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Wang L, Lu S, Guo Y, Liu J, Wu P, Yang S. Epidemiology and clinical severity of the serotypes of human parainfluenza virus in children with acute respiratory infection. Virol J 2023; 20:245. [PMID: 37885007 PMCID: PMC10604402 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-023-02214-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute respiratory infections (ARI) are a threat to human health and survival, resulting in many paediatric hospitalisations. However, the epidemiological and clinical severity characteristics of the human parainfluenza virus (PIV), one of the most prevalent respiratory viruses, are not well understood in children. METHODS To identify the epidemiological features of PIV infection, in 2019, hospitalised children with ARI were screened using multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for PIV and 10 other common respiratory pathogens. Subtyping of randomly selected PIV-positive samples was performed using reverse transcription-PCR. Demographics, epidemiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and outcomes were compared between PIV subtypes. RESULTS The annual detection rate for PIV was 14.9%, with a peak from April to September. Children under one year of age had the highest rate of PIV infection (45.5%) compared to other age groups. Of the 121 sequenced samples, 58.7%, 36.4% and 4.9% were positive for PIV-3, PIV-1 and PIV-2, respectively, and no PIV-4 was detected. Severe infections were associated with pre-existing underlying diseases and co-infections, but not with PIV serotype. After excluding cases of co-infection, we found that PIV-2 infection was associated with upper respiratory tract infections, whereas PIV-1 and PIV-3 mainly caused lower respiratory tract infections. Apart from the proportion of patients with fever, there were no significant differences among the three subtypes in terms of clinical symptoms, severity, and outcome. CONCLUSION Here, PIV was the main pathogen causing ARI in hospitalised children. Appropriate attention should be paid to children with underlying diseases and co-infections to prevent the worsening of severe PIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Wang
- Institute of Pediatric Research, Children's Hospital of Hebei Province, 133 Jianhua South Street, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, 050031, China
| | - Sukun Lu
- Institute of Pediatric Research, Children's Hospital of Hebei Province, 133 Jianhua South Street, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, 050031, China
| | - Yinghui Guo
- Institute of Pediatric Research, Children's Hospital of Hebei Province, 133 Jianhua South Street, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, 050031, China
| | - Jianhua Liu
- Institute of Pediatric Research, Children's Hospital of Hebei Province, 133 Jianhua South Street, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, 050031, China
| | - Peng Wu
- Institute of Pediatric Research, Children's Hospital of Hebei Province, 133 Jianhua South Street, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, 050031, China
| | - Shuo Yang
- Institute of Pediatric Research, Children's Hospital of Hebei Province, 133 Jianhua South Street, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, 050031, China.
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Handel A, Li Y, McKay B, Pawelek KA, Zarnitsyna V, Antia R. Exploring the impact of inoculum dose on host immunity and morbidity to inform model-based vaccine design. PLoS Comput Biol 2018; 14:e1006505. [PMID: 30273336 PMCID: PMC6181424 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1006505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccination is an effective method to protect against infectious diseases. An important consideration in any vaccine formulation is the inoculum dose, i.e., amount of antigen or live attenuated pathogen that is used. Higher levels generally lead to better stimulation of the immune response but might cause more severe side effects and allow for less population coverage in the presence of vaccine shortages. Determining the optimal amount of inoculum dose is an important component of rational vaccine design. A combination of mathematical models with experimental data can help determine the impact of the inoculum dose. We illustrate the concept of using data and models to inform inoculum dose determination for vaccines, wby fitting a mathematical model to data from influenza A virus (IAV) infection of mice and human parainfluenza virus (HPIV) infection of cotton rats at different inoculum doses. We use the model to map inoculum dose to the level of immune protection and morbidity and to explore how such a framework might be used to determine an optimal inoculum dose. We show how a framework that combines mathematical models with experimental data can be used to study the impact of inoculum dose on important outcomes such as immune protection and morbidity. Our findings illustrate that the impact of inoculum dose on immune protection and morbidity can depend on the specific pathogen and that both protection and morbidity do not necessarily increase monotonically with increasing inoculum dose. Once vaccine design goals are specified with required levels of protection and acceptable levels of morbidity, our proposed framework can help in the rational design of vaccines and determination of the optimal amount of inoculum. An important component of vaccines is the amount of pathogen inoculum, dead or alive, that is included in the vaccine. This inoculum dose, sometimes also referred to as antigen dose, needs to be large enough to induce good protective immunity. However, one usually also wants to keep the dose low to reduce costs, maximize the number of vaccine doses available, and minimize potential vaccine side effects. The inoculum dose is currently chosen based on limited data from clinical trials. In this study, we set up a framework that combines data with mathematical models to illustrate how such a combination could lead to better and more efficient determination of an optimal inoculum dose for vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Handel
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics and Health Informatics Institute and Center for the Ecology of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Yan Li
- Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Brian McKay
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Kasia A. Pawelek
- Department of Mathematics and Computational Science, University of South Carolina Beaufort, Bluffton, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Veronika Zarnitsyna
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Rustom Antia
- Department of Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
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Pulmonary immunity to viruses. Clin Sci (Lond) 2017; 131:1737-1762. [PMID: 28667071 DOI: 10.1042/cs20160259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Mucosal surfaces, such as the respiratory epithelium, are directly exposed to the external environment and therefore, are highly susceptible to viral infection. As a result, the respiratory tract has evolved a variety of innate and adaptive immune defenses in order to prevent viral infection or promote the rapid destruction of infected cells and facilitate the clearance of the infecting virus. Successful adaptive immune responses often lead to a functional state of immune memory, in which memory lymphocytes and circulating antibodies entirely prevent or lessen the severity of subsequent infections with the same virus. This is also the goal of vaccination, although it is difficult to vaccinate in a way that mimics respiratory infection. Consequently, some vaccines lead to robust systemic immune responses, but relatively poor mucosal immune responses that protect the respiratory tract. In addition, adaptive immunity is not without its drawbacks, as overly robust inflammatory responses may lead to lung damage and impair gas exchange or exacerbate other conditions, such as asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Thus, immune responses to respiratory viral infections must be strong enough to eliminate infection, but also have mechanisms to limit damage and promote tissue repair in order to maintain pulmonary homeostasis. Here, we will discuss the components of the adaptive immune system that defend the host against respiratory viral infections.
