1
|
Naujokaitis T, Auffarth GU, Łabuz G, Khoramnia R. Endothelial Cell Loss in Patients with Phakic Intraocular Lenses. Klin Monbl Augenheilkd 2024; 241:923-943. [PMID: 38242162 DOI: 10.1055/a-2209-5251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
Although the safety of phakic intraocular lenses (pIOLs) has been continuously improved over 70-years of development, high endothelial cell losses can occur even with current pIOL models. Numerous studies have demonstrated that the distance of a pIOL to the corneal endothelium plays a crucial role in the extent of endothelial cell loss. For this reason alone, higher endothelial cell loss tends to be observed with anterior chamber lenses than with posterior chamber lenses. Adequate preoperative anterior chamber depth is essential, at least for iris-fixed pIOLs, in order to ensure a safe distance from the endothelium. However, the anterior chamber becomes shallower with age and therefore it may be useful to consider patient age in the safety criteria. Although endothelial cell loss is generally low with current pIOL models, regular monitoring of the endothelial cell density remains essential due to large interindividual differences in patients with pIOLs. If the endothelial cell loss is greater than expected and the follow-up visits confirm the trend, the pIOL should be explanted without delay. The endothelial reserve should be considered on an individual basis by taking into account patient age, physiological endothelial cell loss, and loss due to further surgery. With careful indication and long-term patient care, pIOLs remain a safe treatment option.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tadas Naujokaitis
- International Vision Correction Research Centre (IVCRC) und David J Apple International Laboratory for Ocular Pathology, Universitäts-Augenklinik Heidelberg, Deutschland
| | - Gerd U Auffarth
- International Vision Correction Research Centre (IVCRC) und David J Apple International Laboratory for Ocular Pathology, Universitäts-Augenklinik Heidelberg, Deutschland
| | - Grzegorz Łabuz
- International Vision Correction Research Centre (IVCRC) und David J Apple International Laboratory for Ocular Pathology, Universitäts-Augenklinik Heidelberg, Deutschland
| | - Ramin Khoramnia
- International Vision Correction Research Centre (IVCRC) und David J Apple International Laboratory for Ocular Pathology, Universitäts-Augenklinik Heidelberg, Deutschland
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhong X, Li Y, Li Y, Wang G, Du Y, Zhang M. Comparison of Predictability in Vault Using NK Formula and KS Formula for the Implantable Collamer Lens Surgery. J Ophthalmol 2024; 2024:4256371. [PMID: 39105180 PMCID: PMC11300086 DOI: 10.1155/2024/4256371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 06/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Background This study aims to investigate the agreement between the NK and KS formulas in predicting the vault after implantation of an EVO-implantable collamer lens (ICL). Methods This retrospective study included 106 eyes of 57 patients who underwent ICL-V4c implantation. Preoperative vault prediction was conducted by utilizing the NK and KS formulas, with postoperative measurements by anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT) at one month. The analysis focused on the consistency between predicted and achieved vaults, as well as the correlation between the achieved vault and various biometric parameters. Results The mean achieved vault was 605.25 ± 212.72 µm, which was significantly smaller than the predicted vaults of 710.08 ± 195.08 and 673.80 ± 212.76 µm, using the NK and KS formulas, respectively (P < 0.05). The mean differences between the achieved vault and the predicted vault using the NK formula and KS formula were -104.82 μm (95% LoA: -600.38-391.19 μm) and -68.55 μm (95% LoA: -628.91-491.82 μm), respectively. Anterior chamber depth (ACD), vertical sulcus-to-sulcus (V-STS) diameter, and crystalline lens rise (CLR) were independent factors associated with the achieved vault (P < 0.05). The two formulas showed no statistically significant difference in absolute prediction error (APE). Conclusion The NK formula exhibited superior consistency and low predictive error compared to the KS formula in the 12.6 mm ICL group. AS-OCT measurements overestimated the predicted ICL vault, especially in the 13.2 mm ICL size selection. Relying solely on the NK or KS formulas for predicting vaults before ICL surgery is not recommended.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhong
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou UniversityThe Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou, China
| | - Yan Li
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou UniversityThe Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou, China
| | - Yuancun Li
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou UniversityThe Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou, China
