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Popovic S, Hadnadjev M, Gajic I, Mijac V, Kekic D, Smitran A, Ranin L, Opavski N. Characterization of macrolide-resistant non-invasive pneumococci in the pre-vaccine era in Serbia. Acta Microbiol Immunol Hung 2018; 65:477-488. [PMID: 30010393 DOI: 10.1556/030.65.2018.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Numerous reports have confirmed that increased macrolide use in the treatment of respiratory tract infection has contributed to the emergence of antibiotic resistance worldwide. Studies have also shown that pneumococcal vaccine can reduce pneumococcal resistance. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of co-resistance to penicillin and other antibiotics in macrolide-resistant (MR) non-invasive pneumococcal isolates and to evaluate serotype distribution in resistant strains in the pre-vaccine era in Serbia. About 80% of MR isolates expressed the MLS phenotype with very high resistance to both erythromycin and clindamycin. A total of 132 (84.1%) MR isolates were multiresistant, i.e., they were resistant to erythromycin, penicillin, tetracycline, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Among 157 MR pneumococci, 11 different serotypes were found. Four serotypes, 19F, 14, 6B, and 23F, accounted for 77.7% of all MR pneumococcal isolates. Among isolates with the cMLS phenotype, serotypes 19F and 14 were predominant, whereas serotype 6A was the most common among those with the M phenotype, followed by 14. In conclusion, co-resistance to macrolides and penicillin in our non-invasive pneumococcal isolates is high. The majority of tested strains (∼80%) belonged to the four serotypes (19F, 14, 6B, and 23F) that are included in all conjugate vaccine formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suncica Popovic
- 1 Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical Faculty University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Republic of Serbia
| | - Mirjana Hadnadjev
- 2 Department of Microbiology, Institute for Pulmonary Diseases of Vojvodina, Sremska Kamenica, Republic of Serbia
| | - Ina Gajic
- 1 Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical Faculty University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Republic of Serbia
| | - Vera Mijac
- 1 Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical Faculty University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Republic of Serbia
| | - Dusan Kekic
- 1 Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical Faculty University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Republic of Serbia
| | - Aleksandra Smitran
- 3 Faculty of Medicine, Department of Microbiology, University of Banja Luka, Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Lazar Ranin
- 1 Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical Faculty University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Republic of Serbia
| | - Natasa Opavski
- 1 Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical Faculty University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Republic of Serbia
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Wang L, Fu J, Liang Z, Chen J. Prevalence and serotype distribution of nasopharyngeal carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae in China: a meta-analysis. BMC Infect Dis 2017; 17:765. [PMID: 29237402 PMCID: PMC5729489 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-017-2816-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To explore the overall prevalence and serotype distribution of nasopharyngeal carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae(S. pneumoniae) among healthy children. METHODS A search for pneumococcal nasopharyngeal carriage studies including children published up to July 31th, 2016 was conducted to describe carriage in China. The review also describes antibiotic resistance in and serotypes of S. pneumoniae and assesses the impact of vaccination on carriage in this region. Summary measures for overall prevalence, antibiotic resistance, and serotype distributions extracted from the analyzed data were determined with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) using random-effects models. Heterogeneity was assessed using I 2 test statistics. RESULTS Thirty-seven studies were included in this review, and the majority of studies (64.9%) were located in the pre-introduction period of 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7) in China. The pooled prevalence of S. pneumoniae nasopharyngeal