Viridans Group Streptococci in Pediatric Leukemia and Stem Cell Transplant: Review of a Risk-stratified Guideline for Empiric Vancomycin in Febrile Neutropenia

A Review on Updated Species List of Viridans Streptococci causing Infective Endocarditis

Viridans streptococci are important causative organism of infective endocarditis, which is a disease having long-lasting effects among the patients who live with the disease as well as those who are cured. Infective endocarditis due to viridans streptococci generally usually affects persons with structural heart disease and is also associated with intravascular prosthetic devices. After the onset of bacteremia with the pathogenic viridans streptococci, vegetation is formed in one or more heart valves. The diagnosis of infective endocarditis due to viridans streptococci is difficult to establish in patients with underlying risk factors and it involves the correlation of microbiological (in-vitro growth of viridans streptococci), clinical, and echocardiography results (modified Duke criteria). The common microorganisms are Staphylococcus spp., Enterococcus spp followed by viridans streptococci. The details of viridans streptococci causing infective endocarditis were reviewed in detail. Viridans streptococci possess a challenge in identification up to its species level and which helps in the identification of the source of infection as well as treating the infection.