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Mudra Rakshasa-Loots A, Bakewell N, Sharp DJ, Gisslén M, Zetterberg H, Alagaratnam J, Wit FWNM, Kootstra NA, Winston A, Reiss P, Sabin CA, Vera JH. Biomarkers of central and peripheral inflammation mediate the association between HIV and depressive symptoms. Transl Psychiatry 2023; 13:190. [PMID: 37280232 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-023-02489-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
People living with HIV are at increased risk for depression, though the underlying mechanisms for this are unclear. In the general population, depression is associated with peripheral and central inflammation. Given this, and since HIV infection elicits inflammation, we hypothesised that peripheral and central inflammatory biomarkers would at least partly mediate the association between HIV and depressive symptoms. People living with HIV (n = 125) and without HIV (n = 79) from the COmorBidity in Relation to AIDS (COBRA) cohort were included in this study. Participants living with and without HIV had similar baseline characteristics. All participants living with HIV were on antiretroviral therapy and were virally suppressed. Plasma, CSF, and brain MR spectroscopy (MRS) biomarkers were measured. Using logistic regression models adjusted for sociodemographic factors, we found that participants with HIV were more likely to have Any Depressive Symptoms (Patient Health Questionnaire [PHQ-9] score >4) (odds ratio [95% confidence interval] 3.27 [1.46, 8.09]). We then sequentially adjusted the models for each biomarker separately to determine the mediating role of each biomarker, with a >10% reduction in OR considered as evidence of potential mediation. Of the biomarkers analysed, MIG (-15.0%) and TNF-α (-11.4%) in plasma and MIP1-α (-21.0%) and IL-6 (-18.0%) in CSF mediated the association between HIV and depressive symptoms in this sample. None of the other soluble or neuroimaging biomarkers substantially mediated this association. Our findings suggest that certain biomarkers of central and peripheral inflammation may at least partly mediate the relationship between HIV and depressive symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arish Mudra Rakshasa-Loots
- Edinburgh Neuroscience, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
- Department of Global Health and Infection, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK.
| | | | - David J Sharp
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Care Research & Technology Centre, UK Dementia Research Institute, London, UK
| | - Magnus Gisslén
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Region Västra Götaland, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, UK
- Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
- Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Jasmini Alagaratnam
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Department of Sexual Health and HIV, Chelsea & Westminster Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Ferdinand W N M Wit
- Stichting HIV Monitoring, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Global Health, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Neeltje A Kootstra
- Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Alan Winston
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Peter Reiss
- Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Global Health, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Caroline A Sabin
- Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Jaime H Vera
- Department of Global Health and Infection, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
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Natural Killer Cells Regulate Acute SIV Replication, Dissemination, and Inflammation, but Do Not Impact Independent Transmission Events. J Virol 2023; 97:e0151922. [PMID: 36511699 PMCID: PMC9888193 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01519-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are potent effector cells of the innate immune system possessing both cytotoxic and immunoregulatory capabilities, which contribute to their crucial role in controlling human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infections. However, despite significant evidence for NK cell modulation of HIV disease, their specific contribution to transmission and control of acute infection remains less clear. To elucidate the contribution of NK cells during acute SIV infection, we performed an acute necropsy study, where rhesus macaques (RM) were subjected to preinfection depletion of systemic NK cells using established methods of IL-15 neutralization, followed by subsequent challenge with barcoded SIVmac239X. Our study showed that depletion was highly effective, resulting in near total ablation of all NK cell subsets in blood, liver, oral, and rectal mucosae, and lymph nodes (LN) that persisted through the duration of the study. Meanwhile, frequencies and phenotypes of T cells remained virtually unchanged, indicating that our method of NK cell depletion had minimal off-target effects. Importantly, NK cell-depleted RM demonstrated an early and sustained 1 to 2 log increase in viremia over controls, but sequence analysis suggested no difference in the number of independent transmission events. Acute bulk, central memory (CM), and CCR5+ CD4+ T cell depletion was similar between experimental and control groups, while CD8+ T cell activation was higher in NK cell-depleted RM as measured by Ki67 and PD-1 expression. Using 27-plex Luminex analyses, we also found modestly increased inflammatory cytokines in NK cell-depleted RM compared to control animals. In the effort to determine the impact of NK cells on HIV/SIV transmission and acute viremia, future studies will be necessary to better harness these cells for future viral therapies. Collectively, these data suggest NK cells are important modulators of lentivirus dissemination and disease but may not have the capacity to independently eliminate individual transmission events. IMPORTANCE Natural killer (NK) cells as major effector cells of the innate immune system can contribute significantly to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) control. However, a specific role for NK cells in blocking lentivirus transmission remains incompletely clear. In this study, we depleted NK cells prior to challenge with a barcoded SIV. Importantly, our studied showed systemic NK cell depletion was associated with a significant increase in acute viremia, but did not impact the number of independent transmission events. Collectively, these data suggest NK cells are critical modulators of early lentivirus replication but may not regulate individual transmission events at mucosal portals of entry.