carriage was 21.4% (95% CI: 18.3-24.4%). Carriage was highest in children attending kindergartens [24.5%, (19.7-29.3%)] and decreased with increasing age. Before the introduction of PCV7 into China, the prevalence of S. pneumoniae nasopharyngeal carriage was 25.8% (20.7-30.9%), the pooled carriage of S. pneumoniae sharply dropped into the 14.1% (11.3-16.9%) by PCV7 vaccination period (P < 0.001). Before the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) was introduced in China, the penicillin resistance rate in S. pneumoniae isolated from healthy children was 31.9% (21.2-42.6%); however, this rate sharply decreased after the introduction of PCV7 in China [21.6%, (7.4-35.9%)], and the difference between the rates during these two time periods was statistically significant (P value <0.05). Serotypes 19F, 6A and 23F were the most commonly isolated. Meta-analysis of data from young children showed a pooled rate estimate of 46.6% (38.8-54.4%) for PCV7 vaccine coverage and 66.2% (58.6-73.8%) for PCV13 vaccine coverage. CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of nasopharyngeal carriage among children was high in China. PCV7 immunization was found to be associated with reduction of nasopharyngeal colonization of S. pneumoniae. Conjugate vaccination coverage was slightly affected by the introduction of PCV7 into China because of low vaccination rate. The government should implement timely adjusted conjugate vaccination strategies based on our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Wang
- Department of Science and Education, Liuzhou Municipal Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, Liuzhou, Guangxi China
| | - Jinjian Fu
- Department of Laboratory, Liuzhou Municipal Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, Liuzhou, Guangxi China
| | - Zhuoxin Liang
- Department of Pediatrics, Liuzhou Municipal Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, Liuzhou, Guangxi China
| | - Jichang Chen
- Department of Neonatology, Liuzhou Municipal Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, Liuzhou, Guangxi China
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Lixandru RI, Falup-Pecurariu C, Bleotu L, Mercas A, Leibovitz E, Dagan R, Greenberg D, Falup-Pecurariu O. Streptococcus pneumoniae Serotypes and Antibiotic Susceptibility Patterns in Middle Ear Fluid Isolates During Acute Otitis Media and Nasopharyngeal Isolates During Community-acquired Alveolar Pneumonia in Central Romania. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2017; 36:151-154. [PMID: 27798547 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0000000000001379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Streptococcus pneumoniae is a common cause of community-acquired alveolar pneumonia (CAAP) and acute otitis media (AOM) in children. Romania has high rates of S. pneumoniae antibiotic resistance. The pneumococcal conjugated vaccines (PCVs) are not being used routinely in this country. The aims of the study were as follows: 1) to compare pneumococcal antibiotic resistance patterns in AOM and CAAP in children from central Romania and 2) to compare differences in the distribution of pneumococcal serotypes isolated from the middle ear fluid (MEF) of children with AOM and from the nasopharynx (NP) of children with CAAP. METHODS Children younger than 5 years old with AOM or with radiologically confirmed CAAP were prospectively enrolled. Samples from MEF and NP were evaluated for antibiotic susceptibility and serotyping. RESULTS Eighty-eight children with CAAP and 68 with AOM were enrolled. Of the MEF and CAAP isolates, 64 (94.1%) and 79 (89.7%) were penicillin nonsusceptible, respectively. The pneumococcal serotypes distribution in AOM was similar to those in CAAP except for serotype 19F, which was more common in AOM. Overall, 89.7% and 85.8% of all serotypes in AOM and CAAP patients, respectively, were covered by 13-valent PCV. CONCLUSIONS MEF and NP-CAAP S. pneumoniae isolates were similar in regard to serotype distribution and antibiotic resistance. S. pneumoniae antibiotic resistance rates were extremely high. Thirteen-valent PCV has the potential to reduce both the burden of disease as well as the rates of antibiotic-resistant S. pneumoniae in both diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raluca-Ileana Lixandru