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Essa S, Al-Tawalah H, AlShamali S, Al-Nakib W. The potential influence of human parainfluenza viruses detected during hospitalization among critically ill patients in Kuwait, 2013-2015. Virol J 2017; 14:19. [PMID: 28159006 PMCID: PMC5291994 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-017-0681-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The four types of human parainfluenza viruses (PIV) are important causes of community-acquired pneumonia, particularly in children; however, limited information exists about the incidence of PIV in critically ill patients. The aim of this study is to describe the spectrum, incidence and clinical features of PIV-associated infections diagnosed during the hospital stay of patients admitted to pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) and intensive care unit (ICU) of 5 medical centers across Kuwait. METHODS This was a population-based, retrospective study from 2013 to 2015. Specimens were analyzed by molecular methods. This analysis was performed using the database of Virology Unit, Mubarak Al-Kabeer Hospital. Data from 1510 admitted patients with suspected respiratory viral infections was extracted. RESULTS The database contained a total of 39 (2.6%) patients infected with PIV (53.8% male and 46.2% females) and 20 (51.3%) were under 1 year of age. The most frequently isolated type was type 3 (28, 71.8%) followed by type 1 (9, 23.1%). At admission the most common clinical diagnosis was pneumonia in 12 patients (30.8%, p < 0.05) followed by bronchiolitis in 10 patients (25.6%). CONCLUSION PIV plays an important yet unrecognized role in the outcomes of PIUC and ICU patients. Our results contribute to the limited epidemiologic data of PIV in PIUC and ICU in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Essa
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Kuwait City, Kuwait.
| | - Haya Al-Tawalah
- Ministry of Health, Sabah Hospital, Virology Unit, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | | | - Widad Al-Nakib
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Kuwait City, Kuwait
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Newcomer BW, Neill JD, Galik PK, Riddell KP, Zhang Y, Passler T, Velayudhan BT, Walz PH. Serologic survey for antibodies against three genotypes of bovine parainfluenza 3 virus in unvaccinated ungulates in Alabama. Am J Vet Res 2017; 78:239-243. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.78.2.239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Majumdar T, Dhar J, Patel S, Kondratov R, Barik S. Circadian transcription factor BMAL1 regulates innate immunity against select RNA viruses. Innate Immun 2016; 23:147-154. [PMID: 27913791 DOI: 10.1177/1753425916681075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BMAL1 (brain and muscle ARNT-like protein 1, also known as MOP3 or ARNT3) belongs to the family of the basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH)-PAS domain-containing transcription factors, and is a key component of the molecular oscillator that generates circadian rhythms. Here, we report that BMAL1-deficient cells are significantly more susceptible to infection by two major respiratory viruses of the Paramyxoviridae family, namely RSV and PIV3. Embryonic fibroblasts from Bmal1-/- mice produced nearly 10-fold more progeny virus than their wild type controls. These results were supported by animal studies whereby pulmonary infection of RSV produced a more severe disease and morbidity in Bmal1-/-mice. These results show that BMAL1 can regulate cellular innate immunity against specific RNA viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanmay Majumdar
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, and Center for Gene Regulation in Health and Disease, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Jayeeta Dhar
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, and Center for Gene Regulation in Health and Disease, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Sonal Patel
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, and Center for Gene Regulation in Health and Disease, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Roman Kondratov
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, and Center for Gene Regulation in Health and Disease, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Sailen Barik
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, and Center for Gene Regulation in Health and Disease, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH, USA
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Identification of Interferon-Stimulated Gene Proteins That Inhibit Human Parainfluenza Virus Type 3. J Virol 2016; 90:11145-11156. [PMID: 27707917 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01551-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A major arm of cellular innate immunity is type I interferon (IFN), represented by IFN-α and IFN-β. Type I IFN transcriptionally induces a large number of cellular genes, collectively known as IFN-stimulated gene (ISG) proteins, which act as antivirals. The IFIT (interferon-induced proteins with tetratricopeptide repeats) family proteins constitute a major subclass of ISG proteins and are characterized by multiple tetratricopeptide repeats (TPRs). In this study, we have interrogated IFIT proteins for the ability to inhibit the growth of human parainfluenza virus type 3 (PIV3), a nonsegmented negative-strand RNA virus of the Paramyxoviridae family and a major cause of respiratory disease in children. We found that IFIT1 significantly inhibited PIV3, whereas IFIT2, IFIT3, and IFIT5 were less effective or not at all. In further screening a set of ISG proteins we discovered that several other such proteins also inhibited PIV3, including IFITM1, IDO (indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase), PKR (protein kinase, RNA activated), and viperin (virus inhibitory protein, endoplasmic reticulum associated, interferon inducible)/Cig5. The antiviral effect of IDO, the enzyme that catalyzes the first step of tryptophan degradation, could be counteracted by tryptophan. These results advance our knowledge of diverse ISG proteins functioning as antivirals and may provide novel approaches against PIV3. IMPORTANCE The innate immunity of the host, typified by interferon (IFN), is a major antiviral defense. IFN inhibits virus growth by inducing a large number of IFN-stimulated gene (ISG) proteins, several of which have been shown to have specific antiviral functions. Parainfluenza virus type 3 (PIV3) is major pathogen of children, and no reliable vaccine or specific antiviral against it currently exists. In this article, we report several ISG proteins that strongly inhibit PIV3 growth, the use of which may allow a better antiviral regimen targeting PIV3.
