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Brazill JM, Shin D, Magee K, Majumdar A, Shen IR, Cavalli V, Scheller EL. Knockout of TSC2 in Nav1.8+ neurons predisposes to the onset of normal weight obesity. Mol Metab 2023; 68:101664. [PMID: 36586433 PMCID: PMC9841058 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2022.101664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Obesity and nutrient oversupply increase mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling in multiple cell types and organs, contributing to the onset of insulin resistance and complications of metabolic disease. However, it remains unclear when and where mTOR activation mediates these effects, limiting options for therapeutic intervention. The objective of this study was to isolate the role of constitutive mTOR activation in Nav1.8-expressing peripheral neurons in the onset of diet-induced obesity, bone loss, and metabolic disease. METHODS In humans, loss of function mutations in tuberous sclerosis complex 2 (TSC2) lead to maximal constitutive activation of mTOR. To mirror this in mice, we bred Nav1.8-Cre with TSC2fl/fl animals to conditionally delete TSC2 in Nav1.8-expressing neurons. Male and female mice were studied from 4- to 34-weeks of age and a subset of animals were fed a high-fat diet (HFD) for 24-weeks. Assays of metabolism, body composition, bone morphology, and behavior were performed. RESULTS By lineage tracing, Nav1.8-Cre targeted peripheral sensory neurons, a subpopulation of postganglionic sympathetics, and several regions of the brain. Conditional knockout of TSC2 in Nav1.8-expressing neurons (Nav1.8-TSC2KO) selectively upregulated neuronal mTORC1 signaling. Male, but not female, Nav1.8-TSC2KO mice had a 4-10% decrease in body size at baseline. When challenged with HFD, both male and female Nav1.8-TSC2KO mice resisted diet-induced gains in body mass. However, this did not protect against HFD-induced metabolic dysfunction and bone loss. In addition, despite not gaining weight, Nav1.8-TSC2KO mice fed HFD still developed high body fat, a unique phenotype previously referred to as 'normal weight obesity'. Nav1.8-TSC2KO mice also had signs of chronic itch, mild increases in anxiety-like behavior, and sex-specific alterations in HFD-induced fat distribution that led to enhanced visceral obesity in males and preferential deposition of subcutaneous fat in females. CONCLUSIONS Knockout of TSC2 in Nav1.8+ neurons increases itch- and anxiety-like behaviors and substantially modifies fat storage and metabolic responses to HFD. Though this prevents HFD-induced weight gain, it masks depot-specific fat expansion and persistent detrimental effects on metabolic health and peripheral organs such as bone, mimicking the 'normal weight obesity' phenotype that is of growing concern. This supports a mechanism by which increased neuronal mTOR signaling can predispose to altered adipose tissue distribution, adipose tissue expansion, impaired peripheral metabolism, and detrimental changes to skeletal health with HFD - despite resistance to weight gain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M Brazill
- Department of Medicine, Division of Bone and Mineral Diseases, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO, USA.
| | - David Shin
- Department of Medicine, Division of Bone and Mineral Diseases, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO, USA.
| | - Kristann Magee
- Department of Medicine, Division of Bone and Mineral Diseases, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO, USA.
| | - Anurag Majumdar
- Department of Medicine, Division of Bone and Mineral Diseases, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO, USA.
| | - Ivana R Shen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Bone and Mineral Diseases, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO, USA.
| | - Valeria Cavalli
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO, USA; Center of Regenerative Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA; Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA.
| | - Erica L Scheller
- Department of Medicine, Division of Bone and Mineral Diseases, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO, USA; Center of Regenerative Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA; Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO, USA.