- From the *Department of Pediatrics, Children's Clinic Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, and †Department of Neurology, County Emergency Clinic Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Transilvania University, Brasov, Romania; ‡Pediatric Infectious Disease Unit, Soroka University Medical Center, and §Pediatric Infectious Disease Unit, Soroka University Medical Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
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Stacevičienė I, Petraitienė S, Vaičiūnienė D, Alasevičius T, Kirslienė J, Usonis V. Antibiotic resistance of Streptococcus pneumoniae, isolated from nasopharynx of preschool children with acute respiratory tract infection in Lithuania. BMC Infect Dis 2016; 16:216. [PMID: 27206423 PMCID: PMC4875676 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-016-1544-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increasing pneumococcal resistance to commonly used antibiotics and multidrug resistance is a serious public health concern. Data on distribution of resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae (SPn) strains among children in Lithuania are limited. We evaluated the circulation of SPn serotypes and antimicrobial susceptibility among preschool children in Lithuania before the introduction of universal infant pneumococcal vaccination. METHODS A prospective study was carried out from February 2012 to March 2013 in five cities of Lithuania. A total of 900 children under six years of age who presented to primary care centre or a hospital emergency department with acute respiratory tract infection were enrolled in the study. Nasopharyngeal swabs were obtained and cultured for SPn. Positive samples (n = 367) were serotyped and tested for antimicrobial susceptibility. Associations of pneumococcal non-susceptibility with study site, season, age, sex, attendance of day care centre and treatment with antimicrobials (between one and six months prior the study) were evaluated. RESULTS About a half (56.7 %) of SPn strains were susceptible to all the antibiotics tested. Pneumococcal non-susceptibility to penicillin, erythromycin, clindamycin and trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole was 15.8, 21.3, 16.9 and 27.3 %, respectively. None of the tested isolates was resistant to norfloxacin or vancomycin. We found a geographical variation of pneumococcal resistance within the cities of the country. Age, sex, the attendance of day care centre and treatment with antimicrobials prior the study was not significantly associated with a carriage of non-susceptible SPn strains. Among non-susceptible SPn serotypes 67.9 %-82.4 % were present in currently available pneumococcal conjugate vaccines. CONCLUSIONS The rates of nasopharyngeal SPn susceptibility to penicillin and macrolides are still high among preschool children in Lithuania, however they are lower compared with previous studies. A strict policy with respect to antibiotic prescription together with widespread use of vaccination could potentially reduce the carriage rate of antibiotic-resistant pneumococci in our country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indrė Stacevičienė
- Clinic of Children's Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Santariskiu Str. 4, Vilnius, Lithuania.,Children's Hospital, Affiliate of Vilnius University Hospital Santariskiu Klinikos, Santariskiu Str. 7, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Sigita Petraitienė
- Clinic of Children's Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Santariskiu Str. 4, Vilnius, Lithuania.,Children's Hospital, Affiliate of Vilnius University Hospital Santariskiu Klinikos, Santariskiu Str. 7, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Daiva Vaičiūnienė
- Clinic of Children's Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Santariskiu Str. 4, Vilnius, Lithuania.,Children's Hospital, Affiliate of Vilnius University Hospital Santariskiu Klinikos, Santariskiu Str. 7, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Tomas Alasevičius
- Clinic of Children's Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Santariskiu Str. 4, Vilnius, Lithuania.,Children's Hospital, Affiliate of Vilnius University Hospital Santariskiu Klinikos, Santariskiu Str. 7, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Jūratė Kirslienė
- Children's Hospital, Affiliate of Vilnius University Hospital Santariskiu Klinikos, Santariskiu Str. 7, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Vytautas Usonis
- Clinic of Children's Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Santariskiu Str. 4, Vilnius, Lithuania. .,Children's Hospital, Affiliate of Vilnius University Hospital Santariskiu Klinikos, Santariskiu Str. 7, Vilnius, Lithuania.