| | - Geng Wang
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou UniversityThe Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou, China
| | - Yali Du
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou UniversityThe Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou, China
| | - Mingzhi Zhang
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou UniversityThe Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Thompson V, Cummings AB, Wang X. Implantable Collamer Lens Procedure Planning: A Review of Global Approaches. Clin Ophthalmol 2024; 18:1033-1043. [PMID: 38601168 PMCID: PMC11005927 DOI: 10.2147/opth.s456397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
More than 2 million implantable collamer lenses (ICLs) have been implanted worldwide. With a central port to improve aqueous flow through the ICL, the latest iteration of this phakic intraocular lens (pIOL) has been shown to have stable outcomes with very low rates of adverse events. However, correct planning and ICL size selection continue to be important to achieve an optimal vault. Shallow or excessive vaults are not complications in and of themselves but may increase the risk of complications. Historically, surgeons have relied on measurements of anterior chamber depth (ACD) and manual, caliper-measured white-to-white (WTW) distance to select the ICL size. New diagnostic and imaging technologies such as optical coherence tomography (OCT) and ultrasound biomicroscopy (UBM) provide additional opportunities for visualization and measurement of the intraocular dimensions involved in phakic intraocular lens implantation, including sulcus-to-sulcus (STS) and angle-to-angle (ATA) diameters. This paper reviews various approaches to ICL planning and sizing that have been published in the peer-reviewed literature, all of which produce acceptable results for predicting vault and size selection. Surgeons may also want to identify a methodology for patient evaluation and ICL size selection that best aligns with their personal preferences, diagnostic technology, and familiarity with analytical optimization tools.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vance Thompson
- Vance Thompson Vision, Sioux Falls, SD, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of South Dakota Sanford School of Medicine, Vermillion, SD, USA
| | | | - Xiaoying Wang
- Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- Shanghai Research Center of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Yu J, Lin X, Huang X, Xu Z, Ning R, Li K, Savini G, Schiano-Lomoriello D, Zhou X, Huang J. Evaluation of a new dynamic real-time visualization 25 kHz swept-source optical coherence tomography based biometer. EYE AND VISION (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2024; 11:9. [PMID: 38433240 PMCID: PMC10910812 DOI: 10.1186/s40662-024-00377-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To evaluate the intraobserver repeatability and interobserver reproducibility of a newly developed dynamic real-time visualization 25 kHz swept-source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT) based biometer (ZW-30, TowardPi Medical Technology Ltd, China) and compare its agreement with another SS-OCT based biometer (IOLMaster 700, Carl Zeiss Meditec AG, Jena, Germany). METHODS Eighty-two healthy right eyes were enrolled in this prospective observational study. Measurements were repeated for three times using the ZW-30 and IOLMaster 700 in a random order. Obtained parameters included axial length (AL), central corneal thickness (CCT), aqueous depth (AQD), anterior chamber depth (ACD), lens thickness (LT), mean keratometry (Km), astigmatism magnitude (AST), vector J0, vector J45, and corneal diameter (CD). The within-subject standard deviation (Sw), test-retest (TRT) variability, coefficient of variation (CoV), and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) were adopted to assess the intraobserver repeatability and interobserver reproducibility. The double-angle plot was also used to display the distribution of AST. To estimate agreement, Bland-Altman plots were used. RESULTS For the intraobserver repeatability and interobserver reproducibility, the Sw, TRT and CoV for all parameters were low. Meanwhile, the ICC values were all close to 1.000, except for the J45 (ICC = 0.887 for the intraobserver repeatability). The double-angle plot showed that the distribution of AST measured by these two devices was similar. For agreement, the Bland-Altman plots showed narrow 95% limits of agreements (LoAs) for AL, CCT, AQD, ACD, LT, Km AST, J0, J45, and CD (- 0.02 mm to 0.02 mm, - 7.49 μm to 8.08 μm, - 0.07 mm to 0.04 mm, - 0.07 mm to 0.04 mm, - 0.07 mm to 0.08 mm, - 0.16 D to 0.30 D, - 0.30 D to 0.29 D, - 0.16 D to 0.16 D, - 0.23 D to 0.13 D, and - 0.39 mm to 0.10 mm, respectively). CONCLUSIONS The newly dynamic real-time visualization biometer exhibited excellent intraobserver repeatability and interobserver reproducibility. The two devices both based on the SS-OCT principle had similar ocular parameters measurement values and can be interchanged in clinical practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinjin Yu
- Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, N No. 19 Baoqing Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200031, China
- Shanghai Research Center of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Shanghai, China
- Ningbo No. 2 Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University), Key Laboratory of Myopia, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuanqiao Lin
- Eye Hospital and School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaomin Huang
- Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, N No. 19 Baoqing Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200031, China
- Shanghai Research Center of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Shanghai, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University), Key Laboratory of Myopia, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhenyu Xu
- Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, N No. 19 Baoqing Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200031, China
- Shanghai Research Center of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Shanghai, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University), Key Laboratory of Myopia, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Rui Ning
- Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, N No. 19 Baoqing Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200031, China
- Shanghai Research Center of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Shanghai, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University), Key Laboratory of Myopia, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Kexin Li
- Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, N No. 19 Baoqing Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200031, China
- Shanghai Research Center of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Shanghai, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University), Key Laboratory of Myopia, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | | | | | - Xingtao Zhou
- Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, N No. 19 Baoqing Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200031, China.
- Shanghai Research Center of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Shanghai, China.
- NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University), Key Laboratory of Myopia, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China.
| | - Jinhai Huang
- Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, N No. 19 Baoqing Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200031, China.
- Shanghai Research Center of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Shanghai, China.
- NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University), Key Laboratory of Myopia, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zhu J, Li FF, Li GX, Jiang SY, Cheng D, Bao FJ, Wu SQ, Dai Q, Ye YF. Enhancing Vault Prediction and ICL Sizing Through Advanced Machine Learning Models. J Refract Surg 2024; 40:e126-e132. [PMID: 38466764 DOI: 10.3928/1081597x-20240131-01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE To use artificial intelligence (AI) technology to accurately predict vault and Implantable Collamer Lens (ICL) size. METHODS The methodology focused on enhancing predictive capabilities through the fusion of machine-learning algorithms. Specifically, AdaBoost, Random Forest, Decision Tree, Support Vector Regression, LightGBM, and XGBoost were integrated into a majority-vote model. The performance of each model was evaluated using appropriate metrics such as accuracy, precision, F1-score, and area under the curve (AUC). RESULTS The majority-vote model exhibited the highest performance among the classification models, with an accuracy of 81.9% area under the curve (AUC) of 0.807. Notably, LightGBM (accuracy = 0.788, AUC = 0.803) and XGBoost (ACC = 0.790, AUC = 0.801) demonstrated competitive results. For the ICL size prediction, the Random Forest model achieved an impressive accuracy of 85.3% (AUC = 0.973), whereas XG-Boost (accuracy = 0.834, AUC = 0.961) and LightGBM (accuracy = 0.816, AUC = 0.961) maintained their compatibility. CONCLUSIONS This study highlights the potential of diverse machine learning algorithms to enhance postoperative vault and ICL size prediction, ultimately contributing to the safety of ICL implantation procedures. Furthermore, the introduction of the novel majority-vote model demonstrates its capability to combine the advantages of multiple models, yielding superior accuracy. Importantly, this study will empower ophthalmologists to use a precise tool for vault prediction, facilitating informed ICL size selection in clinical practice. [J Refract Surg. 2024;40(3):e126-e132.].