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SZILAGYI PG, BLUMKIN A, TREANOR JJ, GALLIVAN S, ALBERTIN C, LOFTHUS GK, SCHNABEL KC, DONAHUE JG, THOMPSON MG, SHAY DK. Incidence and viral aetiologies of acute respiratory illnesses (ARIs) in the United States: a population-based study. Epidemiol Infect 2016; 144:2077-86. [PMID: 26931351 PMCID: PMC7112994 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268816000315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Revised: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
We conducted prospective, community-wide surveillance for acute respiratory illnesses (ARIs) in Rochester, NY and Marshfield, WI during a 3-month period in winter 2011. We estimated the incidence of ARIs in each community, tested for viruses, and determined the proportion of ARIs associated with healthcare visits. We used a rolling cross-sectional design to sample participants, conducted telephone interviews to assess ARI symptoms (defined as a current illness with feverishness or cough within the past 7 days), collected nasal/throat swabs to identify viruses, and extracted healthcare utilization from outpatient/inpatient records. Of 6492 individuals, 321 reported an ARI within 7 days (4·9% total, 5·7% in Rochester, 4·4% in Marshfield); swabs were collected from 208 subjects. The cumulative ARI incidence for the entire 3-month period was 52% in Rochester [95% confidence interval (CI) 42-63] and 35% in Marshfield (95% CI 28-42). A specific virus was identified in 39% of specimens: human coronavirus (13% of samples), rhinovirus (12%), RSV (7%), influenza virus (4%), human metapneumovirus (4%), and adenovirus (1%). Only 39/200 (20%) had a healthcare visit (2/9 individuals with influenza). ARI incidence was ~5% per week during winter.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. G. SZILAGYI
- Department of Pediatrics, Mattel Children's Hospital, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), CA, USA
| | - A. BLUMKIN
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, NY, USA
| | - J. J. TREANOR
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, NY, USA
| | - S. GALLIVAN
- Department of Social Work, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, NY, USA
| | - C. ALBERTIN
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, NY, USA
| | - G. K. LOFTHUS
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, NY, USA
| | - K. C. SCHNABEL
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, NY, USA
| | - J. G. DONAHUE
- Marshfield Clinic Research Foundation, Marshfield, WI, USA
| | - M. G. THOMPSON
- Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - D. K. SHAY
- Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Abedi GR, Prill MM, Langley GE, Wikswo ME, Weinberg GA, Curns AT, Schneider E. Estimates of Parainfluenza Virus-Associated Hospitalizations and Cost Among Children Aged Less Than 5 Years in the United States, 1998-2010. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc 2016; 5:7-13. [PMID: 26908486 PMCID: PMC5813689 DOI: 10.1093/jpids/piu047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parainfluenza virus (PIV) is the second leading cause of hospitalization for respiratory illness in young children in the United States. Infection can result in a full range of respiratory illness, including bronchiolitis, croup, and pneumonia. The recognized human subtypes of PIV are numbered 1-4. This study calculates estimates of PIV-associated hospitalizations among U.S. children younger than 5 years using the latest available data. METHODS Data from the National Respiratory and Enteric Virus Surveillance System were used to characterize seasonal PIV trends from July 2004 through June 2010. To estimate the number of PIV-associated hospitalizations that occurred annually among U.S. children aged <5 years from 1998 through 2010, respiratory hospitalizations from the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project Nationwide Inpatient Sample were multiplied by the proportion of acute respiratory infection hospitalizations positive for PIV among young children enrolled in the New Vaccine Surveillance Network. Estimates of hospitalization charges attributable to PIV infection were also calculated. RESULTS Parainfluenza virus seasonality follows type-specific seasonal patterns, with PIV-1 circulating in odd-numbered years and PIV-2 and -3 circulating annually. The average annual estimates of PIV-associated bronchiolitis, croup, and pneumonia hospitalizations among children aged <5 years in the United States were 3888 (0.2 hospitalizations per 1000), 8481 per year (0.4 per 1000 children), and 10,186 (0.5 per 1000 children), respectively. Annual charges for PIV-associated bronchiolitis, croup, and pneumonia hospitalizations were approximately $43 million, $58 million, and $158 million, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The majority of PIV-associated hospitalizations in young children occur among those aged 0 to 2 years. When vaccines for PIV become available, immunization would be most effective if realized within the first year of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glen R. Abedi
- National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Mila M. Prill
- National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Gayle E. Langley
- National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Mary E. Wikswo
- National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Geoffrey A. Weinberg
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, New York
| | - Aaron T. Curns
- National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Eileen Schneider
- National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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Abstract
Vaccination is the most effective means of preventing and controlling viral infections. The eradication of smallpox and the significant progress made toward polio eradication are clear examples of the great impact of antiviral vaccines. However, viral infections remain a major public health threat and a significant cause of death. Most of the antiviral vaccines introduced over the past century were empirically developed. Poliomyelitis, measles, mumps, and rubella are examples of diseases that are now largely controlled thanks to these empirically developed vaccines. However, there is a growing list of viral pathogens against which effective vaccines are yet to be developed. Recent technological advances will potentially provide us with new platforms that could be harnessed to develop vaccines against emerging and reemerging viral pathogens.