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2
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Agarwal P, Lunge SB, Shetty NS, Karagaiah P, Daveluy S, Ortega-Loayza AG, Tzellos T, Szepietowski JC, Zouboulis CC, Grabbe S, Goldust M. Itch in Hidradenitis Suppurativa/Acne Inversa: A Systematic Review. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11133813. [PMID: 35807098 PMCID: PMC9267685 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11133813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Hidradenitis suppurativa/acne inversa (HS) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the pilosebaceous unit leading to formation of painful, inflammatory nodules, abscesses and tunnels in apocrine gland-bearing areas of the skin. Pain and drainage are the most important symptoms associated with reduction of quality of life in HS. On the other hand, an overlooked symptom in quality of life studies is itch, despite the fact that several studies have reported its importance. Various theories have tried to explain the pathogenesis of itch in HS, such as the presence of mast cells in the cell infiltrates and elevated Ig E levels in the lesional skin. Smoking and advanced stage of disease have been found to be associated with increased intensity of itch. A PUBMED search was conducted to perform a systematic literature review using the term “hidradenitis suppurativa” [all fields], the keywords “pruritus”, “itching”, “itch” [all fields] and with “AND” as operator. Mast cells and mTor signaling were found to be raised in both lesional and perilesional skin. Itch as a presenting symptom has been found in 35–82.6% of patients across multiple studies. It often co-presents with pain and may be misinterpreted as burning, stinging, tickling, tweaking, prickling, etc. The presence of itch is associated with reduced quality of life, depression and impairment of social life. Brodalumab, a monoclonal antibody against IL-17A receptor, produced significant improvements in itch, pain, QoL and depression in patients with moderate to severe HS. Statins have shown some reduction in itch intensity score. Further studies are required to gain a better understanding of the etiopathogenesis and optimal therapeutic modalities for itch in HS that will allow clinicians to better address issue and reduce its impact on quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puneet Agarwal
- Department of Dermatology, SMS Medical College and Hospital, Jaipur 302004, Rajasthan, India;
| | - Snehal Balvant Lunge
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprosy, Bharati Vidyapeeth (DTU) Medical College and Hospital, Pune 411043, Maharashtra, India; (S.B.L.); (N.S.S.)
| | - Nandini Sundar Shetty
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprosy, Bharati Vidyapeeth (DTU) Medical College and Hospital, Pune 411043, Maharashtra, India; (S.B.L.); (N.S.S.)
| | - Priyanka Karagaiah
- Department of Dermatology, Bangalore Medical College and Research Institute, Bangalore 560002, Karnataka, India;
| | - Steven Daveluy
- Department of Dermatology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA;
| | - Alex G. Ortega-Loayza
- Department of Dermatology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA;
| | - Thrasyvoulos Tzellos
- Department of Dermatology, NLSH University Hospital, 8092 Bodø, Norway;
- European Hidradenitis Suppurativa Foundation e.V., 06847 Dessau, Germany;
| | - Jacek C. Szepietowski
- European Hidradenitis Suppurativa Foundation e.V., 06847 Dessau, Germany;
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-367 Wroclaw, Poland
- Correspondence: (J.C.S.); (M.G.)
| | - Christos C. Zouboulis
- European Hidradenitis Suppurativa Foundation e.V., 06847 Dessau, Germany;
- Departments of Dermatology, Venereology, Allergology and Immunology, Dessau Medical Center, Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane and Faculty of Health Sciences Brandenburg, 06847 Dessau, Germany
| | - Stephan Grabbe
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany;
| | - Mohamad Goldust
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany;
- Correspondence: (J.C.S.); (M.G.)
