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Sheikh-Hosseini M, Salimi M, Mozdarani H. A-Kinase anchor protein 4 (AKAP4) may be considered as a potential early diagnostic breast cancer marker detectable in blood. GENE REPORTS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2022.101663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Parashar D, Singh A, Gupta S, Sharma A, Sharma MK, Roy KK, Chauhan SC, Kashyap VK. Emerging Roles and Potential Applications of Non-Coding RNAs in Cervical Cancer. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13071254. [PMID: 35886037 PMCID: PMC9317009 DOI: 10.3390/genes13071254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cervical cancer (CC) is a preventable disease using proven interventions, specifically prophylactic vaccination, pervasive disease screening, and treatment, but it is still the most frequently diagnosed cancer in women worldwide. Patients with advanced or metastatic CC have a very dismal prognosis and current therapeutic options are very limited. Therefore, understanding the mechanism of metastasis and discovering new therapeutic targets are crucial. New sequencing tools have given a full visualization of the human transcriptome's composition. Non-coding RNAs (NcRNAs) perform various functions in transcriptional, translational, and post-translational processes through their interactions with proteins, RNA, and even DNA. It has been suggested that ncRNAs act as key regulators of a variety of biological processes, with their expression being tightly controlled under physiological settings. In recent years, and notably in the past decade, significant effort has been made to examine the role of ncRNAs in a variety of human diseases, including cancer. Therefore, shedding light on the functions of ncRNA will aid in our better understanding of CC. In this review, we summarize the emerging roles of ncRNAs in progression, metastasis, therapeutics, chemo-resistance, human papillomavirus (HPV) regulation, metabolic reprogramming, diagnosis, and as a prognostic biomarker of CC. We also discussed the role of ncRNA in the tumor microenvironment and tumor immunology, including cancer stem cells (CSCs) in CC. We also address contemporary technologies such as antisense oligonucleotides, CRISPR-Cas9, and exosomes, as well as their potential applications in targeting ncRNAs to manage CC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Parashar
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, MI 53226, USA
- Correspondence: (D.P.); (V.K.K.); Tel.: +1-414-439-8089 (D.P.); +1-956-296-1738 (V.K.K.)
| | - Anupam Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, GLA University, Mathura 281406, Uttar Pradesh, India; (A.S.); (S.G.)
| | - Saurabh Gupta
- Department of Biotechnology, GLA University, Mathura 281406, Uttar Pradesh, India; (A.S.); (S.G.)
| | - Aishwarya Sharma
- Sri Siddhartha Medical College and Research Center, Tumkur 572107, Karnataka, India;
| | - Manish K. Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology, IP College, Bulandshahr 203001, Uttar Pradesh, India;
| | - Kuldeep K. Roy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Health Sciences and Technology, UPES, Dehradun 248007, Uttarakhand, India;
| | - Subhash C. Chauhan
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, TX 78504, USA;
- South Texas Center of Excellence in Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, TX 78504, USA
| | - Vivek K. Kashyap
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, TX 78504, USA;
- South Texas Center of Excellence in Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, TX 78504, USA
- Correspondence: (D.P.); (V.K.K.); Tel.: +1-414-439-8089 (D.P.); +1-956-296-1738 (V.K.K.)
