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Wei L, Huang K, Han H, Liu RY. Human Papillomavirus Infection in Penile Cancer: Multidimensional Mechanisms and Vaccine Strategies. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16808. [PMID: 38069131 PMCID: PMC10706305 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242316808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Penile cancer (PC) is a rare male malignant tumor, with early lymph node metastasis and poor prognosis. Human papillomavirus (HPV) plays a key role in the carcinogenesis of PC. This review aims to summarize the association between HPV infection and PC in terms of virus-host genome integration patterns (the disrupted regions in the HPV and PC genome), genetic alterations, and epigenetic regulation (methylation and microRNA modification) occurring in HPV and PC DNA, as well as tumor immune microenvironment reprogramming. In addition, the potential of HPV vaccination strategies for PC prevention and treatment is discussed. Understanding of the HPV-related multidimensional mechanisms and the application of HPV vaccines will promote rational and novel management of PC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lichao Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China; (L.W.); (K.H.)
- Department of Urology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Kangbo Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China; (L.W.); (K.H.)
- Department of Urology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Hui Han
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China; (L.W.); (K.H.)
- Department of Urology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Ran-yi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China; (L.W.); (K.H.)
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2
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Kortekaas KE, Bastiaannet E, van Doorn HC, de Vos van Steenwijk PJ, Ewing-Graham PC, Creutzberg CL, Akdeniz K, Nooij LS, van der Burg SH, Bosse T, van Poelgeest MIE. Vulvar cancer subclassification by HPV and p53 status results in three clinically distinct subtypes. Gynecol Oncol 2020; 159:649-656. [PMID: 32972785 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2020.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE There is great need for better risk stratification in vulvar squamous cell carcinoma (VSCC). Our aim was to define the prognostic significance of stratifying VSCC based on p16 and p53 immunohistochemistry (IHC) as surrogate markers for HPV and TP53 mutations. METHODS A large retrospective cohort of surgically treated women with primary VSCC was used. VSCC were classified into three subtypes: HPV-positive (HPVpos), HPV-negative/p53 mutant (HPVneg/p53mut), and HPV-negative/p53 wildtype (HPVneg/p53wt). Overall survival (OS), relative survival (RS), and recurrence-free period (RFP) were depicted using the Kaplan-Meier method and survival curves for relative survival; associations were studied using univariable and multivariable Cox proportional hazard models. RESULTS Of the 413 VSCCs, 75 (18%) were HPVpos, 63 (15%) HPVneg/p53wt, and 275 (66%) HPVneg/p53mut VSCC. Patients with HPVneg/p53mut VSCC had worse OS and RS (HR 3.43, 95%CI 1.80-6.53, and relative excess risk (RER) of 4.02; 95%CI 1.48-10.90, respectively, and worse RFP (HR 3.76, 95%CI 2.02-7.00). HPVpos VSCC patients showed most favorable outcomes. In univariate analysis, the molecular subtype of VSCC was a prognostic marker for OS, RS and RFP (p = 0.003, p = 0.009, p < 0.001, respectively) and remained prognostic for RFP even after adjusting for known risk factors (p = 0.0002). CONCLUSIONS Stratification of VSCC by p16- and p53-IHC has potential to be used routinely in diagnostic pathology. It results in the identification of three clinically distinct subtypes and may be used to guide treatment and follow-up, and in stratifying patients in future clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim E Kortekaas
- Department of Gynecology, Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300, RC Leiden, the Netherlands; Department of Medical Oncology, Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300, RC Leiden, the Netherlands.