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3
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Sun Y, Xu L, Li Y, Lin J, Li H, Gao Y, Huang X, Zhu H, Zhang Y, Wei K, Yang Y, Wu B, Zhang L, Li Q, Liu C. Single-Cell Transcriptomics Uncover Key Regulators of Skin Regeneration in Human Long-Term Mechanical Stretch-Mediated Expansion Therapy. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:865983. [PMID: 35712657 PMCID: PMC9195629 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.865983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue expansion is a commonly performed therapy to grow extra skin invivo for reconstruction. While mechanical stretch-induced epidermal changes have been extensively studied in rodents and cell culture, little is known about the mechanobiology of the human epidermis in vivo. Here, we employed single-cell RNA sequencing to interrogate the changes in the human epidermis during long-term tissue expansion therapy in clinical settings. We also verified the main findings at the protein level by immunofluorescence analysis of independent clinical samples. Our data show that the expanding human skin epidermis maintained a cellular composition and lineage trajectory that are similar to its non-expanding neighbor, suggesting the cellular heterogeneity of long-term expanded samples differs from the early response to the expansion. Also, a decrease in proliferative cells due to the decayed regenerative competency was detected. On the other hand, profound transcriptional changes are detected for epidermal stem cells in the expanding skin versus their non-expanding peers. These include significantly enriched signatures of C-FOS, EMT, and mTOR pathways and upregulation of AREG and SERPINB2 genes. CellChat associated ligand-receptor pairs and signaling pathways were revealed. Together, our data present a single-cell atlas of human epidermal changes in long-term tissue expansion therapy, suggesting that transcriptional change in epidermal stem cells is the major mechanism underlying long-term human skin expansion therapy. We also identified novel therapeutic targets to promote human skin expansion efficiency in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yidan Sun
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Luwen Xu
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yin Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Lin
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Haizhou Li
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yashan Gao
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaolu Huang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hainan Zhu
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingfan Zhang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Kunchen Wei
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yali Yang
- Department of Dermatology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of Laser Cosmetology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Baojin Wu
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Shanghai Huashan Hospital, Fudan University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Liang Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qingfeng Li
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Caiyue Liu
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Alrashdi I, Alsubaiyel A, Chan M, Battell EE, Ennaceur A, Nunn MA, Weston-Davies W, Chazot PL, Obara I. Votucalis, a Novel Centrally Sparing Histamine-Binding Protein, Attenuates Histaminergic Itch and Neuropathic Pain in Mice. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:846683. [PMID: 35350753 PMCID: PMC8957863 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.846683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Votucalis is a biologically active protein in tick (R. appendiculatus) saliva, which specifically binds histamine with high affinity and, therefore, has the potential to inhibit the host’s immunological responses at the feeding site. We hypothesized that scavenging of peripherally released endogenous histamine by Votucalis results in both anti-itch and anti-nociceptive effects. To test this hypothesis, adult male mice were subjected to histaminergic itch, as well as peripheral nerve injury that resulted in neuropathic pain. Thus, we selected models where peripherally released histamine was shown to be a key regulator. In these models, the animals received systemic (intraperitoneal, i.p.) or peripheral transdermal (subcutaneous, s.c. or intraplantar, i.pl.) administrations of Votucalis and itch behavior, as well as mechanical and thermal hypersensitivity, were evaluated. Selective histamine receptor antagonists were used to determine the involvement of histamine receptors in the effects produced by Votucalis. We also used the spontaneous object recognition test to confirm the centrally sparing properties of Votucalis. Our main finding shows that in histamine-dependent itch and neuropathic pain models peripheral (s.c. or i.pl.) administration of Votucalis displayed a longer duration of action for a lower dose range, when compared with Votucalis systemic (i.p.) effects. Stronger anti-itch effect was observed after co-administration of Votucalis (s.c.) and antagonists that inhibited peripheral histamine H1 and H2 receptors as well as central histamine H4 receptors indicating the importance of these histamine receptors in itch. In neuropathic mice, Votucalis produced a potent and complete anti-nociceptive effect on mechanical hypersensitivity, while thermal (heat) hypersensitivity was largely unaffected. Overall, our findings further emphasize the key role for histamine in the regulation of histaminergic itch and chronic neuropathic pain. Given the effectiveness of Votucalis after peripheral transdermal administration, with a lack of central effects, we provide here the first evidence that scavenging of peripherally released histamine by Votucalis may represent a novel therapeutically effective and safe long-term strategy for the management of these refractory health conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Alrashdi
