour size, pathological type, depth of stromal invasion (DSI), whether the lymphatic vascular space was infiltrated, number of pelvic lymph node metastases, location of pelvic lymph node metastases, total number of lymph nodes resected, lymph node ratio (LNR), nature of vaginal margin, whether parametrium was involved, postoperative adjuvant therapy, preoperative neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and prognostic information of patients. Survival curves for overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) were plotted using the Kaplan-Meier method, and the difference between the survival curves was tested using the log-rank test. Univariate and multivariate COX regression models were used to assess the factors associated with overall survival and disease-free survival in patients with stage IIIC1p cervical cancer. Nomogram plots were constructed to predict OS and DFS, and the predictive accuracy of the nomograms was measured by Harrell's C-index and calibration curves. RESULTS A total of 102 patients with stage IIIC1p cervical cancer were included in the study, and the median follow-up time was 63 months (range from 6 to 130 months). The 5-year OS was 64.7%, and the 5-year DFS was 62.7%. Multivariate analysis showed that no postoperative adjuvant therapy, LNR > 0.3 and NLR > 3.8 were independent risk factors for OS and DFS in patients with stage IIIC1p cervical cancer. CONCLUSIONS Patients with stage IIIC1p cervical cancer have a poor prognosis. Lower OS and DFS were associated with no postoperative adjuvant therapy, LNR > 0.3 and NLR > 3.8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Fan
- Changzhou Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Changzhou Medical Center, Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, 213000, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yifei Wang
- Changzhou Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Changzhou Medical Center, Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, 213000, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ni Yang
- Changzhou Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Changzhou Medical Center, Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, 213000, Jiangsu, China
| | - Pengfeng Zhu
- Changzhou Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Changzhou Medical Center, Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, 213000, Jiangsu, China.
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Predicting the rate of adjuvant postoperative chemo/radiation in cervical cancer with tumor size ≥2 cm and <4 cm: An Israeli Gynecologic Oncology Group study. Surg Oncol 2022; 42:101777. [DOI: 10.1016/j.suronc.2022.101777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Bai Y, Rong L, Hu B, Ma X, Wang J, Chen H. The Combination of T Stage and the Number of Pathologic Lymph Nodes Provides Better Prognostic Discrimination in Early-Stage Cervical Cancer With Lymph Node Involvement. Front Oncol 2021; 11:764065. [PMID: 34804967 PMCID: PMC8602848 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.764065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Stage I and II cervical cancer with pelvic and/or para-aortic lymph node (LN) metastases are upstaged to stage IIIC under the new FIGO 2018 staging system, and radical chemoradiotherapy was recommended. But heterogeneity in outcome existed in this group of patients. We conducted this retrospective analysis to evaluate the heterogeneity of these patients and tried to provide a more detailed classification to reflect the prognosis and guide the treatment. We also evaluated the efficacy and toxicity of surgery followed by sequential chemoradiotherapy in this cohort. Methods Early-stage cervical cancer with LN involvement that had radical hysterectomy followed by sequential chemoradiotherapy were retrospectively analyzed. Survival analyses were conducted to identify the prognostic factors. Results A total of 242 patients were included in the study; 64 (26.4%) patients had treatment failure, and 51 (21.1%) died. Pathology, T stage, the number of pathologic LN (pLN), and neoadjuvant chemotherapy or not were independent prognostic factors for disease-free survival and overall survival (OS). Patients with T1N < 3 pLN had significantly better survival than T2N < 3 pLN/T1-2 N≥ 3 pLN, with failure rates of 11.6% and 35.8% in each group; and 5 year OS was 92% and 62%, respectively (P = 0.000). About 1.5% of the patients discontinued radiotherapy, and 14.1% had G3-4 hematological toxic effects during radiotherapy; 1.7% developed G2-3 lower limb edema, and 2.9% developed severe urinary toxicity. Conclusion Nodal involvement alone is inadequate as the sole pathologic factor to predict survival in early-stage cervical cancer. The combination of tumor and node subcategory provides better prognostic discrimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongrui Bai
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ling Rong
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Bin Hu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiumei Ma