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Ruiz MJ, Salido J, Abusamra L, Ghiglione Y, Cevallos C, Damilano G, Rodriguez AM, Trifone C, Laufer N, Giavedoni LD, Sued O, Salomón H, Gherardi MM, Turk G. Evaluation of Different Parameters of Humoral and Cellular Immune Responses in HIV Serodiscordant Heterosexual Couples: Humoral Response Potentially Implicated in Modulating Transmission Rates. EBioMedicine 2017; 26:25-37. [PMID: 29129698 PMCID: PMC5832641 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2017.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Revised: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
As the HIV/AIDS pandemic still progresses, understanding the mechanisms governing viral transmission as well as protection from HIV acquisition is fundamental. In this context, cohorts of HIV serodiscordant heterosexual couples (SDC) represent a unique tool. The present study was aimed to evaluate specific parameters of innate, cellular and humoral immune responses in SDC. Specifically, plasma levels of cytokines and chemokines, HIV-specific T-cell responses, gp120-specific IgG and IgA antibodies, and HIV-specific antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) activity were assessed in nine HIV-exposed seronegative individuals (ESN) and their corresponding HIV seropositive partners (HIV+-P), in eighteen chronically infected HIV subjects (C), nine chronically infected subjects known to be HIV transmitters (CT) and ten healthy HIV− donors (HD). Very low magnitude HIV-specific cellular responses were found in two out of six ESN. Interestingly, HIV+-P had the highest ADCC magnitude, the lowest IgA levels and the highest IgG/IgA ratio, all compared to CT. Positive correlations between CD4+ T-cell counts and both IgG/IgA ratios and %ADCC killing uniquely distinguished HIV+-P. Additionally, evidence of IgA interference with ADCC responses from HIV+-P and CT is provided. These data suggest for the first time a potential role of ADCC and/or gp120-specific IgG/IgA balance in modulating heterosexual transmission. In sum, this study provides key information to understand the host factors that influence viral transmission, which should be considered in both the development of prophylactic vaccines and novel immunotherapies for HIV-1 infection. The evaluation of different immune parameters in HIV serodiscordant couples helped identify factors shaping transmission. Innate and cellular immune responses were apparently not involved in this scenario. HIV-specific ADCC, IgA titer and IgG/IgA balance were identified as factors involved in modulating viral transmission.
The existence of individuals that remain HIV negative despite being repeatedly exposed to the virus has long been described. To date, only homozygosis for a 32-base pair deletion in the ccr5 gene has been consistently shown to be a determinant of HIV resistance. Still, subjects bearing the WT ccr5 gene have also been described as resistant or less susceptible to HIV. Thus, other mechanisms must be involved in this phenomenon. The results presented here postulate ADCC and IgG/IgA ratio as potential mechanisms involved in modulating HIV transmission in the context of serodiscordant couples and inspire further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Julia Ruiz
- CONICET- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y Sida (INBIRS), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jimena Salido
- CONICET- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y Sida (INBIRS), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Yanina Ghiglione
- CONICET- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y Sida (INBIRS), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Cintia Cevallos
- CONICET- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y Sida (INBIRS), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gabriel Damilano
- CONICET- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y Sida (INBIRS), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ana María Rodriguez
- CONICET- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y Sida (INBIRS), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - César Trifone
- CONICET- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y Sida (INBIRS), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Natalia Laufer
- CONICET- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y Sida (INBIRS), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Hospital Juan A. Fernández, Unidad Enfermedades Infecciosas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Luis D Giavedoni
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Omar Sued
- Fundación Huésped, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Hospital Juan A. Fernández, Unidad Enfermedades Infecciosas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Horacio Salomón
- CONICET- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y Sida (INBIRS), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Magdalena Gherardi
- CONICET- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y Sida (INBIRS), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gabriela Turk