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Zhang B, Hu Q, Zhang J, Jin Z, Ruan Y, Xia L, Wang C. Silencing of A-kinase anchor protein 4 inhibits the metastasis and growth of non-small cell lung cancer. Bioengineered 2022; 13:6895-6907. [PMID: 35253625 PMCID: PMC8974088 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2021.1977105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is one of the most malignant tumors. The treatment of advanced NSCLC can be challenging due to drug resistance. The discovery of novel cancer-testis antigens to develop new strategies for advanced metastatic NSCLC is required. AKAP4 is an oncogene discovered in some malignant tumors, and its molecular function of AKAP4 in NSCLC is unknown. This study aimed to explore the potential function of AKAP4 in the development and progression of NSCLC. AKAP-4 was found to be significantly upregulated in both clinical NSCLC tissues and NSCLC cell lines. Cell viability and migration were suppressed, apoptosis was induced, and tube formation was inhibited by the knockdown of AKAP-4, accompanied by the downregulation of VEGF, N-cadherin, EphA2, and MMP-2, and upregulation of c-AMP, PKA, and E-cadherin. In vivo xenograft experiments revealed that tumor growth was inhibited by the knockdown of AKAP4, accompanied by the activation of c-AMP/PKA signaling and inhibition of epithelial-mesenchymal transition progression. Our results show that AKAP4 might be an important target for treating NSCLC because of its function in promoting the migration and proliferation of NSCLC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai Zhejiang Province China
| | - Quanteng Hu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai Zhejiang Province China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai Zhejiang Province China
| | - Zixian Jin
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai Zhejiang Province China
| | - Yuhang Ruan
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai Zhejiang Province China
| | - Lilong Xia
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Zhejiang Hospital , No.1229 Gudun Road, Xihu District, Hangzhou Zhejiang province, 310000,China
| | - Chunguo Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai Zhejiang Province China
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Meng L, Jia X, Yu W, Wang C, Chen J, Liu F. Circular RNA UBAP2 contributes to tumor growth and metastasis of cervical cancer via modulating miR-361-3p/SOX4 axis. Cancer Cell Int 2020; 20:357. [PMID: 32760224 PMCID: PMC7393907 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-020-01436-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Increasing researches have reported that circular RNA UBAP2 (circUBAP2) may be a potential prognosis biomarker and participate in the development of several cancers; however, the role of circUBAP2 in cervical cancer (CC) remains largely unclear. Methods We applied qRT-PCR and Western blot to examine expression levels of circUBAP2, miR-361-3p, SOX4, Bax, Bcl-2, Cleaved caspase 3, N-cadherin, Vimentin and E-cadherin. Cell proliferation, apoptosis, invasion and migration were analyzed by MTT assay, Flow cytometry, and Transwell assay, respectively. The interaction between miR-361-3p and circUBAP2 or SOX4 was confirmed by luciferase reporter assay and pull-down assay. Murine xenograft model was established by injecting SiHa cells which stably transfected sh-circUBAP2. Results CircUBAP2 was up-regulated in CC tissues and cell lines and high circUBAP2 expression predicated poor outcome. Knockdown of circUBAP2 suppressed cell proliferation, migration, invasion and EMT, while induced apoptosis in CC in vitro, and inhibited tumor growth and metastasis in vivo. MiR-361-3p directly bound to circUBAP2 or SOX4, and circUBAP2 could regulate SOX4 expression by sponging miR-361-3p in CC cells. Furthermore, rescue assay results demonstrated that the inhibitory effects of circUBAP2 knockdown on cell growth and metastasis were partially reversed by miR-361-3p down-regulation or SOX4 up-regulation in CC. Conclusion CircUBAP2 represents a prognostic marker and contributes to tumor growth and metastasis via modulating miR-361-3p/SOX4 axis in CC, which indicates a potential therapeutic target for CC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingli Meng
- Department of Histopathology, Ningbo Clinical Pathology Diagnosis Center, Ningbo, 315021 Zhejiang China
| | - Xiupeng Jia
- Department of Histopathology, Ningbo Clinical Pathology Diagnosis Center, Ningbo, 315021 Zhejiang China
| | - Wenying Yu
- Department of Histopathology, Ningbo Clinical Pathology Diagnosis Center, Ningbo, 315021 Zhejiang China
| | - Chunnian Wang
- Department of Histopathology, Ningbo Clinical Pathology Diagnosis Center, Ningbo, 315021 Zhejiang China
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Ningbo Clinical Pathology Diagnosis Center, Ningbo, 315021 Zhejiang China
| | - Fenglei Liu
- Department of Pathology, Gansu Provincial Hospital, No. 204, Donggang West Road, Chengguan District, Lanzhou, 730000 Gansu China