- School of Pharmacy, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom.,Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Amal Alsubaiyel
- School of Pharmacy, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom.,Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Michele Chan
- School of Pharmacy, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom.,Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Emma E Battell
- School of Pharmacy, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Abdel Ennaceur
- School of Pharmacy, University of Sunderland, Sunderland, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Paul L Chazot
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom
| | - Ilona Obara
- School of Pharmacy, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom.,Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom
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5
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Yeo JH, Kim SJ, Roh DH. Rapamycin reduces orofacial nociceptive responses and microglial p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphorylation in trigeminal nucleus caudalis in mouse orofacial formalin model. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY AND THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF PHARMACOLOGY 2021; 25:365-374. [PMID: 34187953 PMCID: PMC8255123 DOI: 10.4196/kjpp.2021.25.4.365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) plays a role in various cellular phenomena, including autophagy, cell proliferation, and differentiation. Although recent studies have reported its involvement in nociceptive responses in several pain models, whether mTOR is involved in orofacial pain processing is currently unexplored. This study determined whether rapamycin, an mTOR inhibitor, reduces nociceptive responses and the number of Fos-immunoreactive (Fos-ir) cells in the trigeminal nucleus caudalis (TNC) in a mouse orofacial formalin model. We also examined whether the glial cell expression and phosphorylated p38 (p-p38) mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) in the TNC are affected by rapamycin. Mice were intraperitoneally given rapamycin (0.1, 0.3, or 1.0 mg/kg); then, 30 min after, 5% formalin (10 µl) was subcutaneously injected into the right upper lip. The rubbing responses with the ipsilateral forepaw or hindpaw were counted for 45 min. High-dose rapamycin (1.0 mg/kg) produced significant antinociceptive effects in both the first and second phases of formalin test. The number of Fos-ir cells in the ipsilateral TNC was also reduced by high-dose rapamycin compared with vehicle-treated animals. Furthermore, the number of p-p38-ir cells the in ipsilateral TNC was significantly decreased in animals treated with high-dose rapamycin; p-p38 expression was co-localized in microglia, but not neurons and astrocytes. Therefore, the mTOR inhibitor, rapamycin, reduces orofacial nociception and Fos expression in the TNC, and its antinociceptive action on orofacial pain may be associated with the inhibition of p-p38 MAPK in the microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hee Yeo
- Department of Oral Physiology, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea
| | - Sol-Ji Kim
- Department of Oral Physiology, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea
| | - Dae-Hyun Roh
- Department of Oral Physiology, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea
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Inada T, Sato H, Hayashi Y, Hitomi S, Furukawa A, Ando M, Oshima E, Otsuji J, Taguchi N, Shibuta I, Tsuda H, Iwata K, Shirota T, Shinoda M. Rapamycin Accelerates Axon Regeneration Through Schwann Cell-mediated Autophagy Following Inferior Alveolar Nerve Transection in Rats. Neuroscience 2021; 468:43-52. [PMID: 34102263 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2021.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Sensory disturbance in the orofacial region owing to trigeminal nerve injury is caused by dental treatment or accident. Commercially available therapeutics are ineffective for the treatment of sensory disturbance. Additionally, the therapeutic effects of rapamycin, an allosteric inhibitor of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), which negatively regulates autophagy, on the sensory disturbance are not fully investigated. Thus, we investigated the therapeutic effects of rapamycin on the sensory disturbance in the mandibular region caused by inferior alveolar nerve (IAN) transection (IANX) in rats. The expression levels of the phosphorylated p70S6K, a downstream molecule of mTOR, in the proximal and distal stumps of the transected IAN were significantly reduced by rapamycin administration to the injured site. Conversely, the increments of both Beclin 1 and microtubule-associated protein-1 light chain 3-II protein levels in the proximal and distal stumps of the transected IAN was induced by rapamycin administration. Immunohistochemical analyses revealed that Beclin 1 was located in Schwann cells in the proximal stump of the IAN. Accumulation of myelin protein zero and myelin basic protein in the proximal and distal stumps of the IAN was significantly reduced by rapamycin administration. Rapamycin administration facilitated axon regeneration after IANX and increased the number of brain-derived neurotrophic factor positive neurons in the trigeminal ganglion. Thus, recovery from sensory disturbance in the lower lip caused by IANX was markedly facilitated by rapamycin. These findings suggest that rapamycin administration is a promising treatment for the sensory disturbance caused by IANX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takanobu Inada
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Showa University School of Dentistry, Tokyo 145-8515, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Sato
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Showa University School of Dentistry, Tokyo 145-8515, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Hayashi
- Department of Physiology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, 1-8-13 Kandasurugadai, Chiyoda-ku, 101-8310, Japan.