- CONICET- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y Sida (INBIRS), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Matteucci C, Grelli S, Balestrieri E, Minutolo A, Argaw-Denboba A, Macchi B, Sinibaldi-Vallebona P, Perno CF, Mastino A, Garaci E. Thymosin alpha 1 and HIV-1: recent advances and future perspectives. Future Microbiol 2017; 12:141-155. [PMID: 28106477 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2016-0125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In spite of the consistent benefits for HIV-1 infected patients undergoing antiretroviral therapy, a complete immune reconstitution is usually not achieved. Actually, antiretroviral therapy may be frequently accompanied by immunological unresponsiveness, persistent inflammatory conditions and inefficient cytotoxic T-cell response. Thymosin alpha 1 is a thymic peptide that demonstrates a peculiar ability to restore immune system homeostasis in different physiological and pathological conditions (i.e., infections, cancer, immunodeficiency, vaccination and aging) acting as multitasking protein depending on the host state of inflammation or immune dysfunction. This review reports the present knowledge on the in vitro and in vivo studies concerning the use of thymosin alpha 1 in HIV-1 infection. Recent findings and future perspectives of therapeutic intervention are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Matteucci
- Department of Experimental Medicine & Surgery, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Via Montepellier, 1, Rome 00133, Italy
| | - Sandro Grelli
- Department of Experimental Medicine & Surgery, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Via Montepellier, 1, Rome 00133, Italy
| | - Emanuela Balestrieri
- Department of Experimental Medicine & Surgery, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Via Montepellier, 1, Rome 00133, Italy
| | - Antonella Minutolo
- Department of Experimental Medicine & Surgery, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Via Montepellier, 1, Rome 00133, Italy
| | - Ayele Argaw-Denboba
- Department of Experimental Medicine & Surgery, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Via Montepellier, 1, Rome 00133, Italy
| | - Beatrice Macchi
- Department of System Medicine, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Via Montepellier, 1, Rome 00133, Italy
| | - Paola Sinibaldi-Vallebona
- Department of Experimental Medicine & Surgery, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Via Montepellier, 1, Rome 00133, Italy.,Institute of Translational Pharmacology, National Research Council, Via Fosso del Cavaliere, 100, Rome 00133, Italy
| | - Carlo Federico Perno
- Department of Experimental Medicine & Surgery, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Via Montepellier, 1, Rome 00133, Italy
| | - Antonio Mastino
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology, National Research Council, Via Fosso del Cavaliere, 100, Rome 00133, Italy.,Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical & Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Via F. Stagno d'Alcontres 31, Messina 98166, Italy
| | - Enrico Garaci
- Department of Experimental Medicine & Surgery, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Via Montepellier, 1, Rome 00133, Italy.,IRCSS San Raffaele Pisana, Scientific Institute for Research, Hospitalization & Health Care, Via di Val Cannuta, 247, Roma 00166, Italy
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Falivene J, Ghiglione Y, Laufer N, Socías ME, Holgado MP, Ruiz MJ, Maeto C, Figueroa MI, Giavedoni LD, Cahn P, Salomón H, Sued O, Turk G, Gherardi MM. Th17 and Th17/Treg ratio at early HIV infection associate with protective HIV-specific CD8(+) T-cell responses and disease progression. Sci Rep 2015; 5:11511. [PMID: 26099972 PMCID: PMC4477236 DOI: 10.1038/srep11511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to analyze Th17 and Treg subsets and their correlation with anti-HIV T-cell responses and clinical parameters during (acute/early) primary HIV infection (PHI) and up to one year post-infection (p.i). Samples from 14 healthy donors (HDs), 40 PHI patients, 17 Chronics, and 13 Elite controllers (ECs) were studied. The percentages of Th17 and Treg subsets were severely altered in Chronics, whereas all HIV-infected individuals (including ECs) showed Th17/Treg imbalance compared to HDs, in concordance with higher frequencies of activated CD8+ T-cells (HLA-DR+/CD38+). Better clinical status (higher CD4 counts, lower viral loads and activation) was associated with higher Th17 and lower Treg levels. We found positive correlations between Th17 at baseline and anti-HIV CD8+ T-cell functionality: viral inhibitory activity (VIA) and key polyfunctions (IFN-γ+/CD107A/B+) at both early and later times p.i, highlighting the prognostic value of Th17 cells to preserve an effective HIV T-cell immunity. Th17/Treg ratio and the IL-17 relative mean fluorescence intensity (rMFI of IL-17) were also positively correlated with VIA. Taken together, our results suggested a potential link between Th17 and Th17/Treg ratio with key HIV-specific CD8+ T-cell responses against the infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Falivene
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y SIDA (INBIRS), Universidad de Buenos Aires-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Yanina Ghiglione
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y SIDA (INBIRS), Universidad de Buenos Aires-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Natalia Laufer
- 1] Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y SIDA (INBIRS), Universidad de Buenos Aires-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina [2] Hospital J.A. Fernández, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - María Pía Holgado
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y SIDA (INBIRS), Universidad de Buenos Aires-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Julia Ruiz
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y SIDA (INBIRS), Universidad de Buenos Aires-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Cynthia Maeto