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Agarwal S, Chakravarthi BVSK, Kim HG, Gupta N, Hale K, Balasubramanya SAH, Oliver PG, Thomas DG, Eltoum IEA, Buchsbaum DJ, Manne U, Varambally S. PAICS, a De Novo Purine Biosynthetic Enzyme, Is Overexpressed in Pancreatic Cancer and Is Involved in Its Progression. Transl Oncol 2020; 13:100776. [PMID: 32422575 PMCID: PMC7229293 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2020.100776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is an aggressive cancer with an extremely poor prognosis. There is an urgent need to identify new therapeutic targets and also understand the mechanism of PDAC progression that leads to aggressiveness of the disease. To find therapeutic targets, we analyzed data related to PDAC transcriptome sequencing and found overexpression of the de novo purine metabolic enzyme phosphoribosylaminoimidazole succinocarboxamide synthetase (PAICS). Immunohistochemical analysis of PDAC tissues showed high expression of the PAICS protein. To assess the biological roles of PAICS, we used RNA interference and knock down of its expression in PDAC cell lines that caused a reduction in PDAC cell proliferation and invasion. Furthermore, results of chorioallantoic membrane assays and pancreatic cancer xenografts demonstrated that PAICS regulated pancreatic tumor growth. Our data also showed that, in PDAC cells, microRNA-128 regulates and targets PAICS. PAICS depletion in PDAC cells caused upregulation in E-cadherin, a marker of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition. In PDAC cells, a BET inhibitor, JQ1, reduced PAICS expression. Thus, our investigations show that PAICS is a therapeutic target for PDAC and, as an enzyme, is amenable to targeting by small molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Agarwal
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | | | - Hyung-Gyoon Kim
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Nirzari Gupta
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Kevin Hale
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | | | - Patsy G Oliver
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL; Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Dafydd G Thomas
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Isam-Eldin A Eltoum
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL; Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Donald J Buchsbaum
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL; Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Upender Manne
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL; Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Sooryanarayana Varambally
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL; Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL.
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Agarwal S, Behring M, Kim HG, Bajpai P, Chakravarthi BVSK, Gupta N, Elkholy A, Al Diffalha S, Varambally S, Manne U. Targeting P4HA1 with a Small Molecule Inhibitor in a Colorectal Cancer PDX Model. Transl Oncol 2020; 13:100754. [PMID: 32199274 PMCID: PMC7082635 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2020.100754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Deposition, remodeling, and signaling of the extracellular matrix facilitate tumor growth and metastasis. Here, we demonstrated that an enzyme, collagen prolyl 4-hydroxylase, alpha polypeptide I (P4HA1), which is involved in collagen synthesis and deposition, had elevated expression in colorectal cancers (CRCs) as compared to normal colonic tissues. The expression of P4HA1 in CRCs was independent of patient's age, race/ethnicity, gender, pathologic stage and grade, tumor location, and microsatellite instability (MSI) and p53 status. By modulating P4HA1 with shRNA, there was a reduction in malignant phenotypes of CRCs, including cell proliferation, colony formation, invasion, migration, and tumor growth, in mice regardless of their p53 and MSI status. Immunoblot analysis of excised xenograft tumors developed from cells with silenced PH4HA1 showed low levels of proliferating cell nuclear antigen. Further, in CRC mouse models, silencing of P4HA1 in HT29 cells resulted in less metastasis to liver and bone. P4HA1 expression was regulated by miR-124, and inhibition of cell growth was noted for CRC cells treated with miR-124. Furthermore, low levels of the transcriptional repressor EZH2 reduced P4HA1 expression in CRC cells. Inhibition of P4HA1 with the small molecule inhibitor diethyl-pythiDC decreased AGO2 and MMP1, which are P4HA1 target molecules, and reduced the malignant phenotypes of CRC cells. Treatment of CRC patient-derived xenografts that exhibit high expression of P4HA1 with diethyl-pythiDC resulted in tumor regression. Thus, the present study shows that P4HA1 contributes to CRC progression and metastasis and that targeting of P4HA1 with diethyl-pythiDC could be an effective therapeutic strategy for aggressive CRCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Agarwal
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
| | - Michael Behring
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
| | - Hyung-Gyoon Kim
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
| | - Prachi Bajpai
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
| | | | - Nirzari Gupta
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham
| | - Amr Elkholy
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
| | - Sameer Al Diffalha
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
| | - Sooryanarayana Varambally
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA; Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham
| | - Upender Manne
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA; Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham.