| | - Esther Bastiaannet
- Department of Surgery and Medical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, PO Box 9600, 2300, RC Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Helena C van Doorn
- Department of Gynecology, ErasmusMC Cancer Institute, University Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000, CA, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Peggy J de Vos van Steenwijk
- Departement of Gynecology, Maastricht University Medical Center, PO Box 5800, 6202, AZ, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Patricia C Ewing-Graham
- Department of Pathology, ErasmusMC Cancer Institute, University Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000, CA, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Carien L Creutzberg
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Kadir Akdeniz
- Department of Pathology, ErasmusMC Cancer Institute, University Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000, CA, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Linda S Nooij
- Department of Gynecology, Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300, RC Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Sjoerd H van der Burg
- Department of Medical Oncology, Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300, RC Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Tjalling Bosse
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Mariette I E van Poelgeest
- Department of Gynecology, Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300, RC Leiden, the Netherlands
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Chauhan S, Sen S, Singh N, Sharma A, Pushker N, Kashyap S, Chawla B. Human papillomavirus in ocular malignant tumours: a study from a tertiary eye care centre in North India. Can J Ophthalmol 2019; 54:688-693. [PMID: 31836101 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcjo.2019.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present study aims to detect the presence of human papillomavirus (HPV) in ocular malignant tumours, including retinoblastoma, eyelid squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), and sebaceous gland carcinoma (SGC), in the North Indian population. DESIGN Prospective observational non randomized study. PARTICIPANTS In this study, 142 prospective cases of ocular malignant tumours (retinoblastoma, SGC, and SCC) were included. METHODS HPV was detected by multiplex PCR using PGMY09/11 primers in 142 patients with ocular malignancies. This was followed by genotyping using linear array (reverse hybridization). RESULTS Of the 142 tumours studied, 72 were retinoblastoma, 30 SGC, and 40 SCC. The HPV genome was detected in 2.8% (4 of 142) of cases by multiplex PCR; all positive cases (4 of 40) were SCC. Genotyping revealed that all positives belonged to the high-risk HPV16 genotype. HPV-positive SCC patients had better disease-free survival. Retinoblastoma and SGC cases were negative for HPV. CONCLUSIONS Low prevalence of HPV in ocular malignancies was observed in this study. The HPV genome was detected only in ocular squamous cell carcinoma cases and these patients were associated with better prognosis. HPV may not have a role in retinoblastoma and SGC in the North Indian population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheetal Chauhan
- Department of Ocular Pathology, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Seema Sen
- Department of Ocular Pathology, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
| | - Neeta Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Anjana Sharma
- Department of Ocular Microbiology, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Neelam Pushker
- Ophthalmoplasty Service, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Seema Kashyap
- Department of Ocular Pathology, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Bhavna Chawla
- Ocular Oncology Service, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences New Delhi, India
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Dohopolski MJ, Horne ZD, Pradhan D, Bhargava R, Edwards RP, Kelley JL, Comerci JT, Olawaiye AB, Courtney-Brooks M, Berger JL, Sukumvanich P, Beriwal S. The Prognostic Significance of p16 Status in Patients With Vulvar Cancer Treated With Vulvectomy and Adjuvant Radiation. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2019; 103:152-160. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2018.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 07/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Lillsunde Larsson G, Kaliff M, Sorbe B, Helenius G, Karlsson MG. HPV16 viral characteristics in primary, recurrent and metastatic vulvar carcinoma. PAPILLOMAVIRUS RESEARCH 2018; 6:63-69. [PMID: 30391517 PMCID: PMC6249404 DOI: 10.1016/j.pvr.2018.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Revised: 10/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Vulvar carcinoma is the fourth most common gynecological malignancy. Two separate carcinogenic pathways are suggested, where one is associated with the human papillomavirus (HPV) and HPV16 the most common genotype. The aim of this study was to evaluate HPV-markers in a set of primary tumors, metastases and recurrent lesions of vulvar squamous cell carcinomas (VSCC). Ten HPV16-positive VSCC with metastatic regional lymph nodes, distant lymphoid/hematogenous metastases or local recurrent lesions were investigated for HPV genotype, HPV16 variant, HPV16 viral load, HPV16 integration and HPV16 E2BS3 and 4 methylation. In all 10 analyzed case series, the same HPV genotype (HPV16), HPV16 variant and level of viral load were detected in all lesions within a patient case. Primary tumors with a high E2/E6 ratio were found to have fewer vulvar recurrences and/or metastases after diagnosis and treatment. Also, a significantly lower viral load was evident in regional lymph nodes compared to primary tumors. The data presented strengthens the evidence for a clonal HPV-induced pathway for vulvar carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Lillsunde Larsson
- School of Health Sciences, Örebro University, SE-701 82 Örebro, Sweden; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, SE-701 82 Örebro, Sweden.