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiahui Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Haiyan Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Primary or adjuvant chemoradiotherapy for cervical cancer with intraoperative lymph node metastasis - A review. Cancer Treat Rev 2021; 102:102311. [PMID: 34773774 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2021.102311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Upon discovery of lymph node metastasis during radical hysterectomy with pelvic lymphadenectomy in early-stage cervical cancer, the gynaecologist may pursue one of two treatment strategies: abandonment of surgery followed by primary (chemo)radiotherapy (PRT) or completion of radical hysterectomy, followed by adjuvant (chemo)radiotherapy (RHRT). Current guidelines recommend PRT over RHRT, as combined treatment is presumably associated with increased morbidity. However, this review of literature suggests there are no significant differences in survival and recurrence and total proportions of adverse events between treatment strategies. Additionally, both strategies are associated with varying types of adverse events, and affect quality of life and sexual functioning differently, both in the short and long term. Although total proportions of adverse events were comparable between treatment strategies, lower extremity lymphoedema was reported more often after RHRT and symptom experience (e.g. distress from bladder or bowel problems) and sexual dysfunction more often after PRT. As reporting of adverse events, quality of life and sexual functioning were not standardised across the articles included, and covariate adjustment was not conducted in most of the analyses, comparability of studies is hampered. Accumulating retrospective evidence suggests no major differences on oncological outcome and morbidity after PRT and RHRT for intraoperatively discovered lymph node metastasis in cervical cancer. However, conclusions should be considered cautiously, as all studies were of retrospective design with small sample sizes. Still, treatment strategies seem to affect adverse events, quality of life and sexual functioning in different ways, allowing room for shared decision-making and personalised treatment.
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Schmid BC, Yuan R, Watterson L, Yu J, Hacker N. Two case studies of cardiac arrest occurring in medically fit patients undergoing radical hysterectomy for cervical cancer. Gynecol Oncol Rep 2021; 37:100823. [PMID: 34377756 PMCID: PMC8327486 DOI: 10.1016/j.gore.2021.100823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
We report case histories of two young women who had an intraoperative cardiac arrest, potentially caused by preoperative emotional stress, while undergoing open radical hysterectomy for cervical cancer. Neither had any history of heart disease or other comorbidities. Takotsubo cardiomyopathy, a form of stress cardiomyopathy characterized by acute reversible ventricular dysfunction that can occur in the perioperative period, was the cause in one patient. A vasovagal episode during the exploration of the abdomen was the cause in the other. Successful resuscitation and stabilisation of both patients made it possible to continue the surgery and successfully complete both procedures. Takotsubo cardiomyopathy should be considered in any patient showing significant preoperative stress who has a cardiac arrest, even if there is no preoperative morbidity. It is difficult to differentiate from a vasovagal episode intraoperatively. Surgical and anaesthetic teams should be aware of importance of countering severe preoperative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernd C Schmid
- Department of Gynaecological Oncology, Royal Hospital for Women, Barker St, Randwick, New South Wales 2031, Australia
| | - Rex Yuan
- Royal Hospital for Women, Department of Anaesthesiology, Barker St, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia
| | - Leonie Watterson
- Royal Hospital for Women, Department of Anaesthesiology, Barker St, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia
| | - Jennifer Yu
- Department of Cardiology, Prince of Wales Hospital and the Prince of Wales Clinical School, Barker St, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia
| | - Neville Hacker
- Royal Hospital for Women and School of Women's and Children's Health, University of New South Wales, Australia
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Shibutani T, Nagao S, Suzuki K, Yamamoto K, Jimi T, Yano H, Kitai M, Shiozaki T, Yamaguchi S. Treatment strategy for locally advanced squamous cell cervical cancer with clinically positive pelvic lymph nodes metastasis. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2021; 47:2442-2448. [PMID: 34002450 DOI: 10.1111/jog.14816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