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Lu H, Deng S, Zheng M, Hu K. iTRAQ plasma proteomics analysis for candidate biomarkers of type 2 incipient diabetic nephropathy. Clin Proteomics 2019; 16:33. [PMID: 31384238 PMCID: PMC6668123 DOI: 10.1186/s12014-019-9253-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Diabetic nephropathy is the most frequent cause of end-stage renal disease worldwide. Identification of biomarkers for diabetic nephropathy for early diagnosis may be the key to avoiding damage from this condition. Methods Proteomic iTRAQ technology was first used to identify differentially expressed plasma proteins in type 2 incipient diabetic nephropathy (IDN) using a Q-Exactive mass spectrometer. Results Compared with controls, 57 proteins (32 upregulated and 25 downregulated proteins) were identified. Furthermore, the gelsolin, collectin-11, PTPRJ, and AKAP-7 proteins were confirmed by Western blots as candidate biomarkers for type 2 IDN through ROC analysis. Conclusions These findings offer a theoretical basis for the early treatment of diabetic nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongmei Lu
- 1The Second Clinical Medical College, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, 523808 China
| | - Shaodong Deng
- 1The Second Clinical Medical College, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, 523808 China
| | - Minghui Zheng
- 2Department of Clinical Laboratory, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120 China
| | - Kunhua Hu
- 3Proteomics Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080 China
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Chi Soh JE, Abu N, Jamal R. The potential immune-eliciting cancer testis antigens in colorectal cancer. Immunotherapy 2018; 10:1093-1104. [DOI: 10.2217/imt-2018-0044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The identification of cancer testis antigens (CTAs) has been an important finding in the search of potential targets for cancer immunotherapy. CTA is one of the subfamilies of the large tumor-associated antigens groups. It is aberrantly expressed in various types of human tumors but is absent in normal tissues except for the testis and placenta. This CTAs-restricted pattern of expression in human malignancies together with its potential immunogenic properties, has stirred the interest of many researchers to use CTAs as one of the ideal targets in cancer immunotherapy. To date, multiple studies have shown that CTAs-based vaccines can elicit clinical and immunological responses in different tumors, including colorectal cancer (CRC). This review details our current understanding of CTAs and CRC in regard to the expression and immunological responses as well as some of the critical hurdles in CTAs-based immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne Ern Chi Soh
- UKM Medical Molecular Biology Institute (UMBI), UKM Medical Center, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Yaacob Latiff, Cheras, 56000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nadiah Abu
- UKM Medical Molecular Biology Institute (UMBI), UKM Medical Center, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Yaacob Latiff, Cheras, 56000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Rahman Jamal
- UKM Medical Molecular Biology Institute (UMBI), UKM Medical Center, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Yaacob Latiff, Cheras, 56000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Xu Y, Fan Y, Fan W, Jing J, Xue K, Zhang X, Ye B, Ji Y, Liu Y, Ding Z. RNASET2 impairs the sperm motility via PKA/PI3K/calcium signal pathways. Reproduction 2018; 155:383-392. [DOI: 10.1530/rep-17-0746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Asthenozoospermia is one of the leading causes of male infertility owing to a decline in sperm motility. Herein, we determined if there is a correlation between RNASET2 content on human spermatozoa and sperm motility in 205 semen samples from both asthenozoospermia patients and normozoospermia individuals. RNASET2 content was higher in sperm from asthenozoospermia patients than in normozoospermia individuals. On the other hand, its content was inversely correlated with sperm motility as well as progressive motility. Moreover, the inhibitory effect of RNASET2 on sperm motility was induced by incubating normozoospermic sperm with RNase T2 protein. Such treatment caused significant declines in intracellular spermatozoa PKA activity, PI3K activity and calcium level, which resulted in severely impaired sperm motility, and the sperm motility was largely rescued by cAMP supplementation. Finally, protein immunoprecipitation and mass spectrometry identified proteins whose interactions with RNASET2 were associated with declines in human spermatozoa motility. AKAP4, a protein regulating PKA activity, coimmunoprecipated with RNASET2 and they colocalized with one another in the sperm tail, which might contribute to reduced sperm motility. Thus, RNASET2 may be a novel biomarker of asthenozoospermia. Increases in RNASET2 can interact with AKAP4 in human sperm tail and subsequently reduce sperm motility by suppressing PKA/PI3K/calcium signaling pathways.