| | - Malin Kaliff
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, SE-701 82 Örebro, Sweden
| | - Bengt Sorbe
- Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, SE-701 82 Örebro, Sweden
| | - Gisela Helenius
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, SE-701 82 Örebro, Sweden
| | - Mats G Karlsson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, SE-701 82 Örebro, Sweden
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Sathasivam HP, Bhatia R, Bradley P, Robson A, Paleri V, Cocks H, Oozeer N, Milne D, Sloan P, Robinson M. Concurrent HPV-related oropharyngeal carcinoma in four couples. Oral Oncol 2018; 86:33-37. [PMID: 30409317 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2018.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Revised: 09/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Typically, HPV-related cancers are sexually transmitted, however, the natural history of HPV-related oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) is unclear. HPV16 transmission has been reported previously between five couples with OPSCC. We report the clinico-pathological features of a further four couples with HPV-related OPSCC and compare them with the published cases. PATIENTS AND METHODS We identified four couples in long-term heterosexual relationships that all had HPV-related OPSCC. The couples were treated at three UK hospitals and presented between 2009 and 2015. HPV tests included p16 immunohistochemistry, high-risk HPV DNA in-situ hybridisation and Roche Cobas HPV test. DNA sequencing was used to determine the HPV variant. RESULTS The four couples represented < 2% of patients with HPV-related OPSCC at the three contributing hospitals (8 of 457 consecutive patients). The couples' tumours all contained HPV16. The mean age was 63 years old (range 52-72 years). The interval between the index cancer and the partner's cancer was 16, 24, 26 and 64 months respectively. The majority of patients had Stage I disease (UICC TNM8). Six of eight patients are disease free, one patient is alive with disease and there was one death from loco-regional recurrence. CONCLUSION This report highlights the occurrence of HPV-related OPSCC in heterosexual couples and raises the possibility of transmission of HPV16. Despite increasing prevalence of HPV-related OPSCC and increased awareness of the disease, there is a paucity of couples with the disease, suggesting either under-reporting or that the development of OPSCC following HPV transmission between couples is a rare event.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ramya Bhatia
- HPV Research Group, Division of Pathology, The University of Edinburgh, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Paula Bradley
- Northumbria General Practice Training Programme, Health Education North East, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Andrew Robson
- Department of Otolaryngology, North Cumbria University Hospitals, Carlisle, UK
| | - Vinidh Paleri
- Head and Neck Unit, The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust and Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Helen Cocks
- Department of Otolaryngology, City Hospitals Sunderland, Sunderland, UK
| | - Nashreen Oozeer
- Department of Otolaryngology, City Hospitals Sunderland, Sunderland, UK
| | - Debra Milne
- South of Tyne and Wear Clinical Pathology Services, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Gateshead, UK
| | - Philip Sloan
- Centre for Oral Health Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Max Robinson
- Centre for Oral Health Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
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7
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Zhang J, Zhang Y, Zhang Z. Prevalence of human papillomavirus and its prognostic value in vulvar cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0204162. [PMID: 30256833 PMCID: PMC6157864 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0204162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to estimate the prevalence of human papillomavirus (HPV) in vulvar cancer and determine whether positive HPV in vulvar cancer was associated with a better prognosis. Literature searches of Ovid EMBASE, PubMed, Web of Science and Cochrane Library were performed to identify related studies published from January 2000 to May 2017. A total of 33 studies including 7,721 subjects were selected in this meta-analysis. Overall, the HPV prevalence in vulvar cancer tissue was 34% (95% CI: 28%-39%) with 45% (95% CI: 28%-64%) in Asian populations and 34% (95% CI: 26%-42%) in Caucasian populations. The HPV-positive vulvar cancer was associated with better overall survival (hazard ratio = 0.64, 95% CI: 0.47–0.87; P = 0.004) and recurrence-free survival (hazard ratio = 0.66, 95% CI: 0.45–0.97; P = 0.03) compared with HPV-negative counterpart. HPV status may play an important role in predicting the prognosis of patients with vulvar cancer. The HPV-positive vulvar cancer women might relatively have a better survival than HPV-negative ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianxin Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Capital Medical University affiliated Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Chaoyang District, Beijing, PR. China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Capital Medical University affiliated Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Chaoyang District, Beijing, PR. China
| | - Zhenyu Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Capital Medical University affiliated Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Chaoyang District, Beijing, PR. China
- * E-mail:
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Kaliff M, Sorbe B, Mordhorst LB, Helenius G, Karlsson MG, Lillsunde-Larsson G. Findings of multiple HPV genotypes in cervical carcinoma are associated with poor cancer-specific survival in a Swedish cohort of cervical cancer primarily treated with radiotherapy. Oncotarget 2018; 9:18786-18796. [PMID: 29721161 PMCID: PMC5922355 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.24666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cervical cancer (CC) is one of the most common cancers in women and virtually all cases of CC are a result of a persistent infection of human papillomavirus (HPV). For disease detected in early stages there is curing treatment but when diagnosed late with recurring disease and metastasis there are limited possibilities. Here we evaluate HPV impact on treatment resistance and metastatic disease progression. Prevalence and distribution of HPV genotypes and HPV16 variants in a Swedish CC patient cohort (n=209) was evaluated, as well as HPV influence on patient prognosis. Tumor samples suitable for analysis (n=204) were genotyped using two different real-time PCR methods. HPV16 variant analysis was made using pyrosequencing. Results showed that HPV prevalence in the total series was 93%. Of the HPV-positive samples, 13% contained multiple infections, typically with two high-risk HPV together. Primary cure rate for the complete series was 95%. Recurrence rate of the complete series was 28% and distant recurrences were most frequent (20%). Patients with tumors containing multiple HPV-strains and particularly HPV genotypes belonging to the alpha 7 and 9 species together had a significantly higher rate of distant tumor recurrences and worse cancer-specific survival rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malin Kaliff
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro SE 701 82, Sweden
| | - Bengt Sorbe
- Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro SE 701 82, Sweden
| | - Louise Bohr Mordhorst
- Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro SE 701 82, Sweden
| | - Gisela Helenius
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro SE 701 82, Sweden
| | - Mats G. Karlsson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro SE 701 82, Sweden
| | - Gabriella Lillsunde-Larsson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro SE 701 82, Sweden
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Rasmussen CL, Sand FL, Hoffmann Frederiksen M, Kaae Andersen K, Kjaer SK. Does HPV status influence survival after vulvar cancer? Int J Cancer 2017; 142:1158-1165. [PMID: 29090456 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.31139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Revised: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
High-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is essential in the carcinogenesis of a substantial part of anogenital and oropharyngeal cancers and has additionally been shown to be a possible predictive marker for survival, especially in oropharyngeal cancer. Studies examining the influence of HPV status on survival after vulvar cancer have been conflicting and limited by small study populations. Therefore, the aim of this review and meta-analysis was to examine whether HPV status influences survival after vulvar cancer, which, to our knowledge, has not been done before. We conducted a systematic search of PubMed, Cochrane Library and Embase to identify studies examining survival after histologically verified and HPV tested vulvar cancer. A total of 18 studies were eligible for inclusion. Study-specific and pooled HRs of the 5-year OS and DFS were calculated using a fixed effects model. The I2 statistic was used to describe heterogeneity. The studies included a total of 1,638 women with HPV tested vulvar cancers of which 541 and 1,097 were HPV-positive and HPV-negative, respectively. Fifteen studies included only squamous cell carcinomas. We found a pooled HR of 0.61 (95% CI: 0.48-0.77) and 0.75 (95% CI: 0.57-1.00) for 5-year OS and DFS, respectively. Across study heterogeneity was moderate to high (OS: I2 = 51%; DFS: I2 = 73%). In conclusion, women with HPV-positive vulvar cancers have a superior survival compared to women with HPV-negative, which could be of great clinical interest and provides insight into the differences in the natural history of HPV-positive and negative vulvar cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Freja Laerke Sand
- Unit of Virus, Lifestyle and Genes, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Klaus Kaae Andersen
- Unit of Statistics and Pharmacoepidemiology, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Susanne K Kjaer
- Unit of Virus, Lifestyle and Genes, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Gynecology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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10
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Digital droplet PCR (ddPCR) for the detection and quantification of HPV 16, 18, 33 and 45 - a short report. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2017; 40:521-527. [PMID: 28748500 PMCID: PMC5608796 DOI: 10.1007/s13402-017-0331-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Human papilloma virus (HPV) infection is associated with several anogenital malignancies. Here, we set out to evaluate digital droplet PCR (ddPCR) as a tool for HPV 16, 18, 33 and 45 viral load quantification and, in addition, to compare the efficacy of the ddPCR assay for HPV 16 detection with that of quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR). Methods Clinical samples, positive for HPV genotypes 16, 18, 33 and 45 were analyzed for viral load using ddPCR. Sample DNA was cleaved before droplet generation and PCR. Droplets positive for VIC and FAM fluorescence were read in a QX200 Droplet reader™ (BIO-RAD) after which the viral load was calculated using Quantasoft software. Results We found that DNAs extracted from formalin fixed paraffin embedded (FFPE) tissue samples yielded lower amplification signals compared to those obtained from liquid based cytology (LBC) samples, but they were clearly distinguishable from negative background signals. The viral limit of detection was 1.6 copies of HPV 16, 2.8 copies of HPV 18, 4.6 copies of HPV 33 and 1.6 copies of HPV 45. The mean inter-assay coefficients of variability (CV) for the assays ranged from 3.4 to 7.0%, and the mean intra-assay CV from 2.6 to 8.2%. The viral load in the different cohorts of tumor samples ranged from 154 to 340,200 copies for HPV 16, 244 to 31,300 copies for HPV 18 and 738 to 69,100 copies for HPV 33. One sample positive for HPV 45 contained 1331 viral copies. When comparing qPCR data with ddPCR copy number data, the qPCR values were found to be 1 to 31 times higher. Conclusions Separation of fragments in nanodroplets may facilitate the amplification of fragmented human and viral DNA. The method of digital droplet PCR may, thus, provide a new and promising tool for evaluating the HPV viral load in clinical samples.