AIM To determine the optimal treatment for locally advanced squamous cell cervical cancer with clinical positive pelvic lymph nodes metastasis (cN1). METHODS We enrolled patients with squamous cell cervical cancer with 2008 FIGO stages IB, IIA, or IIB diagnosed with cN1, who were treated at Hyogo Cancer Center between April 2010 and December 2016. Patients with para-aortic lymph nodes metastasis were excluded. RESULTS Of the 69 eligible patients, 24 underwent concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCRT), 11 underwent radical hysterectomy with pelvic lymphadenectomy (RH) with or without adjuvant RT, and 34 underwent neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) followed by RH as initial treatment. The regimens of NAC included dose-dense TC (paclitaxel 80 mg/m2 , days 1, 8, 15; and carboplatin at an area under the curve = 6 on day 1, every 3 weeks) and dose-dense TP (paclitaxel 80 mg/m2 on days 1, 8, 15; and cisplatin 75 mg/m2 on day 1, every 3 weeks). The median observation period was 57 (12-107) months. The 5-year disease-free survival rates of the CCRT, RH, and NAC groups were 78.7%, 63.6%, and 88.2%, respectively (p = 0.14). The 5-year overall survival rates of the CCRT, RH, and NAC groups were 78.6%, 70.1%, and 94.1%, respectively (p = 0.11). CONCLUSIONS We recommend avoiding RH as primary treatment for cN1 with locally advanced squamous cell cervical cancer. Although CCRT should be considered for cN1, further studies are required to determine if NAC followed by RH will serve as an effective option.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Shibutani
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Hyogo Cancer Center, Akashi, Japan
| | - Shoji Nagao
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Hyogo Cancer Center, Akashi, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Suzuki
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Hyogo Cancer Center, Akashi, Japan
| | - Kasumi Yamamoto
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Hyogo Cancer Center, Akashi, Japan
| | - Tomoatsu Jimi
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Hyogo Cancer Center, Akashi, Japan
| | - Hiroko Yano
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Hyogo Cancer Center, Akashi, Japan
| | - Miho Kitai
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Hyogo Cancer Center, Akashi, Japan
| | - Takaya Shiozaki
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Hyogo Cancer Center, Akashi, Japan
| | - Satoshi Yamaguchi
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Hyogo Cancer Center, Akashi, Japan
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Completion of radical hysterectomy does not improve survival of patients with cervical cancer and intraoperatively detected lymph node involvement: ABRAX international retrospective cohort study. Eur J Cancer 2020; 143:88-100. [PMID: 33290995 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2020.10.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The management of cervical cancer patients with intraoperative detection of lymph node involvement remains controversial. Since all these patients are referred for (chemo)radiation after the surgery, the key decision is whether radical hysterectomy should be completed as originally planned, taking into account an additional morbidity associated with extensive surgical dissection prior to adjuvant treatment. The ABRAX study investigated whether completing a radical uterine procedure is associated with an improved oncological outcome of such patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS We performed retrospective analyses of 515 cervical cancer patients (51 institutions, 19 countries) who were referred for primary curative surgery between 2005 and 2015 (stage IA-IIB, common tumour types) in whom lymph node involvement was detected intraoperatively. Patients were stratified according to whether the planned uterine surgery was completed (COMPL group, N = 361) or abandoned (ABAND group, N = 154) to compare progression-free survival. Definitive chemoradiation was given to 92.9% patients in the ABAND group and adjuvant (chemo)radiation or chemotherapy to 91.4% of patients in the COMPL group. RESULTS The risks of recurrence (hazard ratio [HR] 1.154, 95% confidence intervals [CI] 0.799-1.666, P = 0.45), pelvic recurrence (HR 0.836, 95% CI 0.458-1.523, P = 0.56), or death (HR 1.064, 95% CI 0.690-1.641, P = 0.78) were not significantly different between the two groups. No subgroup showed a survival benefit from completing radical hysterectomy. Disease-free survival reached 74% (381/515), with a median follow-up of 58 months. Prognostic factors were balanced between the two groups. FIGO stage and number of pelvic lymph nodes involved were significant prognostic factors in the whole study cohort. CONCLUSION We showed that the completion of radical hysterectomy does not improve survival in patients with intraoperatively detected lymph node involvement, regardless of tumour size or histological type. If lymph node involvement is confirmed intraoperatively, abandoning uterine radical procedure should be considered, and the patient should be referred for definitive chemoradiation. CLINICAL TRIALS IDENTIFIER NCT04037124.