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Tavakoli Koudehi A, Mahjoubi B, Mirzaei R, Shabani S, Mahjoubi F. AKAP4, SPAG9 and NY-ESO-1 in Iranian Colorectal Cancer Patients as Probable Diagnostic and Prognostic Biomarkers. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2018; 19:463-469. [PMID: 29480665 PMCID: PMC5980935 DOI: 10.22034/apjcp.2018.19.2.463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and objectives: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the most common gastrointestinal cancer and the second leading cause of cancer death in women in the world. Cancer-Testis Antigens (CTAs) are a group of tumor-associated proteins which typically are expressed in normal reproductive cells of men, but their expression in normal somatic cells is silenced. CTAs, due to their limited expression pattern, are considered as promising targets for cancer diagnosis and immuno-therapy. Methods: Expression of AKAP4, SPAG9 and CTAG1B genes from the CTAs family was studied in both tumor and normal tissues of 62 Iranian CRC patients by RT-PCR with the aim of finding biomarkers for early detection and anticipated progression. Statistical analysis was performed SPSS software V22.0 to assess the significance of any associations. Results: Elevated expression of SPAG9 and AKAP4 genes was observed in approximately 66% and 44% of tumours, respectively, as compared to adjacent non-cancerous tissues. While a significant association was found between AKAP4 gene expression and metastasis (P-value: 0.045), expression of the CTAG1B (NY-ESO-1) gene was not observed in our cases. Conclusion: AKAP4 and SPAG9 genes may find use as diagnostic biomarkers for CRC and AKAP4 may play an important role in progression to metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ameneh Tavakoli Koudehi
- Department of Clinical Genetics, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB),Tehran,Iran.
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Reggi E, Diviani D. The role of A-kinase anchoring proteins in cancer development. Cell Signal 2017; 40:143-155. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2017.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Revised: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Gumireddy K, Li A, Chang DH, Liu Q, Kossenkov AV, Yan J, Korst RJ, Nam BT, Xu H, Zhang L, Ganepola GAP, Showe LC, Huang Q. AKAP4 is a circulating biomarker for non-small cell lung cancer. Oncotarget 2016; 6:17637-47. [PMID: 26160834 PMCID: PMC4627334 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer testis antigens (CTAs) are widely expressed in tumor tissues, circulating tumor cells (CTCs) and in cancer derived exosomes that are frequently engulfed by lymphoid cells. To determine whether tumor derived CTA mRNAs could be detected in RNA from purified peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients, we assayed for the expression of 116 CTAs in PBMC RNA in a discovery set and identified AKAP4 as a potential NSCLC biomarker. We validated AKAP4 as a highly accurate biomarker in a cohort of 264 NSCLCs and 135 controls from 2 different sites including a subset of controls with high risk lung nodules. When all (264) lung cancers were compared with all (135) controls the area under the ROC curve (AUC) was 0.9714. When 136 stage I NSCLC lung cancers are compared with all controls the AUC is 0.9795 and when all lung cancer patients were compared to 27 controls with histologically confirmed benign lung nodules, a comparison of significant clinical importance, the AUC was 0.9825. AKAP4 expression increases significantly with tumor stage, but independent of age, gender, smoking history or cancer subtype. Follow-up studies in a small number of resected NSCLC patients revealed a decrease of AKAP4 expression post-surgical resection that remained low in patients in remission and increased with tumor recurrence. AKAP4 is a highly accurate biomarker for the detection of early stage lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anping Li
- The Wistar Institute Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - David H Chang
- Center for Cancer Research and Genomic Medicine, The Valley Hospital, Paramus, NJ 07652, USA
| | - Qin Liu
- The Wistar Institute Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | | | - Jinchun Yan
- University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Robert J Korst
- Department of Surgery, The Valley Hospital, Ridgewood, NJ 07450, USA
| | - Brian T Nam