| | - Suzuro Hitomi
- Department of Physiology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, 1-8-13 Kandasurugadai, Chiyoda-ku, 101-8310, Japan
| | - Akihiko Furukawa
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, 1-8-13 Kandasurugadai, Chiyoda-ku, 101-8310, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Ando
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, 1-8-13 Kandasurugadai, Chiyoda-ku, 101-8310, Japan
| | - Eri Oshima
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Showa University School of Dentistry, Tokyo 145-8515, Japan
| | - Jo Otsuji
- Department of Physiology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, 1-8-13 Kandasurugadai, Chiyoda-ku, 101-8310, Japan
| | - Naoto Taguchi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Showa University School of Dentistry, Tokyo 145-8515, Japan
| | - Ikuko Shibuta
- Department of Physiology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, 1-8-13 Kandasurugadai, Chiyoda-ku, 101-8310, Japan
| | - Hiromasa Tsuda
- Department of Biochemistry, Nihon University School of Dentistry, 1-8-13 Kandasurugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-8310, Japan
| | - Koichi Iwata
- Department of Physiology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, 1-8-13 Kandasurugadai, Chiyoda-ku, 101-8310, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Shirota
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Showa University School of Dentistry, Tokyo 145-8515, Japan
| | - Masamichi Shinoda
- Department of Physiology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, 1-8-13 Kandasurugadai, Chiyoda-ku, 101-8310, Japan
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A group of cationic amphiphilic drugs activates MRGPRX2 and induces scratching behavior in mice. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2021; 148:506-522.e8. [PMID: 33617860 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2020.12.655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mas gene-related G protein-coupled receptors (MRGPRs) are a G protein-coupled receptor family responsive to various exogenous and endogenous agonists, playing a fundamental role in pain and itch sensation. The primate-specific family member MRGPRX2 and its murine orthologue MRGPRB2 are expressed by mast cells mediating IgE-independent signaling and pseudoallergic drug reactions. OBJECTIVES Our aim was to increase knowledge about the function and regulation of MRGPRX2/MRGPRB2, which is of major importance in prevention of drug hypersensitivity reactions and drug-induced pruritus. METHODS To identify novel MRGPR (ant)agonists, we screened a library of pharmacologically active compounds by utilizing a high-throughput calcium mobilization assay. The identified hit compounds were analyzed for their pseudoallergic and pruritogenic effects in mice and human. RESULTS We found a class of commonly used drugs activating MRGPRX2 that, to a large extent, consists of antidepressants, antiallergic drugs, and antipsychotics. Three-dimensional pharmacophore modeling revealed structural similarities of the identified agonists, classifying them as cationic amphiphilic drugs. Mast cell activation was investigated by using the 3 representatively selected antidepressants clomipramine, paroxetine, and desipramine. Indeed, we were able to show a concentration-dependent activation and MRGPRX2-dependent degranulation of the human mast cell line LAD2 (Laboratory of Allergic Diseases-2). Furthermore, clomipramine, paroxetine, and desipramine were able to induce degranulation of human skin and murine peritoneal mast cells. These substances elicited dose-dependent scratching behavior following intradermal injection into C57BL/6 mice but less so in MRGPRB2-mutant mice, as well as wheal-and-flare reactions following intradermal injections in humans. CONCLUSION Our results contribute to the characterization of structure-activity relationships and functionality of MRGPRX2 ligands and facilitate prediction of adverse reactions such as drug-induced pruritus to prevent severe drug hypersensitivity reactions.
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Baeza-Flores GDC, Guzmán-Priego CG, Parra-Flores LI, Murbartián J, Torres-López JE, Granados-Soto V. Metformin: A Prospective Alternative for the Treatment of Chronic Pain. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:558474. [PMID: 33178015 PMCID: PMC7538784 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.558474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Metformin (biguanide) is a drug widely used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. This drug has been used for 60 years as a highly effective antihyperglycemic agent. The search for the mechanism of action of metformin has produced an enormous amount of research to explain its effects on gluconeogenesis, protein metabolism, fatty acid oxidation, oxidative stress, glucose uptake, autophagy and pain, among others. It was only up the end of the 1990s and beginning of this century that some of its mechanisms were revealed. Metformin induces its beneficial effects in diabetes through the activation of a master switch kinase named AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). Two upstream kinases account for the physiological activation of AMPK: liver kinase B1 and calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase 2. Once activated, AMPK inhibits the mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1), which in turn avoids the phosphorylation of p70 ribosomal protein S6 kinase 1 and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B signaling pathways and reduces cap-dependent translation initiation. Since metformin is a disease-modifying drug in type 2 diabetes, which reduces the mTORC1 signaling to induce its effects on neuronal plasticity, it was proposed that these mechanisms could also explain the antinociceptive effect of this drug in several models of chronic pain. These studies have highlighted the efficacy of this drug in chronic pain, such as that from neuropathy, insulin resistance, diabetic neuropathy, and fibromyalgia-type pain. Mounting evidence indicates that chronic pain may induce anxiety, depression and cognitive impairment in rodents and humans. Interestingly, metformin is able to reverse some of these consequences of pathological pain in rodents. The purpose of this review was to analyze the current evidence about the effects of metformin in chronic pain and three of its comorbidities (anxiety, depression and cognitive impairment).
