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Ristea ME, Zarnescu O. Indigo Carmine: Between Necessity and Concern. J Xenobiot 2023; 13:509-528. [PMID: 37754845 PMCID: PMC10532910 DOI: 10.3390/jox13030033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Dyes, such as indigo carmine, have become indispensable to modern life, being widely used in the food, textile, pharmaceutical, medicine, and cosmetic industry. Although indigo carmine is considered toxic and has many adverse effects, it is found in many foods, and the maximum permitted level is 500 mg/kg. Indigo carmine is one of the most used dyes in the textile industry, especially for dyeing denim, and it is also used in medicine due to its impressive applicability in diagnostic methods and surgical procedures, such as in gynecological and urological surgeries and microsurgery. It is reported that indigo carmine is toxic for humans and can cause various pathologies, such as hypertension, hypotension, skin irritations, or gastrointestinal disorders. In this review, we discuss the structure and properties of indigo carmine; its use in various industries and medicine; the adverse effects of its ingestion, injection, or skin contact; the effects on environmental pollution; and its toxicity testing. For this review, 147 studies were considered relevant. Most of the cited articles were those about environmental pollution with indigo carmine (51), uses of indigo carmine in medicine (45), and indigo carmine as a food additive (17).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Otilia Zarnescu
- Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, Splaiul Independentei 91-95, R-050095 Bucharest, Romania;
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Hoshi S, Tasaki K, Maruo K, Ueno Y, Mori H, Morikawa S, Moriya Y, Takahashi S, Hiraoka T, Oshika T. Improvement in Dacryoendoscopic Visibility after Image Processing Using Comb-Removal and Image-Sharpening Algorithms. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11082073. [PMID: 35456168 PMCID: PMC9032983 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11082073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, a minimally invasive treatment for lacrimal passage diseases was developed using dacryoendoscopy. Good visibility of the lacrimal passage is important for examination and treatment. This study aimed to investigate whether image processing can improve the dacryoendoscopic visibility using comb-removal and image-sharpening algorithms. We processed 20 dacryoendoscopic images (original images) using comb-removal and image-sharpening algorithms. Overall, 40 images (20 original and 20 post-processing) were randomly presented to the evaluators, who scored each image on a 10-point scale. The scores of the original and post-processing images were compared statistically. Additionally, in vitro experiments were performed using a test chart to examine whether image processing could improve the dacryoendoscopic visibility in a turbid fluid. The visual score (estimate ± standard error) of the images significantly improved from 3.52 ± 0.26 (original images) to 5.77 ± 0.28 (post-processing images; p < 0.001, linear mixed-effects model). The in vitro experiments revealed that the contrast and resolution of images in the turbid fluid improved after image processing. Image processing with our comb-removal and image-sharpening algorithms improved dacryoendoscopic visibility. The techniques used in this study are applicable for real-time processing and can be easily introduced in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujin Hoshi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba 305-8575, Japan; (K.T.); (Y.U.); (H.M.); (S.M.); (Y.M.); (S.T.); (T.H.); (T.O.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-298-533-148
| | - Kuniharu Tasaki
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba 305-8575, Japan; (K.T.); (Y.U.); (H.M.); (S.M.); (Y.M.); (S.T.); (T.H.); (T.O.)
| | - Kazushi Maruo
- Department of Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba 305-8575, Japan;
| | - Yuta Ueno
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba 305-8575, Japan; (K.T.); (Y.U.); (H.M.); (S.M.); (Y.M.); (S.T.); (T.H.); (T.O.)
| | - Haruhiro Mori
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba 305-8575, Japan; (K.T.); (Y.U.); (H.M.); (S.M.); (Y.M.); (S.T.); (T.H.); (T.O.)
| | - Shohei Morikawa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba 305-8575, Japan; (K.T.); (Y.U.); (H.M.); (S.M.); (Y.M.); (S.T.); (T.H.); (T.O.)
| | - Yuki Moriya
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba 305-8575, Japan; (K.T.); (Y.U.); (H.M.); (S.M.); (Y.M.); (S.T.); (T.H.); (T.O.)
| | - Shoko Takahashi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba 305-8575, Japan; (K.T.); (Y.U.); (H.M.); (S.M.); (Y.M.); (S.T.); (T.H.); (T.O.)
| | - Takahiro Hiraoka
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba 305-8575, Japan; (K.T.); (Y.U.); (H.M.); (S.M.); (Y.M.); (S.T.); (T.H.); (T.O.)
| | - Tetsuro Oshika
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba 305-8575, Japan; (K.T.); (Y.U.); (H.M.); (S.M.); (Y.M.); (S.T.); (T.H.); (T.O.)
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Pasdaran A, Azarpira N, Heidari R, Nourinejad S, Zare M, Hamedi A. Effects of some cosmetic dyes and pigments on the proliferation of human foreskin fibroblasts and cellular oxidative stress; potential cytotoxicity of chlorophyllin and indigo carmine on fibroblasts. J Cosmet Dermatol 2022; 21:3979-3985. [DOI: 10.1111/jocd.14695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ardalan Pasdaran
- Medicinal Plants Processing Research Center Shiraz University of Medical Sciences Shiraz Iran
| | - Negar Azarpira
- Transplant Research Center Shiraz University of Medical Sciences Shiraz Iran
| | - Reza Heidari
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center Shiraz University of Medical Sciences Shiraz Iran
| | - Simin Nourinejad
- Student research committee, School of Pharmacy Shiraz University of Medical Sciences Shiraz Iran
| | - Maryam Zare
- Department of Pharmacognosy School of Pharmacy Shiraz University of Medical Sciences Shiraz Iran
| | - Azadeh Hamedi
- Medicinal Plants Processing Research Center Shiraz University of Medical Sciences Shiraz Iran
- Department of Pharmacognosy School of Pharmacy Shiraz University of Medical Sciences Shiraz Iran
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