- Helen F. Graham Cancer Center & Research Institute, Christiana Care Health System, Newark, DE 19713, USA
| | - Hua Xu
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Sciences and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Center for Research on Early Detection and Cure of Ovarian Cancer, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ganepola A P Ganepola
- Center for Cancer Research and Genomic Medicine, The Valley Hospital, Paramus, NJ 07652, USA.,Department of Surgery, The Valley Hospital, Ridgewood, NJ 07450, USA
| | - Louise C Showe
- The Wistar Institute Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Qihong Huang
- The Wistar Institute Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Jagadish N, Parashar D, Gupta N, Agarwal S, Sharma A, Fatima R, Suri V, Kumar R, Gupta A, Lohiya NK, Suri A. A novel cancer testis antigen target A-kinase anchor protein (AKAP4) for the early diagnosis and immunotherapy of colon cancer. Oncoimmunology 2016; 5:e1078965. [PMID: 27057472 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2015.1078965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Revised: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is mainly a disease of developed countries and a major cause of death worldwide. The present study was undertaken to investigate the association of novel cancer testis (CT) antigen, A-kinase anchor protein (AKAP4) with CRC. AKAP4 gene and protein was examined by RT-PCR, in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry (IHC) in 200 clinical specimens of different stages and grades. In addition, humoral response against AKAP4 was detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and Western blotting in 172 available sera samples of CRC patients. We observed that majority of CRC patients demonstrated AKAP4 expression and elicited immune response. AKAP4 protein expression, based on immunoreactivity score (IRS) predicted presence of CRC with 84% sensitivity, 100% specificity, 100% of positive predictive value (PPV) and 83.33% negative predictive value (NPV). Humoral response against AKAP4 protein was generated in 82% of the CRC patients. Further, statistical analysis revealed that antibodies found against AKAP4 in CRC patients predicted presence of malignancy with 81.98% sensitivity, 100% specificity, 100% PPV, and 63.53% NPV. Collectively, our data suggests that the majority of CRC cases show significant difference of AKAP4 expression among stages and grades and also generated antibodies against AKAP4 protein. Therefore, AKAP4 may be potential candidate molecule for developing as a biomarker for early diagnosis and immunotherapy of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirmala Jagadish
- Cancer Microarray, Genes and Proteins Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology , Aruna Asaf Ali Marg , New Delhi, India
| | - Deepak Parashar
- Cancer Microarray, Genes and Proteins Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology , Aruna Asaf Ali Marg , New Delhi, India
| | - Namita Gupta
- Cancer Microarray, Genes and Proteins Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology , Aruna Asaf Ali Marg , New Delhi, India
| | - Sumit Agarwal
- Cancer Microarray, Genes and Proteins Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology , Aruna Asaf Ali Marg , New Delhi, India
| | - Aditi Sharma
- Cancer Microarray, Genes and Proteins Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology , Aruna Asaf Ali Marg , New Delhi, India
| | - Rukhsar Fatima
- Cancer Microarray, Genes and Proteins Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology , Aruna Asaf Ali Marg , New Delhi, India
| | - Vaishali Suri
- Department of Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences , New Delhi, India
| | - Rajive Kumar
- Institute of Rotary Cancer Hospital, All India Institute of Medical Sciences , New Delhi, India
| | - Anju Gupta
- Department of Pathology, NMC Imaging and Diagnostic Centre, Vidyasagar Institute of Mental Health and Neuro-Sciences , New Delhi, India
| | - Nirmal Kumar Lohiya
- Centre for Advanced Studies, Department of Zoology, University of Rajasthan , Jaipur, India
| | - Anil Suri
- Cancer Microarray, Genes and Proteins Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology , Aruna Asaf Ali Marg , New Delhi, India