Collapse
|
6
|
Moshirfar M, Han KD, Jaafar MA, Santos JM, Theis JS, Stoakes IM, Hoopes PC. Comparative evaluation of multiple nomograms for predicting postoperative vault after implantable collamer lens surgery. J Cataract Refract Surg 2024; 50:64-71. [PMID: 37702514 DOI: 10.1097/j.jcrs.0000000000001304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare the vault predictability of most available implantable collamer lens (ICL) sizing nomograms and identify which preoperative measurements are predictive of vault. SETTING Private practice in Draper, Utah. DESIGN Retrospective chart review. METHODS This study was a retrospective analysis of 209 eyes of 106 patients who underwent STAAR Surgical ICL implantation. Analyses were performed based on the availability of preoperative parameters, varying the number of eyes for each test. Mean absolute error (MAE) of predicted vs actual postoperative vault was calculated for each nomogram. The frequency of Kim, Rocamora (least absolute shrinkage and selection operator-optical coherence tomography), Russo, and Reinstein recommending the correct ICL size in instances when Parkhurst, optimized white-to-white (WTW), and STAAR could not recommend a definitive ICL size was determined. Univariate and multivariate linear regression analysis was performed between preoperative measurements and vault. RESULTS The Kim, Rocamora, Russo, and Reinstein nomograms had significantly lower MAE of predicted vs actual postoperative vault than the KSV2 and Nakamura V3 nomograms. The Russo formula most frequently recommended the correct ICL size when the Parkhurst, Optimized WTW, and STAAR nomograms could not provide ICL size recommendations. At the 0.05 significance level, anterior chamber depth (ACD), ciliary body inner diameter (CBID), and pupil diameter were the parameters found to have significant correlation with postoperative vault. CONCLUSIONS The Kim, Rocamora, Russo, and Reinstein nomograms were the most predictive of vault. Additionally, ACD, CBID, and pupil diameter were found to be significantly correlated with vault and should be considered for use in future ICL sizing nomograms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Majid Moshirfar
- From the Hoopes Vision Research Center, Hoopes Vision, Draper, Utah (Moshirfar, Hoopes); John A. Moran Eye Center, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah (Moshirfar); Utah Lions Eye Bank, Murray, Utah (Moshirfar); University of Arizona College of Medicine Phoenix, Phoenix, Arizona (Han, Jaafar, Santos, Theis); Pacific Northwest University of Health Sciences, Yakima, Washington (Stoakes)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Tang C, Chen J, Liu Y, Sun T, Duan H, Liu Y, Li W, Qi H. Assessing the efficacy of four methods established by four parameters in ICL size selection and relevant influencing factors: a prospective cohort study. Int Ophthalmol 2023; 43:4861-4867. [PMID: 37837485 DOI: 10.1007/s10792-023-02888-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/16/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare the efficacy and relevant influencing factors of four ICL size selection methods established by four different parameters. METHODS This prospective study included 60 patients (120 eyes) who underwent bilateral ICL implantation. Patients were equally divided into four groups, and each group used the Parkhurst nomogram based on sulcus-to-sulcus (STS), the manufacturer's Online Calculation & Ordering System (OCOS) nomogram based on white-to-white (WTW), the KS formula based on angle-to-angle (ATA) and the NK formula based on anterior chamber width (ACW) to determine the ICL size. Recorded the vault one month after operation and compared the consistency between STS and WTW, ATA and ACW and their effects on the vault of different groups. RESULTS The Parkhurst nomogram, OCOS nomogram, KS formula and NK formula determined 86.7%, 70.0%, 83.3% and 66.7% of properly sized ICL, respectively. STS and ATA were correlated (P < 0.05). The mean difference between the STS and WTW, ATA and ACW was -0.37 ± 0.62 mm, -0.42 ± 0.53 mm and -0.44 ± 0.52 mm, respectively. The vault in the OCOS group was negatively correlated with △STS-WTW, and the vault in the NK group was negatively correlated with △STS-WTW, △STS-ATA and △STA-ACW. The vault in the Parkhurst group and KS group was not affected by anterior segment biometry variables. CONCLUSION ATA can be served as an alternative parameter to STS, and STS-based Parkhurst nomogram and ATA-based KS formula determined the most appropriate ICL size. When using OCOS nomogram and NK formula to select ICL size, postoperative