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Östensson E, Silfverschiöld M, Greiff L, Asciutto C, Wennerberg J, Lydryp ML, Håkansson U, Sparén P, Borgfeldt C. The economic burden of human papillomavirus-related precancers and cancers in Sweden. PLoS One 2017. [PMID: 28651012 PMCID: PMC5484479 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0179520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background High-risk (HR) human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is an established cause of malignant disease. We used a societal perspective to estimate the cost of HR HPV-related cervical, vulvar, vaginal, anal, and penile precancer and cancer, and oropharyngeal cancer in Sweden in 2006, 1 year before HPV vaccination became available in the country. Materials and methods This prevalence-based cost-of-illness study used diagnosis-specific data from national registries to determine the number of HR HPV-related precancers and cancers. The HR HPV-attributable fractions of these diseases were derived from a literature review and applied to the total burden to estimate HR HPV-attributable costs. Direct costs were based on health care utilization and indirect costs on loss of productivity due to morbidity (i.e., sick leave and early retirement) and premature mortality. Results The total annual cost of all HR HPV-attributable precancers and cancers was €94 million (€10.3/inhabitant). Direct costs accounted for €31.3 million (€3.4/inhabitant) of the total annual cost, and inpatient care amounted to €20.7 million of direct costs. Indirect costs made up €62.6 million (€6.9/inhabitant) of the total annual cost, and premature mortality amounted to €36 million of indirect costs. Cervical precancer and cancer was most costly (total annual cost €58.4 million). Among cancers affecting both genders, anal precancer and cancer, and oropharyngeal cancer were the most costly (€11.2 million and €11.9 million, respectively). For oropharyngeal cancer, males had the highest health care utilization and represented 71% of the total annual cost. Penile precancer and cancer was least costly (€2.6 million). Conclusion The economic burden of HR HPV-related precancers and cancers is substantial. The disease-related management and treatment costs we report are relevant as a point of reference for future economic evaluations investigating the overall benefits of HPV vaccination in females and males in Sweden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellinor Östensson
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Women´s and Children´s Health, Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- * E-mail:
| | - Maria Silfverschiöld
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery, Skånes University Hospital, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Lennart Greiff
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery, Skånes University Hospital, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Christine Asciutto
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Skånes University Hospital, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Johan Wennerberg
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery, Skånes University Hospital, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Ulf Håkansson
- Department of Urology, Skånes University Hospital, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Pär Sparén
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christer Borgfeldt
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Skånes University Hospital, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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12
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Yap JKW, O'Neill D, Nagenthiran S, Dawson CW, Luesley DM. Current insights into the aetiology, pathobiology, and management of local disease recurrence in squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva. BJOG 2017; 124:946-954. [PMID: 28081287 DOI: 10.1111/1471-0528.14560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- JKW Yap
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences; College of Dental and Medical School; University of Birmingham; Edgbaston UK
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology; Birmingham City Hospital; Sandwell and West Birmingham Hospitals NHS Trust; Birmingham UK
| | - D O'Neill
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology; Birmingham City Hospital; Sandwell and West Birmingham Hospitals NHS Trust; Birmingham UK
| | - S Nagenthiran
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology; Birmingham City Hospital; Sandwell and West Birmingham Hospitals NHS Trust; Birmingham UK
| | - CW Dawson
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences; College of Dental and Medical School; University of Birmingham; Edgbaston UK
| | - DM Luesley
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences; College of Dental and Medical School; University of Birmingham; Edgbaston UK
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology; Birmingham City Hospital; Sandwell and West Birmingham Hospitals NHS Trust; Birmingham UK
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13