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Affiliation(s)
- Guadalupe Del Carmen Baeza-Flores
- Laboratorio de Mecanismos de Dolor, División Académica de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, Villahermosa, Mexico
| | - Crystell Guadalupe Guzmán-Priego
- Laboratorio de Mecanismos de Dolor, División Académica de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, Villahermosa, Mexico
| | - Leonor Ivonne Parra-Flores
- Laboratorio de Mecanismos de Dolor, División Académica de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, Villahermosa, Mexico
| | - Janet Murbartián
- Departamento de Farmacobiología, Cinvestav, South Campus, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jorge Elías Torres-López
- Laboratorio de Mecanismos de Dolor, División Académica de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, Villahermosa, Mexico.,Departamento de Anestesiología, Hospital Regional de Alta Especialidad "Dr. Juan Graham Casasús", Villahermosa, Mexico
| | - Vinicio Granados-Soto
- Neurobiology of Pain Laboratory, Departamento de Farmacobiología, Cinvestav, South Campus, Mexico City, Mexico
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9
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Hyperactive Akt-mTOR pathway as a therapeutic target for pain hypersensitivity in Cntnap2-deficient mice. Neuropharmacology 2020; 165:107816. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2019.107816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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10
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Haddadi NS, Shakiba S, Afshari K, Haj-Mirzaian A, Vesaghati S, Gharagozlou S, Foroumadi R, Shafaroodi H, Ostadhadi S, Dehpour A. Possible Involvement of Nitric Oxide in the Antipruritic Effect of Metformin on Chloroquine-Induced Scratching in Mice. Dermatology 2019; 236:151-159. [DOI: 10.1159/000501583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Metformin ameliorates non-histamine-mediated itch. We have recently reported that the nitric oxide (NO) pathway is involved in chloroquine (CQ)-induced scratching behavior. Here we investigated the involvement of the NO pathway in the antipruritic effect of metformin on CQ-induced itch. Methods: Metformin (5–200 mg/kg, given intraperitoneally [i.p.]) was injected 4 h before CQ (400 µg/site, given intradermally [i.d.]) or compound 48/80 (100 µg/site, i.d.). A nonspecific nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor, NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME; 1 and 10 mg/kg, i.p.), or an NO precursor, L-arginine (10 and 100 mg/kg, i.p.) was administered 30 min before injection of CQ. A neural NOS (nNOS) inhibitor, 7-nitroindazole (7-NI; 1 and 10 nmol/site, i.d.) was concurrently administered with CQ. The scratching behavior was recorded for 30 min following the injection of CQ. We studied the changes in skin and spinal nitrite levels after treatments. Results: Our results showed that metformin (100 and 200 mg/kg) significantly reduced the CQ-induced scratching behavior but not the compound 48/80-induced scratching behavior. L-Arginine inhibited the antipruritic effect of metformin, while L-NAME and 7-NI significantly potentiated the inhibitory effects of a subeffective dose of metformin on the CQ-induced scratching behavior. The skin but not the spinal nitrite level was significantly increased after CQ administration. The elevated cutaneous nitrite level was reversed by effective doses of either metformin or 7-NI, but not by the subeffective doses of metformin + 7-NI. Conclusion: Acute injection of metformin significantly inhibits CQ-induced scratching behavior. This effect is mediated through inhibition of the NO pathway, especially by inhibiting the dermal nNOS enzyme.