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Bos KI, Jäger G, Schuenemann VJ, Vågene ÅJ, Spyrou MA, Herbig A, Nieselt K, Krause J. Parallel detection of ancient pathogens via array-based DNA capture. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2015; 370:20130375. [PMID: 25487327 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2013.0375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA capture coupled with next generation sequencing is highly suitable for the study of ancient pathogens. Screening for pathogens can, however, be meticulous when assays are restricted to the enrichment of single organisms, which is common practice. Here, we report on an array-based DNA capture screening technique for the parallel detection of nearly 100 pathogens that could have potentially left behind molecular signatures in preserved ancient tissues. We demonstrate the sensitivity of our method through evaluation of its performance with a library known to harbour ancient Mycobacterium leprae DNA. This rapid and economical technique will be highly useful for the identification of historical diseases that are difficult to characterize based on archaeological information alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten I Bos
- Department of Archaeological Sciences, University of Tübingen, Tübingen 72070, Germany
| | - Günter Jäger
- Centre for Bioinformatics Tübingen (ZBIT), University of Tübingen, Tübingen 72070, Germany
| | - Verena J Schuenemann
- Department of Archaeological Sciences, University of Tübingen, Tübingen 72070, Germany
| | - Åshild J Vågene
- Department of Archaeological Sciences, University of Tübingen, Tübingen 72070, Germany
| | - Maria A Spyrou
- Department of Archaeological Sciences, University of Tübingen, Tübingen 72070, Germany
| | - Alexander Herbig
- Department of Archaeological Sciences, University of Tübingen, Tübingen 72070, Germany Centre for Bioinformatics Tübingen (ZBIT), University of Tübingen, Tübingen 72070, Germany
| | - Kay Nieselt
- Centre for Bioinformatics Tübingen (ZBIT), University of Tübingen, Tübingen 72070, Germany
| | - Johannes Krause
- Department of Archaeological Sciences, University of Tübingen, Tübingen 72070, Germany Senckenberg Centre for Human Evolution and Palaeoenvironment, University of Tübingen, Tübingen 72070, Germany Max Planck Institute for History and Sciences, Jena 07745, Germany
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Usonis V, Stacevičienė I, Petraitienė S, Vaičiūnienė D, Alasevičius T, Kirslienė J. Streptococcus pneumoniae nasopharyngeal colonisation in children aged under six years with acute respiratory tract infection in Lithuania, February 2012 to March 2013. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 20:34-41. [PMID: 25860394 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es2015.20.13.21079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
serotypes among children in Lithuania are limited. A prospective study was carried out from February 2012 to March 2013 to evaluate the circulation of SPn serotypes among young children in five cities of Lithuania before the introduction of universal vaccination with pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV). A total of 900 children under six years of age who presented to primary care centres or a hospital emergency department with acute respiratory tract infection (RTI) were enrolled in the study. The SPn colonisation rate was40.8% (367/900), with a peak at two and three years old(48.8% and 45.4%, respectively). Of the 367 SPn isolates, the most common serotypes were 6B (15.8%,n = 58), 19F (13.9%, n = 51), 23F (13.9%, n = 51), 15(10.1%, n = 37), 14 (9.5%, n = 35), 6A (9.3%, n= 34),11 (4.6%, n = 17), 3 (3.0%, n = 11) and 18C (3.0%, n =11); less frequent were 23 (non-23F) (2.7%, n = 10), 19A(2.2%, n = 8) and 9V (1.6%, n = 6). Serotypes 6A and 11 were more common in children under two years-old;18C was found only in children aged two to five years.The serotypes found might be an important predictor of the likely effectiveness of the PCVs currently available in Lithuania
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Affiliation(s)
- V Usonis
- Vilnius University, Clinic of Children's Diseases, Vilnius, Lithuania
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Luminos M, Dorobat O, Jugulete G, Popescu GA, Florea D, Draganescu A, Cercel AS, Rafila A. Nasopharyngeal carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae in Romanian children before the introduction of the pneumococcal conjugated vaccination into the national immunization programme: a national, multi-centre, cross-sectional observational study. Int J Infect Dis 2014; 29:169-73. [PMID: 25461243 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2014.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Revised: 08/06/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We analysed the distribution of vaccine and non-vaccine Streptococcus pneumoniae serotypes and the antimicrobial susceptibility of pneumococcal strains isolated from healthy Romanian children. METHODS A multi-centre cross-sectional study was performed in four counties to evaluate carried strains of S. pneumoniae isolated from 2000 children aged 0-5 years. RESULTS S. pneumoniae carriage was detected in 25.25% of the tested children. Carriage increased from 16.7% among infants to 29.4% in 3-5-year-old children (p<0.0001). The proportions of the serotypes included in pneumococcal conjugate vaccines PCV7, PCV10, and PCV13 among our isolates were 39.9%, 40.1%, and 58.7%, respectively. Erythromycin resistance was 72.5%, and it was significantly lower in non-vaccine