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Sun JJ, Li HL, Ma H, Shi Y, Yin LR, Guo SJ. SMYD2 promotes cervical cancer growth by stimulating cell proliferation. Cell Biosci 2019; 9:75. [PMID: 31548876 PMCID: PMC6749660 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-019-0340-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cervical cancer is the most common gynecological malignancy with low terminal cure rate, and therefore new therapeutic targets are urgently needed to combat this disease. SMYD2, as an oncogene, is abnormal highly expressed in multiple types of tumors and further affects the occurrence and development, but the potential correlations between SMYD2 expression and cervical cancer progression is still unclear. Methods We first used the bioinformatics website to screen the data of cervical cancer in (The Cancer Genome Atlas) TCGA and survival analysis was used to find the different survival rates in the SMYD2 high expression group and low expression group. Through immunohistochemistry, the association between SMYD2 expression and clinical-pathological features of cervical cancer patients was further evaluated. Quantitative PCR and Immunoblot were applied to investigate the relative mRNA and protein expression levels, respectively. In vivo and in vitro experiments were performed to explore the function of SMYD2 in cancer progression. Results We first found a high expression of SMYD2 in cervical cancer, and survival analysis found that the poorer survival rate in the SMYD2 high expression group than that in the low expression group. Herein, our study demonstrated that the expression of SMYD2 in patients with cervical cancer was associated with FIGO stage, tumor size and further correlated with poor prognosis. Our data further showed that the inhibition of SMYD2 expression in cervical cancer cell line Caski and Siha could dramatically block the proliferation of cervical cancer cells. Additionally, SMYD2-shRNA lentivirus infected remarkably inhibited tumorigenesis in mice compared with the scramble group. Conclusions Taken together, this study provides strong evidence of the involvement of SMYD2 in cervical cancer growth and indicates that it could have high potential as a therapeutic target of cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Jie Sun
- Department of Gynecology, The Secondary Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, No. 23 Pingjiang Road, Hexi District, Tianjin, 300211 China
| | - Hong-Lin Li
- Department of Gynecology, The Secondary Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, No. 23 Pingjiang Road, Hexi District, Tianjin, 300211 China
| | - Hui Ma
- Department of Gynecology, The Secondary Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, No. 23 Pingjiang Road, Hexi District, Tianjin, 300211 China
| | - Yang Shi
- Department of Gynecology, The Secondary Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, No. 23 Pingjiang Road, Hexi District, Tianjin, 300211 China
| | - Li-Rong Yin
- Department of Gynecology, The Secondary Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, No. 23 Pingjiang Road, Hexi District, Tianjin, 300211 China
| | - Su-Jie Guo
- Department of Gynecology, The Secondary Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, No. 23 Pingjiang Road, Hexi District, Tianjin, 300211 China
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Rising Rates of Upfront Surgery in Early Locally Advanced Cervical Cancer: What Factors Predict for This Treatment Paradigm? Int J Gynecol Cancer 2019; 28:1560-1568. [PMID: 30247249 DOI: 10.1097/igc.0000000000001323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In this study, we analyzed patterns of care for patients with locally advanced cervical cancer to identify predictors for upfront surgery compared with definitive chemoradiation (CRT). METHODS The National Cancer Database was queried for patients aged 18 years or older with Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics IB2-IIB cervical cancer. All patients underwent either upfront hysterectomy with or without postoperative radiation therapy versus definitive CRT. Logistic regression was used to assess variables associated with modality of treatment (surgery vs CRT). RESULTS Of the 9494 patients included, 2151 (22.7%) underwent upfront surgery. Of those undergoing surgery, 380 (17.7%) had positive margins, 478 (22.2%) had positive nodes, and 458 (21.3%) had pathologic involvement of the parametrium. Under multiple logistic regression, rates of surgery significantly increased from 2004 (12.2%) to 2012 (31.2%) (odds ratio [OR] per year increase, 1.15; confidence interval [CI], 1.12-1.17; P < 0.001). Upfront surgery was more commonly performed in urban (OR, 1.21; 95% CI, 1.03-1.41; P = 0.018) and rural counties (OR, 1.79; 95% CI, 1.24-2.58; P = 0.002), for adenocarcinoma (OR, 2.14; 1.88-2.44; P < 0.001) and adenosquamous (OR, 2.69; 2.11-3.43; P < 0.001) histologies, and in patients from higher median income communities (ORs, 1.19-1.37). Upfront surgery was less common at academic centers (OR, 0.73; 95% CI, 0.58-0.93; P = 0.011). CONCLUSIONS Rates of upfront surgery relative to definitive CRT have increased significantly over the past decade. In the setting of level 1 evidence supporting the use of definitive CRT alone for these women, the rising rates of upfront surgery raises concern for both unnecessary surgical procedures with higher rates of treatment-related morbidity and greater health care costs.