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Pecchini R, Berezin EN, Souza MC, Vaz-de-Lima LDA, Sato N, Salgado M, Ueda M, Passos SD, Rangel R, Catebelota A. Parainfluenza virus as a cause of acute respiratory infection in hospitalized children. Braz J Infect Dis 2015; 19:358-62. [PMID: 25922290 PMCID: PMC9427530 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjid.2015.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2014] [Revised: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Human parainfluenza viruses account for a significant proportion of lower respiratory tract infections in children. Objective To assess the prevalence of Human parainfluenza viruses as a cause of acute respiratory infection and to compare clinical data for this infection against those of the human respiratory syncytial virus. Methods A prospective study in children younger than five years with acute respiratory infection was conducted. Detection of respiratory viruses in nasopharyngeal aspirate samples was performed using the indirect immunofluorescence reaction. Length of hospital stay, age, clinical history and physical exam, clinical diagnoses, and evolution (admission to Intensive Care Unit or general ward, discharge or death) were assessed. Past personal (premature birth and cardiopathy) as well as family (smoking and atopy) medical factors were also assessed. Results A total of 585 patients were included with a median age of 7.9 months and median hospital stay of six days. No difference between the HRSV+ and HPIV+ groups was found in terms of age, gender or length of hospital stay. The HRSV+ group had more fever and cough. Need for admission to the Intensive Care Unit was similar for both groups but more deaths were recorded in the HPIV+ group. The occurrence of parainfluenza peaked during the autumn in the first two years of the study. Conclusion Parainfluenza was responsible for significant morbidity, proving to be the second-most prevalent viral agent in this population after respiratory syncytial virus. No difference in clinical presentation was found between the two groups, but mortality was higher in the HPIV+ group.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Neuza Sato
- Center for Immunology, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Mirthes Ueda
- Center for Immunology, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Raphael Rangel
- Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Ana Catebelota
- Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Sanchez JL, Cooper MJ, Myers CA, Cummings JF, Vest KG, Russell KL, Sanchez JL, Hiser MJ, Gaydos CA. Respiratory Infections in the U.S. Military: Recent Experience and Control. Clin Microbiol Rev 2015; 28:743-800. [PMID: 26085551 PMCID: PMC4475643 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00039-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
This comprehensive review outlines the impact of military-relevant respiratory infections, with special attention to recruit training environments, influenza pandemics in 1918 to 1919 and 2009 to 2010, and peacetime operations and conflicts in the past 25 years. Outbreaks and epidemiologic investigations of viral and bacterial infections among high-risk groups are presented, including (i) experience by recruits at training centers, (ii) impact on advanced trainees in special settings, (iii) morbidity sustained by shipboard personnel at sea, and (iv) experience of deployed personnel. Utilizing a pathogen-by-pathogen approach, we examine (i) epidemiology, (ii) impact in terms of morbidity and operational readiness, (iii) clinical presentation and outbreak potential, (iv) diagnostic modalities, (v) treatment approaches, and (vi) vaccine and other control measures. We also outline military-specific initiatives in (i) surveillance, (ii) vaccine development and policy, (iii) novel influenza and coronavirus diagnostic test development and surveillance methods, (iv) influenza virus transmission and severity prediction modeling efforts, and (v) evaluation and implementation of nonvaccine, nonpharmacologic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose L Sanchez
- Armed Forces Health Surveillance Center, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Michael J Cooper
- Armed Forces Health Surveillance Center, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | | | - James F Cummings
- Armed Forces Health Surveillance Center, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Kelly G Vest
- Armed Forces Health Surveillance Center, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Kevin L Russell
- Armed Forces Health Surveillance Center, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Joyce L Sanchez
- Mayo Clinic, Division of General Internal Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Michelle J Hiser
- Armed Forces Health Surveillance Center, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Postgraduate Research Participation Program, U.S. Army Public Health Command, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Aberdeen, Maryland, USA
| | - Charlotte A Gaydos
- International STD, Respiratory, and Biothreat Research Laboratory, Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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14
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Structure-guided discovery of potent and dual-acting human parainfluenza virus haemagglutinin-neuraminidase inhibitors. Nat Commun 2014; 5:5268. [PMID: 25327774 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms6268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Human parainfluenza viruses (hPIVs) cause upper and lower respiratory tract disease in children that results in a significant number of hospitalizations and impacts health systems worldwide. To date, neither antiviral drugs nor vaccines are approved for clinical use against parainfluenza virus, which reinforces the urgent need for new therapeutic discovery strategies. Here we use a multidisciplinary approach to develop potent inhibitors that target a structural feature within the hPIV type 3 haemagglutinin-neuraminidase (hPIV-3 HN). These dual-acting designer inhibitors represent the most potent designer compounds and efficiently block both hPIV cell entry and virion progeny release. We also define the binding mode of these inhibitors in the presence of whole-inactivated hPIV and recombinantly expressed hPIV-3 HN by Saturation Transfer Difference NMR spectroscopy. Collectively, our study provides an antiviral preclinical candidate and a new direction towards the discovery of potential anti-parainfluenza drugs.