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y SIDA (INBIRS), Universidad de Buenos Aires-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Luis D Giavedoni
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Pedro Cahn
- 1] Fundación Huésped, Buenos Aires, Argentina [2] Hospital J.A. Fernández, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Horacio Salomón
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y SIDA (INBIRS), Universidad de Buenos Aires-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Omar Sued
- Fundación Huésped, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gabriela Turk
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y SIDA (INBIRS), Universidad de Buenos Aires-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Magdalena Gherardi
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y SIDA (INBIRS), Universidad de Buenos Aires-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Matteucci C, Minutolo A, Pollicita M, Balestrieri E, Grelli S, D’Ettorre G, Vullo V, Bucci I, Luchini A, Aquaro S, Sinibaldi-Vallebona P, Macchi B, Perno CF, Mastino A, Garaci E. Thymosin α 1 potentiates the release by CD8+cells of soluble factors able to inhibit HIV-1 and human T lymphotropic virus 1 infectionin vitro. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2015; 15 Suppl 1:S83-100. [DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2015.1021677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Cytokine/Chemokine responses in activated CD4+ and CD8+ T cells isolated from peripheral blood, bone marrow, and axillary lymph nodes during acute simian immunodeficiency virus infection. J Virol 2014; 88:9442-57. [PMID: 24920807 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00774-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Understanding the cytokine/chemokine networks in CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells during the acute phase of infection is crucial to design therapies for the control of early human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) replication. Here, we measured early changes in CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells in the peripheral blood (PB), bone marrow (BM), and axillary lymph node (ALN) tissue of rhesus macaques infected with SIVMAC251. At 21 days after infection, all tissues showed a statistically significant loss of CD4(+) T cells along with immune activation of CD8(+) T cells in PB and ALN tissue. Twenty-eight different cytokines/chemokines were quantified in either anti-CD3/28 antibody- or staphylococcal enterotoxin B-stimulated single-positive CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells. PB CD4(+) T cells produced predominantly interleukin-2 (IL-2), whereas CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-cell subsets in tissues produced β-chemokines both before and 21 days after SIV infection. Tissues generally exhibited massive upregulation of many cytokines/chemokines following infection, possibly in an attempt to mitigate the loss of CD4(+) T cells. There was no evidence of a T-helper 1 (TH1)-to-TH2 shift in CD4(+) T cells or a T-cytotoxic 1 (TC1)-to-TC2 cytokine shift in CD8(+) T cells in PB, BM, and ALN T-cell subsets during the acute phase of SIV infection. Despite the upregulation of several important effector cytokines/chemokines (IL-2, IL-12, IL-17, gamma interferon, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor) by CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells, upregulation of β-chemokines (CCL2 and CCL22), basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF-basic), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), and migration inhibition factor (MIF) may provide a poor prognosis either by inducing increased virus replication or by other unknown mechanisms. Therefore, drugs targeting β-chemokines (CCL2 and CCL22), FGF-basic, HGF, or MIF might be important for developing effective vaccines and therapeutics against HIV. IMPORTANCE Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection results in early depletion of CD4(+) T cells and dysregulation of protective immune responses. Therefore, understanding the cytokine/chemokine networks in CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells in different tissues during the acute phase of infection is crucial to the design of therapies for the control of early viral replication. Here, we measured early changes in CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells in peripheral blood (PB), bone marrow (BM), and axillary lymph node (ALN) tissue of rhesus macaques infected with SIVMAC251. There was no evidence of a T-helper 1 (TH1)-to-TH2 shift in CD4(+) T cells or a T-cytotoxic 1 (TC1)-to-TC2 cytokine shift in CD8(+) T cells in PB, BM, and ALN T-cell subsets during the acute phase of SIV infection. Despite the upregulation of several important effector cytokines/chemokines by CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells, upregulation of β-chemokines, fibroblast growth factor-basic, hepatocyte growth factor, and migration inhibition factor may provide a poor prognosis.
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Shankar EM, Velu V, Vignesh R, Vijayaraghavalu S, Rukumani DV, Sabet NS. Recent advances targeting innate immunity-mediated therapies against HIV-1 infection. Microbiol Immunol 2012; 56:497-505. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.2012.00485.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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