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A-kinase anchor protein 4 (AKAP4) a promising therapeutic target of colorectal cancer. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2015; 34:142. [PMID: 26590805 PMCID: PMC4654903 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-015-0258-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Background Colorectal cancer (CRC) ranks third among the estimated cancer cases and cancer related mortalities in the Western world. Early detection and efficient therapy of CRC remains a major health challenge. Therefore, there is a need to identify novel tumor markers for early diagnosis and treatment of CRC. Methods A-kinase anchor protein 4 (AKAP4) gene and protein expression was monitored by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), reverse transcription (RT)-PCR and Western blotting in normal colon tissue lysate, normal colon epithelial cells and in colon cancer cell lines viz., Caco-2, COLO205, COLO320DM, HCT-15, HCT116, HT-29, SW480, and SW620. The effect of AKAP4 on cellular growth, migration and invasion abilities was studied using gene silencing approach. The role of AKAP4 in various pathways involved in cell cycle, apoptosis, senescence was investigated in in vitro and in human xenograft mouse model. Results Our studies showed that AKAP4 gene and protein expression was expressed in all colon cancer cells while no expression was detectable in normal colon cells. Ablation of AKAP4 led to reduced cellular growth, migration, invasion and increased apoptosis and senescence of CRC cells in in vitro assays and tumor growth in human xenograft mouse. Human colon xenograft studies showed a significant decrease in the levels of cyclins B1, D and E and cyclin dependent kinases such as CDK1, CDK2, CDK4 and CDK6. Interestingly, an up-regulation in the levels of p16 and p21 was also observed. Besides, an increase in the levels of pro-apoptotic molecules AIF, APAF1, BAD, BID, BAK, BAX, PARP1, NOXA, PUMA and cyt-C and Caspase 3, 7, 8 and 9 was also found in cancer cells as well as in xenograft tissue sections. However, anti-apoptotic molecules BCL2, Bcl-xL, cIAP2, XIAP, Axin2 and Survivin were down regulated in these samples. Our data also revealed elevated expression of epithelial marker E-cadherin and down regulation of EMT markers N-cadherin, P-cadherin, SLUG, α-SMA, SNAIL, TWIST and Vimentin. Further ablation of AKAP4 resulted in the down regulation of invasion molecules matrix metalloproteinase MMP2, MMP3 and MMP9. Conclusion AKAP4 appears to be a novel CRC-associated antigen with a potential for developing as a new clinical therapeutic target. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13046-015-0258-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Agarwal S, Parashar D, Gupta N, Jagadish N, Thakar A, Suri V, Kumar R, Gupta A, Ansari AS, Lohiya NK, Suri A. Sperm associated antigen 9 ( SPAG9) expression and humoral response in benign and malignant salivary gland tumors. Oncoimmunology 2014; 3:e974382. [PMID: 25941602 DOI: 10.4161/2162402x.2014.974382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Salivary gland cancers are highly aggressive epithelial tumor associated with metastatic potential and high mortality. The tumors are biologically diverse and are of various histotypes. Besides, the detection and diagnosis is a major problem of salivary gland cancer for available treatment modalities. In the present study, we have investigated the association of sperm associated antigen 9 (SPAG9) expression with salivary gland tumor (SGT). Clinical specimens of benign (n = 16) and malignant tumors (n = 86) were examined for the SPAG9 expression. In addition, the sera and adjacent non-cancerous tissues (n = 72) from available patients were obtained. Our in situ RNA hybridization and immunohistochemistry (IHC) analysis revealed significant difference (p = 0.0001) in SPAG9 gene and protein expression in benign (63%) and malignant tumor (84%) specimens. Further, significant association was also observed between SPAG9 expression and malignant tumors (P = 0.05). A cut-off value of >10% cells expressing SPAG9 protein designated as positive in IHC, predicted presence of malignant SGT with 83.72% sensitivity, 100% specificity, 100% PPV and 83.72% NPV. Humoral response against SPAG9 protein was generated in 68% of SGT patients. A cut-off value of 0.212 OD for anti-SPAG9 antibodies in ELISA predicted presence of malignant SGT with 69.23% sensitivity, 100% specificity, 100% PPV and 78.94% NPV. Collectively, our data suggests that the majority of SGT show significant difference and association among benign and malignant tumors for SPAG9 gene and protein expression and also exhibit humoral response against SPAG9 protein. Hence, SPAG9 may be developed as a biomarker for detection and diagnosis of salivary gland tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Agarwal