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Zhang D, He Z, Xu L, Zhu X, Wu J, Wen W, Zheng Y, Deng Y, Chen J, Hu Y, Li M, Cao K. Epidemiology characteristics of respiratory viruses found in children and adults with respiratory tract infections in southern China. Int J Infect Dis 2014; 25:159-64. [PMID: 24927663 PMCID: PMC7110535 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2014.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Revised: 02/18/2014] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The World Health Organization (WHO) ranks respiratory tract infection (RTI) as the second leading cause of death worldwide for children under 5 years of age. The aim of this work was to evaluate the epidemiology characteristics of respiratory viruses found in children and adults with RTI from July 2009 to June 2012 in southern China. Methods In this work, a total of 14 237 nasopharyngeal swabs (14 237 patients from 25 hospitals) were analyzed, and seven respiratory viruses (influenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus, parainfluenza virus, adenovirus, human metapneumovirus, human coronavirus, human bocavirus) were detected using PCR/RT-PCR from nasopharyngeal swabs. Results The demographic characteristics, viral prevalence, age distribution, seasonal distribution, and pathogen spectrum of the patients with RTIs were analyzed. Co-infection was observed in 483 specimens, but it was more common in male patients, inpatients, children, and young adults. It varied by season, being more prevalent in the spring and summer and less so in the winter. Human coronavirus and human bocavirus were the most common pathogens, tending to occur in co-infection with other respiratory viruses. Conclusions This work adds to our knowledge of the epidemiology characteristics of these seven common respiratory viruses among patients with RTI in southern China. The detection of the specific viral causes of infection provides a useful starting point for an understanding of illness attributable to respiratory infection, and might also provide data relevant to the development of prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dingmei Zhang
- Department of Medical Statistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Sun Yat-sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China; Department of Microbiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, 74 Zhongshan Road II, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China
| | - Zhenjian He
- Department of Medical Statistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Sun Yat-sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China; Department of Microbiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, 74 Zhongshan Road II, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China
| | - Lin Xu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Sun Yat-sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China; Department of Microbiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, 74 Zhongshan Road II, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China
| | - Xun Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Sun Yat-sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China; Department of Microbiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, 74 Zhongshan Road II, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China
| | - Jueheng Wu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Sun Yat-sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China; Department of Microbiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, 74 Zhongshan Road II, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China
| | - Weitao Wen
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Sun Yat-sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China; Department of Microbiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, 74 Zhongshan Road II, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China
| | - Yun Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Sun Yat-sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China; Department of Microbiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, 74 Zhongshan Road II, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China
| | - Yu Deng
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Sun Yat-sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China; Department of Microbiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, 74 Zhongshan Road II, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China
| | - Jieling Chen
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Sun Yat-sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China; Department of Microbiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, 74 Zhongshan Road II, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China
| | - Yiwen Hu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Sun Yat-sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China; Department of Microbiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, 74 Zhongshan Road II, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China
| | - Mengfeng Li
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Sun Yat-sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China; Department of Microbiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, 74 Zhongshan Road II, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China.
| | - Kaiyuan Cao
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Sun Yat-sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China; Department of Microbiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, 74 Zhongshan Road II, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China.
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Animal models for neonatal diseases in humans. Vaccine 2013; 31:2489-99. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.11.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2012] [Revised: 11/20/2012] [Accepted: 11/28/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Karron RA, Thumar B, Schappell E, Surman S, Murphy BR, Collins PL, Schmidt AC. Evaluation of two chimeric bovine-human parainfluenza virus type 3 vaccines in infants and young children. Vaccine 2012; 30:3975-81. [PMID: 22178099 PMCID: PMC3509782 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2011] [Accepted: 12/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Human parainfluenza virus type 3 (HPIV3) is an important cause of lower respiratory tract illness in children, yet a licensed vaccine or antiviral drug is not available. We evaluated the safety, tolerability, infectivity, and immunogenicity of two intranasal, live-attenuated HPIV3 vaccines, designated rHPIV3-N(B) and rB/HPIV3, that were cDNA-derived chimeras of HPIV3 and bovine PIV3 (BPIV3). These were evaluated in adults, HPIV3 seropositive children, and HPIV3 seronegative children. A total of 112 subjects participated in these studies. Both rB/HPIV3 and rHPIV3-N(B) were highly restricted in replication in adults and seropositive children but readily infected seronegative children, who shed mean peak virus titers of 10(2.8) vs. 10(3.7)pfu/mL, respectively. Although rB/HPIV3 was more restricted in replication in seronegative children than rHPIV3-N(B), it induced significantly higher titers of hemagglutination inhibition (HAI) antibodies against HPIV3. Taken together, these data suggest that the rB/HPIV3 vaccine is the preferred candidate for further clinical development.