serotypes compared with PCV13 serotypes: 57.3% versus 83.6% (p<10(-7)). Penicillin minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) >0.064mg/l were recorded in 71.6%, but the penicillin MIC was >2mg/l for only 8.4% of tested isolates. CONCLUSIONS In Romanian children, the majority of carried S. pneumoniae isolates are vaccine serotypes. The isolates with MICs defining macrolide resistance were very frequent, as well as the isolates with MICs defining penicillin resistance in the case of meningitis or penicillin dose-dependent susceptibility for other infections, mainly for the strains belonging to PCV13 serotypes. The implementation of PCV13 within the Romanian national immunization programme could reduce the circulation of these strains with higher macrolide and/or penicillin MICs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Luminos
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases "Prof Dr Matei Bals", Grozovici 1, 021105 Bucharest, Romania; University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Carol Davila", Bucharest, Romania
| | - Olga Dorobat
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases "Prof Dr Matei Bals", Grozovici 1, 021105 Bucharest, Romania
| | - George Jugulete
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases "Prof Dr Matei Bals", Grozovici 1, 021105 Bucharest, Romania; University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Carol Davila", Bucharest, Romania
| | - Gabriel Adrian Popescu
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases "Prof Dr Matei Bals", Grozovici 1, 021105 Bucharest, Romania; University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Carol Davila", Bucharest, Romania
| | - Dragos Florea
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases "Prof Dr Matei Bals", Grozovici 1, 021105 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Anca Draganescu
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases "Prof Dr Matei Bals", Grozovici 1, 021105 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Anca Streinu Cercel
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases "Prof Dr Matei Bals", Grozovici 1, 021105 Bucharest, Romania; University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Carol Davila", Bucharest, Romania
| | - Alexandru Rafila
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases "Prof Dr Matei Bals", Grozovici 1, 021105 Bucharest, Romania; University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Carol Davila", Bucharest, Romania.
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Antimicrobial Resistance and Serotype Distribution of Nasopharyngeal Pneumococcal Isolates From Healthy Toddlers of Evros, Greece. INFECTIOUS DISEASES IN CLINICAL PRACTICE 2014. [DOI: 10.1097/ipc.0b013e31829c3995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Falup-Pecurariu O, Leibovitz E, Mercas A, Bleotu L, Zavarache C, Porat N, Dagan R, Greenberg D. Pneumococcal acute otitis media in infants and children in central Romania, 2009–2011: microbiological characteristics and potential coverage by pneumococcal conjugate vaccines. Int J Infect Dis 2013; 17:e702-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2013.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2012] [Revised: 12/26/2012] [Accepted: 02/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Skovbjerg S, Söderström A, Hynsjö L, Normark BH, Ekdahl K, Åhrén C. Low rate of pneumococci non-susceptible to penicillin in healthy Swedish toddlers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 45:279-84. [PMID: 23113751 DOI: 10.3109/00365548.2012.734919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infection caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae is the leading cause of mortality in children worldwide. The aim of this study was to determine if a noted increase in non-susceptibility to penicillin among pneumococcal clinical isolates from young children reflected a similar increase in healthy children. METHODS During 2004-2005, before the conjugate pneumococcal vaccine was introduced in Sweden, 663 healthy children (13-24 months of age) attending 17 child health centres in Gothenburg, Sweden, were cultured for bacteria in the nasopharynx. Social factors were identified through a parental questionnaire. Pneumococcal serotypes and antibiotic resistance rates were determined. Antibiotic resistance was also monitored in 162 simultaneously obtained nasopharyngeal pneumococci isolated from clinical samples. RESULTS The healthy children frequently carried pneumococci (45%), Moraxella catarrhalis (54%), and Haemophilus influenzae (22%). The carriage rates for all these pathogens were higher in children attending day care centres compared to children staying at home (p < 0.001). The dominating pneumococcal serotypes were 6B, 19F, 23F, and 6A. Non-susceptibility to penicillin was low (4.0%) and only exceeded by that to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (9.8%). Both rates were higher in the clinical isolates (9.3% and 16.7%, respectively; p < 0.05). No relationships to geographic area, day care attendance, recent antibiotic use, or travel abroad were shown for any specific serotype or for the presence of penicillin-non-susceptible pneumococci in the healthy children. CONCLUSIONS Pneumococcal resistance rates in the healthy child population were low and did not reflect the higher rates noted at the laboratory in clinical samples obtained before and during the study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susann Skovbjerg
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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