abnormal vault was associated with a larger difference between STS and other anterior segment parameters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chuhao Tang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Restoration of Damaged Ocular Nerve, Peking University Third Hospital, Haidian District, 49 North Garden Road, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiawei Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Restoration of Damaged Ocular Nerve, Peking University Third Hospital, Haidian District, 49 North Garden Road, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Yiyun Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Restoration of Damaged Ocular Nerve, Peking University Third Hospital, Haidian District, 49 North Garden Road, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Tong Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Restoration of Damaged Ocular Nerve, Peking University Third Hospital, Haidian District, 49 North Garden Road, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongyu Duan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Restoration of Damaged Ocular Nerve, Peking University Third Hospital, Haidian District, 49 North Garden Road, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Yilin Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Restoration of Damaged Ocular Nerve, Peking University Third Hospital, Haidian District, 49 North Garden Road, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenlong Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Restoration of Damaged Ocular Nerve, Peking University Third Hospital, Haidian District, 49 North Garden Road, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Qi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Restoration of Damaged Ocular Nerve, Peking University Third Hospital, Haidian District, 49 North Garden Road, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Moshirfar M, Santos JM, Cha DS, Herron M, Stoakes IM, Hoopes PC. Exploring Nomograms for Implantable Collamer Lens Size Selection in Myopia: A Literature-based Compilation. Clin Ophthalmol 2023; 17:3307-3322. [PMID: 37933328 PMCID: PMC10625784 DOI: 10.2147/opth.s427815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose To provide a comprehensive guide of all implantable collamer lens (ICL) sizing nomograms and the respective preoperative diagnostic devices that are required. This guide would help clinicians in choosing the appropriate ICL size for myopic patients to optimize postoperative vault height. Methods A literature search of peer-reviewed journals describing methods and postoperative outcomes of ICL sizing was conducted. Research articles containing ICL nomograms or formulas were identified from this search. Preoperative variables necessary for these nomograms and the required diagnostic devices to measure these parameters such as topography, biometry, or ultrasound biomicroscopy (UBM) were noted. An additional search was conducted to identify artificial intelligence (AI) or machine learning (ML)-derived nomograms. Results Eighteen ICL sizing nomograms were identified through literature search. Five of these nomograms are available for use and require topography or biometry devices. Of these, four include the manufacturer's, optimized white-to-white (WTW), Kang, Kim, and Rocamora Nomograms. Eight of the 18 nomograms available for use require UBM. Eight of these include the Kojima, Nakamura, KS, ZZ, Dougherty, Parkhurst, Russo, and Reinstein Nomograms. Four of the 18 nomograms are ML-derived including Shen, Rocamora, Russo, and Kang Nomograms. Conclusion ICL nomograms are a vital tool in helping clinicians select the right ICL size for myopic patients to optimize postoperative vault reducing risk of postoperative complications. Based on available diagnostic devices such as topography, biometry, or UBM clinicians can integrate specific nomograms into practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Majid Moshirfar
- Hoopes Vision Research Center, Hoopes Vision, Draper, UT, USA
- John A. Moran Eye Center, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Utah Lions Eye Bank, Murray, UT, USA
| | - Jordan M Santos
- University of Arizona College of Medicine Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - David S Cha
- Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Michael Herron
- University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Isabella M Stoakes
- Hoopes Vision Research Center, Hoopes Vision, Draper, UT, USA
- Pacific Northwest University of Health Sciences, Yakima, WA, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|