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MESH Headings
- Administration, Intranasal
- Adult
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Child, Preschool
- Hemagglutination Inhibition Tests
- Humans
- Infant
- Parainfluenza Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Parainfluenza Vaccines/adverse effects
- Parainfluenza Vaccines/genetics
- Parainfluenza Vaccines/immunology
- Parainfluenza Virus 3, Human/genetics
- Parainfluenza Virus 3, Human/immunology
- Vaccination/adverse effects
- Vaccination/methods
- Vaccines, Attenuated/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Attenuated/adverse effects
- Vaccines, Attenuated/genetics
- Vaccines, Attenuated/immunology
- Vaccines, Synthetic/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Synthetic/adverse effects
- Vaccines, Synthetic/genetics
- Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology
- Virus Replication
- Virus Shedding
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth A Karron
- Center for Immunization Research, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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18
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Bulkow LR, Singleton RJ, DeByle C, Miernyk K, Redding G, Hummel KB, Chikoyak L, Hennessy TW. Risk factors for hospitalization with lower respiratory tract infections in children in rural Alaska. Pediatrics 2012; 129:e1220-7. [PMID: 22508919 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2011-1943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs) are a major cause of morbidity for children worldwide and particularly for children from developing and indigenous populations. In this study, we evaluated risk factors for hospitalization with LRTI in a region in southwest Alaska. METHODS The study was conducted from October 1, 2006, to September 30, 2007, in the Yukon Kuskokwim Delta region of Alaska. Cases were recruited from children <3 years of age hospitalized with LRTI. Controls were recruited during visits to the surrounding communities in the region and matched posthoc to cases on the basis of subregion, season, and age. Parents were interviewed for potential risk factors, and medical records were reviewed. Participants had a nasopharyngeal swab sample taken for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing for a panel of respiratory viruses. Samples positive for respiratory syncytial virus, human metapneumovirus, or parainfluenza type 3 were quantitated by reverse transcriptase real-time quantitative PCR. RESULTS One hundred twenty-eight cases were matched to 186 controls. In a multivariable conditional logistic regression model, significantly (P < .05) increased risk of hospitalization was associated with medically high-risk status, having a woodstove in the house, being bottle fed, and vomiting after feeding; living in a house that had 2 or more rooms with sinks was a protective factor. Viral loads in hospitalized cases were significantly higher than those in controls, but a strict cutoff level was not observed. CONCLUSIONS Several risk factors for LRTI hospitalization were identified in this high risk population. Some factors are amenable to environmental and behavioral interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa R Bulkow
- Arctic Investigations Program, Division of Preparedness and Emerging Infections, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Anchorage, Alaska 99508, USA.
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Alonso WJ, Laranjeira BJ, Pereira SAR, Florencio CMGD, Moreno EC, Miller MA, Giglio R, Schuck-Paim C, Moura FEA. Comparative dynamics, morbidity and mortality burden of pediatric viral respiratory infections in an equatorial city. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2012; 31:e9-14. [PMID: 22001966 PMCID: PMC3414195 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0b013e31823883be] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although acute respiratory infections (ARIs) are the global leading cause of pediatric morbidity and mortality, the relative impact of viral pathogens on pediatric ARIs is still poorly understood, especially in equatorial settings. Long-term studies of multiple viruses concurrently circulating in these regions are still lacking. Here, we report the results of a systematic prospective surveillance of multiple respiratory viruses conducted every weekday for nearly a decade in an equatorial city in Brazil. METHODS We analyzed the relative burden of influenza, parainfluenza, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), adenovirus, and metapneumovirus, their seasonality, and their association with climatic and demographic factors, ARI diagnosis, and pediatric mortality. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS RSV was the primary driver of severe childhood respiratory infections, including pneumonia. RSV was also the virus most strongly associated with respiratory-associated deaths, with RSV circulation and pediatric mortality being in phase. Annual circulation of influenza peaked much earlier than annual mortality due to respiratory causes. The results also show that viral circulation can be strongly seasonal even in equatorial regions, which lack seasons with low temperatures: RSV and influenza were concentrated in the rainy season, whereas parainfluenza predominantly circulated in the dry season. The consistent epidemiologic patterns observed can be used for an effective adjustment of the timing of therapeutic and prophylactic interventions in this and potentially in other equatorial regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wladimir J Alonso
- FroFogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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20
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Bernstein DI, Falloon J, Yi T. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 1/2a study of the safety and immunogenicity of a live, attenuated human parainfluenza virus type 3 vaccine in healthy infants. Vaccine 2011; 29:7042-8. [PMID: 21782874 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2011] [Revised: 07/01/2011] [Accepted: 07/08/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the safety, tolerability, immunogenicity, and viral shedding profiles of a recombinant, live, attenuated human parainfluenza virus type 3 (HPIV3) vaccine, rHPIV3cp45, in healthy HPIV3-seronegative infants 6 to <12 months of age. METHODS In this double-blind, multicenter study, subjects were randomized 2:1 to receive a 10(5)TCID(50) dose of rHPIV3cp45 (n=20) or placebo (n=10) at enrollment and at 2 and 4 months after the first dose. Blood for evaluation of antibody to HPIV3 was collected at baseline and approximately 1 month after each dose. Solicited adverse events (SEs) and unsolicited adverse events (AEs) were collected on days 0-28 after each dose. Nasal wash samples for vaccine virus shedding were collected 3 times after each dose (7-10, 12-18, and 28-34 days post dose) and at unscheduled illness visits. Subjects were followed for 180 days after the last dose. RESULTS Vaccine virus was shed by 85% of vaccine recipients after dose 1, by 1 subject after dose 2, and was not shed by any subject after dose 3. The highest titer of shed virus was detected on day 7 after dose 1. The attenuation phenotype and the genotype of the vaccine virus were stable in shed virus. Seroresponse (≥ 4-fold rise in HPIV3 antibody from baseline) occurred in 61% of subjects after dose 1 and in 77% after dose 3. Either seroresponse or shedding occurred in 95% of vaccine subjects. Adverse events were similar in vaccine and placebo recipients. CONCLUSION The safety, shedding, and immunogenicity profiles of rHPIV3cp45 in HPIV3-seronegative infants 6 to <12 months of age support further development of this vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- David I Bernstein
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA.