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Qvick A, Sorbe B, Helenius G, Karlsson MG, Lillsunde Larsson G. Does p53 codon 72 polymorphism have a prognostic value in carcinoma of the vulva and vagina? Med Oncol 2017; 34:36. [PMID: 28144815 PMCID: PMC5285412 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-017-0893-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Human papilloma virus (HPV) is considered to be responsible for a large part of vaginal and vulvar carcinomas, and the p53 codon 72 polymorphism has been implicated in susceptibility to cancer induced by this virus, but with contradicting results. In this study, we have investigated the prognostic value of the codon 72 polymorphism by real-time PCR (qPCR) in two cohorts of vaginal (n = 66) and vulvar (n = 123) carcinomas. In vaginal carcinoma, arginine homozygous patients were significantly associated with a higher primary cure rate (p = 0.023) but also associated with a higher recurrence rate (p = 0.073), significant at distant locations (p = 0.009). No significant differences were found in overall survival rate (p = 0.499) or cancer-specific survival rate (p = 0.222). A higher frequency of arginine homozygosity was noted in HPV-positive tumors (p = 0.190) in comparison with HPV-negative tumors. In vulvar carcinoma, the genotype homozygous for arginine was significantly associated with a larger tumor size at diagnosis in the entire cohort (p = 0.015) and a lower cancer-specific survival rate (p = 0.024) compared with heterozygous (arginine/proline) in HPV-negative tumors. Our results indicate that the relation between HPV and the p53 codon 72 polymorphism is complex and the significance and mechanisms responsible for this relationship need to be further elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvida Qvick
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Bengt Sorbe
- Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Gisela Helenius
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Mats G Karlsson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
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14
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Nicolás-Párraga S, Gandini C, Pimenoff VN, Alemany L, de Sanjosé S, Xavier Bosch F, Bravo IG. HPV16 variants distribution in invasive cancers of the cervix, vulva, vagina, penis, and anus. Cancer Med 2016; 5:2909-2919. [PMID: 27654117 PMCID: PMC5083745 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2016] [Revised: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV)16 is the most oncogenic human papillomavirus, responsible for most papillomavirus‐induced anogenital cancers. We have explored by sequencing and phylogenetic analysis the viral variant lineages present in 692 HPV16‐monoinfected invasive anogenital cancers from Europe, Asia, and Central/South America. We have assessed the contribution of geography and anatomy to the differential prevalence of HPV16 variants and to the nonsynonymous E6 T350G polymorphism. Most (68%) of the variance in the distribution of HPV16 variants was accounted for by the differential abundance of the different viral lineages. The most prevalent variant (above 70% prevalence) in all regions and in all locations was HPV16_A1‐3, except in Asia, where HPV16_A4 predominated in anal cancers. The differential prevalence of variants as a function of geographical origin explained 9% of the variance, and the differential prevalence of variants as a function of anatomical location accounted for less than 3% of the variance. Despite containing similar repertoires of HPV16 variants, we confirm the worldwide trend of cervical cancers being diagnosed significantly earlier than other anogenital cancers (early fifties vs. early sixties). Frequencies for alleles in the HPV16 E6 T350G polymorphism were similar across anogenital cancers from the same geographical origin. Interestingly, anogenital cancers from Central/South America displayed higher 350G allele frequencies also within HPV16_A1‐3 lineage compared with Europe. Our results demonstrate ample variation in HPV16 variants prevalence in anogenital cancers, which is partly explained by the geographical origin of the sample and only marginally explained by the anatomical location of the lesion, suggesting that tissue specialization is not essential evolutionary forces shaping HPV16 diversity in anogenital cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Nicolás-Párraga
- Infections and Cancer Unit, Cancer Epidemiology Research Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), Barcelona, Spain.,Bellvitge Institute of Biomedical Research (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carolina Gandini
- Infections and Cancer Unit, Cancer Epidemiology Research Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), Barcelona, Spain.,Bellvitge Institute of Biomedical Research (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ville N Pimenoff
- Infections and Cancer Unit, Cancer Epidemiology Research Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), Barcelona, Spain.,Bellvitge Institute of Biomedical Research (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laia Alemany
- Infections and Cancer Unit, Cancer Epidemiology Research Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), Barcelona, Spain.,Bellvitge Institute of Biomedical Research (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Silvia de Sanjosé
- Infections and Cancer Unit, Cancer Epidemiology Research Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), Barcelona, Spain.,Bellvitge Institute of Biomedical Research (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain
| | - F Xavier Bosch
- Infections and Cancer Unit, Cancer Epidemiology Research Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), Barcelona, Spain.,Bellvitge Institute of Biomedical Research (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ignacio G Bravo
- Infections and Cancer Unit, Cancer Epidemiology Research Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), Barcelona, Spain. .,MIVEGEC, National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS), Montpellier, France.