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Glickman AG, Valdes S, Gil-Ibañez B, Paredes P, Cortés KS, Torné Blade AA. Present status of sentinel lymph node biopsy in cervical cancer. Rep Pract Oncol Radiother 2018; 23:495-502. [PMID: 30534012 PMCID: PMC6277279 DOI: 10.1016/j.rpor.2018.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2017] [Revised: 02/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cervical cancer is the fourth most common cancer in women, and seventh overall. This disease represents a medical, economic and social burden. In early FIGO stage patients (IA, IB1 and IIA1), nodal involvement is the most important prognostic factor. Imaging evaluation of nodal metastasis is of limited value. In order to determine lymph node involvement, allow loco-regional control of the disease, define the need for adjuvant radiotherapy and improve survival, standard surgery for early disease is radical hysterectomy with systematic pelvic lymphadenectomy. However, this surgical treatment has risks and complications: longer operative time, larger blood loss, neurovascular or ureteral injury, lower-limb lymphedema, symptomatic lymphocysts, hydronephrosis. A method that allows to define the presence of regional metastasis with less morbidity and equal or greater precision is particularly relevant. The use of the sentinel lymph node biopsy is intended to reach that purpose. The present study reviews recent literature on the role of sentinel lymph node biopsy in cervical cancer, analyzing its indications and contraindications, injection and detection techniques, tracers used, surgical and pathological approaches and its applicability in up-to-date clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariel Gustavo Glickman
- Gynecological Oncology Unit, Barcelona Clinic Hospital, 170 Villaroel St, Barcelona 08036, Spain
| | - Sergio Valdes
- Gynecological Oncology Unit, Barcelona Clinic Hospital, 170 Villaroel St, Barcelona 08036, Spain
| | - Blanca Gil-Ibañez
- Gynecological Oncology Unit, Barcelona Clinic Hospital, 170 Villaroel St, Barcelona 08036, Spain
| | - Pilar Paredes
- Nuclear Medicine, Barcelona Clinic Hospital, 170 Villaroel St, Barcelona 08036, Spain
| | | | - Aureli Angel Torné Blade
- Gynecological Oncology Unit, Barcelona Clinic Hospital, 170 Villaroel St, Barcelona 08036, Spain
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Results from Survey to Assess Current Trends in Surgical Practice in the Management of Women with Early Stage Cervical Cancer within the BGCS Community with an Emphasis on Routine Frozen Section Examination. Int J Surg Oncol 2017; 2017:2962450. [PMID: 28798874 PMCID: PMC5535699 DOI: 10.1155/2017/2962450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
In the UK, more than 3,200 new cases of cervical cancer are diagnosed each year. Early stage cervical cancer (IA2-IB1) treatment comprises central surgery mainly in the form of radical hysterectomy or fertility sparing surgery including trachelectomy as well as systematic pelvic lymphadenectomy to detect metastases and adjust treatment accordingly. Given the variation in determining the lymph node (LN) status, a major prognosticator, we reviewed the current UK practice of LN assessment in women undergoing surgery for early cervical cancer. A 7-question, web-based survey, screened by the BGCS committee, was circulated amongst BGCS members. The overall response rate was 51%. Only 12.5% of the respondents routinely performed frozen section examination (FSE); the main reasons for not doing FSE were the pressure on theatre time (54.5%) and the lack of available facilities (48.5%). When positive pelvic nodal disease was detected, in 21 out of 50 (42%) the planned radical hysterectomy (RH) was aborted. More than 70% of the respondents routinely performed RH without any prior resort to pelvic lymphadenectomy. Pretreatment surgical para-aortic LN assessment was performed by 20% of the respondents. The survey confirms the diversity of the UK practice patterns in the surgical treatment of early cervical cancer.
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