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21
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Moss RB, Steigbigel RT, Sanders RL, Fang F. Perspective: emerging challenges in the treatment of influenza and parainfluenza in transplant patients. Adv Virol 2011; 2011:910930. [PMID: 22312357 PMCID: PMC3265318 DOI: 10.1155/2011/910930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2011] [Revised: 05/11/2011] [Accepted: 06/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza, respiratory synctial virus, and parainfluenza are common respiratory infections in immunocompromised transplant recipients, causing significant morbidity and mortality in this patient population. This paper focuses on influenza and parainfluenza virus infections in transplant patients with emphasis on the pandemic 2009 H1N1 influenza infection. Current antiviral treatment recommendations for influenza and parainfluenza in immunocompromised patients as well as novel investigational therapeutic approaches currently being tested in the clinic are discussed. In addition to the morbidity and mortality caused by these viruses, the development of multidrug resistance leading to transmission of resistant viruses is of great public health concern. The development of effective new therapies for influenza and parainfluenza in these high-risk patients is needed with randomized placebo-controlled studies to assess their clinical utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald B. Moss
- NexBio Inc., 10665 Sorrento Valley Road, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Roy T. Steigbigel
- Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Stony Brook, New York, NY 11794, USA
| | | | - Fang Fang
- NexBio Inc., 10665 Sorrento Valley Road, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
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Phenotypes and functions of persistent Sendai virus-induced antibody forming cells and CD8+ T cells in diffuse nasal-associated lymphoid tissue typify lymphocyte responses of the gut. Virology 2011; 410:429-436. [PMID: 21227475 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2010.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2010] [Revised: 08/25/2010] [Accepted: 12/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Lymphocytes of the diffuse nasal-associated lymphoid tissue (d-NALT) are uniquely positioned to tackle respiratory pathogens at their point-of-entry, yet are rarely examined after intranasal (i.n.) vaccinations or infections. Here we evaluate an i.n. inoculation with Sendai virus (SeV) for elicitation of virus-specific antibody forming cells (AFCs) and CD8(+) T cells in the d-NALT. Virus-specific AFCs and CD8(+) T cells each appeared by day 7 after SeV inoculation and persisted for 8 months, explaining the long-sustained protection against respiratory virus challenge conferred by this vaccine. AFCs produced IgM, IgG1, IgG2a, IgG2b and IgA, while CD8+ T cells were cytolytic and produced low levels of cytokines. Phenotypic analyses of virus-specific T cells revealed striking similarities with pathogen-specific immune responses in the intestine, highlighting some key features of adaptive immunity at a mucosal site.
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Respiratory Viral Infections. TROPICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES: PRINCIPLES, PATHOGENS AND PRACTICE 2011. [PMCID: PMC7149827 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-7020-3935-5.00058-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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McGivney JB, Bishop E, Miller K, Casas-Finet J, Yang H, Wei Z, Strouse R, Schenerman M. Evaluation of a synthetic peptide as a replacement for the recombinant fusion protein of respiratory syncytial virus in a potency ELISA. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2010; 54:572-6. [PMID: 20943340 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2010.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2010] [Revised: 08/02/2010] [Accepted: 09/07/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
This report describes the development of a potency ELISA using a peptide derived from the motavizumab binding epitope of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) F-protein. Motavizumab is an antibody therapeutic studied for the prevention of RSV disease. It binds to the RSV glycoprotein F (F-protein), blocking the ability of RSV to fuse with target cells. This binding is the basis for a potency ELISA, however, due to inefficient F-protein production, development of an alternative ligand for the potency ELISA was investigated. A series of synthetic peptides spanning the motavizumab epitope on F-protein were evaluated for motavizumab binding activity. A 26-mer peptide was identified with desirable motavizumab binding kinetics, as shown by ELISA and surface plasmon resonance. The peptide corresponds to a portion of the motavizumab binding domain on the F-protein, and is referred to as F-peptide. The binding of motavizumab to the F-peptide is used in a new motavizumab potency ELISA, which was shown to be robust and statistically comparable to the F-protein ELISA. In addition, based on a qualitative observation, this new ELISA may be able to detect motavizumab degradation with greater sensitivity compared to the F-protein ELISA.