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15
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Nooij LS, Brand FAM, Gaarenstroom KN, Creutzberg CL, de Hullu JA, van Poelgeest MIE. Risk factors and treatment for recurrent vulvar squamous cell carcinoma. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2016; 106:1-13. [PMID: 27637349 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2016.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Revised: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Recurrent disease occurs in 12-37% of patients with vulvar squamous cell carcinoma (VSCC). Decisions about treatment of recurrent VSCC mainly depend on the location of the recurrence and previous treatment, resulting in individualized and consensus-based approaches. Most recurrences (40-80%) occur within 2 years after initial treatment. Currently, wide local excision is the treatment of choice for local recurrences. Isolated local recurrence of VSCC has a good prognosis, with reported 5-year survival rates of up to 60%. Groin recurrences and distant recurrences are less common and have an extremely poor prognosis. For groin recurrences, surgery with or without (chemo) radiotherapy is a treatment option, depending on prior treatment. For distant recurrences, there are only palliative treatment options. In this review, we give an overview of the available literature and discuss epidemiology, risk factors, and prognostic factors for the different types of recurrent VSCC and we describe treatment options and clinical outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- L S Nooij
- Department of Gynecology, LUMC, Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - J A de Hullu
- Department of Gynecology, Radboud UMC, Netherlands
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16
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HPV Testing of Biobanked Liquid-Based Cytology – a Validation Study. Int J Biol Markers 2016; 31:e218-23. [DOI: 10.5301/jbm.5000191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Introduction The aim of the study was to investigate whether biobanked liquid-based cytology (LBC) vaginal samples could be reanalyzed for the biomarkers HPV DNA and mRNA without loss of sensitivity. Methods One hundred LBC samples with ASCUS or CIN1 were tested for HPV DNA and mRNA before and after biobanking. DNA analysis targeted the viral genes E6 and E7, 12 high-risk and 2 low-risk HPV types together with the human control gene HBB, using real-time PCR. The Aptima HPV assay was used for mRNA analysis of 14 high-risk HPV types. Results With Aptima there was 84% agreement between results before and after biobanking. The sensitivity and specificity were 0.79 (95% CI, 0.68-0.88) and 0.94 (95% CI, 0.80-0.99), respectively. With the DNA-based method, the agreement between results was 87%, the sensitivity 0.85 (95% CI, 0.75-0.92) and the specificity 0.95 (95% CI, 0.77-1.00). Both methods presented a significant difference between positive results before and after biobanking; McNemar test: p = 0.004, p = 0.003, Cohen's kappa: 0.67 (95% CI, 0.53-0.81), 0.68 (95% CI, 0.52-0.84). Cycle threshold values for the DNA method were higher for all genotypes after biobanking, except for HPV-59. Some loss of sensitivity was seen after biobanking but the concordance between HPV detection before and after biobanking was good for both evaluated methods. Conclusions Biobanking of LBC vaginal samples offers a good platform for HPV testing and could be extended to further molecular analyses. However, in order to ensure a valid test result a larger portion needs to be analyzed from the biobanked sample.
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Characterization of Intra-Type Variants of Oncogenic Human Papillomaviruses by Next-Generation Deep Sequencing of the E6/E7 Region. Viruses 2016; 8:79. [PMID: 26985902 PMCID: PMC4810269 DOI: 10.3390/v8030079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Revised: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Different human papillomavirus (HPV) types are characterized by differences in tissue tropism and ability to promote cell proliferation and transformation. In addition, clinical and experimental studies have shown that some genetic variants/lineages of high-risk HPV (HR-HPV) types are characterized by increased oncogenic activity and probability to induce cancer. In this study, we designed and validated a new method based on multiplex PCR-deep sequencing of the E6/E7 region of HR-HPV types to characterize HPV intra-type variants in clinical specimens. Validation experiments demonstrated that this method allowed reliable identification of the different lineages of oncogenic HPV types. Advantages of this method over other published methods were represented by its ability to detect variants of all HR-HPV types in a single reaction, to detect variants of HR-HPV types in clinical specimens with multiple infections, and, being based on sequencing of the full E6/E7 region, to detect amino acid changes in these oncogenes potentially associated with increased transforming activity.