- Cancer Microarray; Genes and Proteins Laboratory; National Institute of Immunology; Aruna Asaf Ali Marg ; New Delhi, India
| | - Deepak Parashar
- Cancer Microarray; Genes and Proteins Laboratory; National Institute of Immunology; Aruna Asaf Ali Marg ; New Delhi, India
| | - Namita Gupta
- Cancer Microarray; Genes and Proteins Laboratory; National Institute of Immunology; Aruna Asaf Ali Marg ; New Delhi, India
| | - Nirmala Jagadish
- Cancer Microarray; Genes and Proteins Laboratory; National Institute of Immunology; Aruna Asaf Ali Marg ; New Delhi, India
| | - Alok Thakar
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology; All India Institute of Medical Sciences ; New Delhi, India
| | - Vaishali Suri
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology; All India Institute of Medical Sciences ; New Delhi, India
| | - Rajive Kumar
- Institute of Rotary Cancer Hospital; All India Institute of Medical Sciences ; New Delhi, India
| | - Anju Gupta
- NMC Imaging and Diagnostic Centre; Vidyasagar Institute of Mental Health and Neuro-Sciences ; New Delhi, India
| | - Abdul S Ansari
- Department of Zoology; Centre for Advanced Studies; University of Rajasthan ; Jaipur, India
| | - Nirmal Kumar Lohiya
- Department of Zoology; Centre for Advanced Studies; University of Rajasthan ; Jaipur, India
| | - Anil Suri
- Cancer Microarray; Genes and Proteins Laboratory; National Institute of Immunology; Aruna Asaf Ali Marg ; New Delhi, India
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Esseltine JL, Scott JD. AKAP signaling complexes: pointing towards the next generation of therapeutic targets? Trends Pharmacol Sci 2013; 34:648-55. [PMID: 24239028 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2013.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2013] [Revised: 10/11/2013] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A-kinase anchoring proteins (AKAPs) streamline signal transduction by localizing signaling enzymes with their substrates. Great strides have been made in elucidating the role of these macromolecular signaling complexes as new binding partners and novel AKAPs are continually being uncovered. The mechanics and dynamics of these multi-enzyme assemblies suggest that AKAP complexes are viable targets for therapeutic intervention. This review will highlight recent advances in AKAP research focusing on local signaling events that are perturbed in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Esseltine
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
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Gene silencing of A-kinase anchor protein 4 inhibits cervical cancer growth in vitro and in vivo. Cancer Gene Ther 2013; 20:413-20. [PMID: 23764900 DOI: 10.1038/cgt.2013.32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2013] [Revised: 05/03/2013] [Accepted: 05/15/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Earlier, we reported an association of A-kinase anchor protein 4 (AKAP4) expression in cervical cancer patient specimens, indicating its implications as an immunotherapeutic target. In this study, we investigated the possible role of AKAP4 in cervical carcinogenesis. AKAP4 messenger RNA and protein expression was assessed in four cervical cancer cell line models, C-33A, CaSki, HeLa and SiHa. Gene silencing approach was employed to investigate the potential role of AKAP4 in cellular growth, proliferation, colony-forming ability, migration and invasion in aggressive squamous cell carcinoma cells (SiHa). Further, the effect of downregulation of AKAP4 on tumor growth was examined in the cervical cancer xenograft model in nude mice. Our data clearly indicated that AKAP4 was expressed in all cervical cancer cells at the gene and protein level. We also observed distinct cytoplasmic and surface localization by indirect immunofluorescence and flow cytometry, respectively. Ablation of AKAP4 protein caused significant inhibition in cellular proliferation, colony-forming ability, migration and invasion ability of SiHa cells. Further, gene silencing of AKAP4 also resulted in reduced tumor growth in nude mice in vivo. Collectively, AKAP4 surface localization and its significant association with malignant properties of cervical cancer cells imply its clinical utility as an immunotherapeutic target.
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