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Affiliation(s)
- James B McGivney
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, MedImmune, One MedImmune Way, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, United States.
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Moscona A, Porotto M, Palmer S, Tai C, Aschenbrenner L, Triana-Baltzer G, Li QX, Wurtman D, Niewiesk S, Fang F. A recombinant sialidase fusion protein effectively inhibits human parainfluenza viral infection in vitro and in vivo. J Infect Dis 2010; 202:234-41. [PMID: 20533871 DOI: 10.1086/653621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The first step in infection by human parainfluenza viruses (HPIVs) is binding to the surface of respiratory epithelial cells via interaction between viral receptor-binding molecules and sialic acid-containing receptors. DAS181, a recombinant sialidase protein containing the catalytic domain of Actinomyces viscosus sialidase, removes cell surface sialic acid, and we proposed that it would inhibit HPIV infection. METHODS Depletion of sialic acid receptors by DAS181 was evaluated by lectin-binding assays. Anti-HPIV activity in cultured cell lines and in human airway epithelium was assessed by the reduction in viral genomes and/or plaque forming units on treatment. In vivo efficacy of intranasally administered DAS181 was assessed using a cotton rat model. RESULTS DAS181-mediated desialylation led to anti-HPIV activity in cell lines and human airway epithelium. Intranasal DAS181 in cotton rats, a model for human disease, significantly curtailed infection. CONCLUSIONS Enzymatic removal of the sialic acid moiety of HPIV receptors inhibits infection with all tested HPIV strains, both in vitro and in cotton rats. Enzyme-mediated removal of sialic acid receptors represents a novel antiviral strategy for HPIV. The results of this study raise the possibility of a broad spectrum antiviral agent for influenza virus and HPIVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Moscona
- Departments of Pediatrics, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York 10021, USA. (
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Complete genome sequence and pathogenicity of two swine parainfluenzavirus 3 isolates from pigs in the United States. J Virol 2009; 84:686-94. [PMID: 19906928 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00847-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Two novel paramyxoviruses, 81-19252 (Texas81) and 92-7783 (ISU92), isolated from the brains of pigs in the United States in the 1980s and 1990s, were characterized. The complete genome of Texas81 virus was 15,456 nucleotides (nt) in length, that of ISU92 was 15,480 nt, and both genomes consisted of six nonoverlapping genes, predicted to encode nine proteins, with conserved and complementary 3' leader and 5' trailer regions and conserved gene starts, gene stops, and trinucleotide intergenic sequences similar to those in paramyxoviruses. The corresponding genes from these two viruses were similar in length, except for the F genes, of which the ISU92 form had an additional 24-nt U-rich 3' untranslated region. The P genes of swine viruses were predicted to produce V and D mRNAs by RNA editing (one to four G insertions in Texas81 and one to nine G insertions in ISU92) or C mRNA by alternative translation initiation. Sequence-specific features related to virus replication and host-specific amino acid signatures indicated that these viruses originated from bovine parainfluenzavirus 3 (bPIV3). Phylogenetic analysis of individual genes suggested that these viruses are novel members of the genus Respirovirus of the Paramyxovirinae subfamily and may be grouped into two subgenotypes of genotype A of bPIV3. Our comprehensive studies revealed that these swine PIV3 are variants of bPIV3 and were possibly transferred from cattle to pigs but failed to establish an active enzootic state. These two viruses were mildly pathogenic to conventionally reared pigs, and results from a limited enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay-based serosurvey of swine farms in Minnesota and Iowa in 2007 and 2008 were negative.
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Mao H, Chattopadhyay S, Banerjee AK. N-terminally truncated C protein, CNDelta25, of human parainfluenza virus type 3 is a potent inhibitor of viral replication. Virology 2009; 394:143-8. [PMID: 19747707 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2009.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2009] [Revised: 07/06/2009] [Accepted: 08/18/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The C protein of human parainfluenza virus type 3 (HPIV3) is a multifunctional accessory protein that inhibits viral transcription and interferon (IFN) signaling. In the present study, we found that removal of N-terminal 25 or 50 amino acid residues from the C protein (CNDelta25 or CNDelta50) totally abolished viral RNA synthesis in the HPIV3 minigenome system. Further N-terminal or C-terminal deletion impaired the inhibitory ability of CNDelta25 and CNDelta50. Subsequent mutagenesis analysis suggested that the N-terminal-charged amino acid residues (K3, K6, K12, E16, and R24) contribute to the higher inhibition caused by CNDelta25 than the C protein. Consistent with viral RNA synthesis inhibition, the growth of HPIV3 was significantly decreased by 5 logs in HeLa-derived cell line expressing CNDelta25. Interestingly, replication of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), another important respiratory tract pathogen, was also strongly inhibited in the presence of CNDelta25. These findings provide a promising potential to use CNDelta25 as an antiviral agent against the clinically important respiratory tract diseases caused by HPIV3 and RSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxia Mao
- Virology Section, Department of Molecular Genetics, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, NN1-06, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Kam-Lun Hon
- Department of Paediatrics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong.
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