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18
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Lillsunde Larsson G, Carlsson J, Karlsson MG, Helenius G. Evaluation of HPV Genotyping Assays for Archival Clinical Samples. J Mol Diagn 2015; 17:293-301. [PMID: 25791291 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmoldx.2014.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Revised: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) testing and genotyping of FFPE tissue samples is important in epidemiological investigations. Here, we compare four different HPV genotyping methods for use in FFPE clinical samples. Comparative testing was performed on 99 samples with a clinical suspicion of HPV. Specimens were analyzed with Anyplex II HPV28 detecting 28 genotypes using real-time PCR and melting curve analysis, CLART HPV2 detecting 35 genotypes using PCR and microarray detection, and MGP5+/6+ consensus primer system together with pyrosequencing. Results were compared to a real-time PCR reference protocol detecting 14 genotypes. In total, 68% of the samples were positive for an HPV genotype using the reference protocol and MGP5+/6+ primer system. Anyplex II HPV28 analysis and CLART HPV2 had 82% and 72% positive samples, respectively. All four methods showed good agreement when comparing the 14 genotypes included in the reference protocol. When evaluating all genotypes, the Anyplex II HPV28 assay and the CLART assay changed the status of the sample (individually or together) from negative with respect to the reference protocol to positive for either a Group 1 (n = 4) or Group 2 (n = 6) genotype. We conclude from this study that for an extended genotyping approach with a high sensitivity for FFPE specimens, both the Anyplex II HPV28 and CLART HPV2 assays are suitable alternatives despite minor intra-assay differences.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jessica Carlsson
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Mats G Karlsson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Gisela Helenius
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
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19
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Lillsunde Larsson G, Helenius G, Sorbe B, Karlsson MG. Viral load, integration and methylation of E2BS3 and 4 in human papilloma virus (HPV) 16-positive vaginal and vulvar carcinomas. PLoS One 2014; 9:e112839. [PMID: 25393237 PMCID: PMC4231157 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0112839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To investigate if viral load, integration and methylation of E2BS3 and 4 represent different ways of tumor transformation in vaginal and vulvar carcinoma and to elucidate its clinical impact. Methods Fifty-seven samples, positive for HPV16, were selected for the study. Detection of viral load was made with realtime-PCR using copy numbers of E6 and integration was calculated from comparing E2 to E6-copies. Methylation of E2BS3 and 4 was analysed using bisulphite treatment of tumor DNA, followed by PCR and pyrosequencing. Results Vaginal tumors were found to have a higher viral load (p = 0.024) compared to vulvar tumors but a high copy number (> median value, 15 000) as well as high methylation (>50%) was significantly (p = 0.010 and p = 0.045) associated with a worse cancer-specific survival rate in vulvar carcinoma, but not in vaginal carcinoma. Four groups could be defined for the complete series using a Cluster Two step analysis; (1) tumors holding episomal viral DNA, viral load below 150 000 copies not highly methylated (n = 25, 46.3%); (2) tumors harboring episomal viral DNA and being highly methylated (>50%; n = 6, 11.1%); (3) tumors with viral DNA fully integrated (n = 11, 20.4%), and (4) tumors harboring episomal viral DNA and being medium- or unmethylated (<50%) and having a high viral load (> total mean value 150 000; n = 12, 22.2%). The completely integrated tumors were found to be distinct group, whilst some overlap between the groups with high methylation and high viral load was observed. Conclusion HPV16- related integration, methylation in E2BS3 and 4 and viral load may represent different viral characteristics driving vaginal and vulvar carcinogenesis. HPV16- related parameters were found to be of clinical importance in the vulvar series only.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Lillsunde Larsson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Örebro University Hospital, Örebro, Sweden
- School of Health and Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
- * E-mail:
| | - Gisela Helenius
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Örebro University Hospital, Örebro, Sweden
- School of Health and Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Bengt Sorbe
- Department of Oncology, Örebro University Hospital, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Mats G. Karlsson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Örebro University Hospital, Örebro, Sweden
- School of Health and Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
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20
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Prognostic impact of human papilloma virus (HPV) genotyping and HPV-16 subtyping in vaginal carcinoma. Gynecol Oncol 2013; 129:406-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2013.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2012] [Revised: 01/29/2013] [Accepted: 02/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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