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Feng XL, Deng HB, Wang ZG, Wu Y, Ke JJ, Feng XB. Suberoylanilide Hydroxamic Acid Triggers Autophagy by Influencing the mTOR Pathway in the Spinal Dorsal Horn in a Rat Neuropathic Pain Model. Neurochem Res 2018; 44:450-464. [PMID: 30560396 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-018-2698-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Histone acetylation levels can be upregulated by treating cells with histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACIs), which can induce autophagy. Autophagy flux in the spinal cord of rats following the left fifth lumber spinal nerve ligation (SNL) is involved in the progression of neuropathic pain. Suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA), one of the HDACIs can interfere with the epigenetic process of histone acetylation, which has been shown to ease neuropathic pain. Recent research suggest that SAHA can stimulate autophagy via the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway in some types of cancer cells. However, little is known about the role of SAHA and autophagy in neuropathic pain after nerve injury. In the present study, we aim to investigate autophagy flux and the role of the mTOR pathway on spinal cells autophagy activation in neuropathic pain induced by SNL in rats that received SAHA treatment. Autophagy-related proteins and mTOR or its active form were assessed by using western blot, immunohistochemistry, double immunofluorescence staining and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). We found that SAHA decreased the paw mechanical withdrawal threshold (PMWT) of the lower compared with SNL. Autophagy flux was mainly disrupted in the astrocytes and neuronal cells of the spinal cord dorsal horn on postsurgical day 28 and was reversed by daily intrathecal injection of SAHA (n = 100 nmol/day or n = 200 nmol/day). SAHA also decreased mTOR and phosphorylated mTOR (p-mTOR) expression, especially p-mTOR expression in astrocytes and neuronal cells of the spinal dorsal horn. These results suggest that SAHA attenuates neuropathic pain and contributes to autophagy flux in astrocytes and neuronal cells of the spinal dorsal horn via the mTOR signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Lan Feng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, No. 169 Donghu Rd, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China
| | - Hong-Bo Deng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, No. 169 Donghu Rd, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China
| | - Zheng-Gang Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, No. 169 Donghu Rd, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China
| | - Yun Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, No. 169 Donghu Rd, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China
| | - Jian-Juan Ke
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, No. 169 Donghu Rd, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China
| | - Xiao-Bo Feng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, No. 169 Donghu Rd, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China.
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12
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Deletion of Tsc2 in Nociceptors Reduces Target Innervation, Ion Channel Expression, and Sensitivity to Heat. eNeuro 2018; 5:eN-NWR-0436-17. [PMID: 29766046 PMCID: PMC5952427 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0436-17.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Revised: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) is known to regulate cellular growth pathways, and its genetic activation is sufficient to enhance regenerative axon growth following injury to the central or peripheral nervous systems. However, excess mTORC1 activation may promote innervation defects, and mTORC1 activity mediates injury-induced hypersensitivity, reducing enthusiasm for the pathway as a therapeutic target. While mTORC1 activity is required for full expression of some pain modalities, the effects of pathway activation on nociceptor phenotypes and sensory behaviors are currently unknown. To address this, we genetically activated mTORC1 in mouse peripheral sensory neurons by conditional deletion of its negative regulator Tuberous Sclerosis Complex 2 (Tsc2). Consistent with the well-known role of mTORC1 in regulating cell size, soma size and axon diameter of C-nociceptors were increased in Tsc2-deleted mice. Glabrous skin and spinal cord innervation by C-fiber neurons were also disrupted. Transcriptional profiling of nociceptors enriched by fluorescence-associated cell sorting (FACS) revealed downregulation of multiple classes of ion channels as well as reduced expression of markers for peptidergic nociceptors in Tsc2-deleted mice. In addition to these changes in innervation and gene expression, Tsc2-deleted mice exhibited reduced noxious heat sensitivity and decreased injury-induced cold hypersensitivity, but normal baseline sensitivity to cold and mechanical stimuli. Together, these data show that excess mTORC1 activity in sensory neurons produces changes in gene expression, neuron morphology and sensory behavior.
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De Vita V, Matusiak Ł, Szepietowski JC. Comment on: "Assessing Pruritus in Hidradenitis Suppurativa: A Cross-Sectional Study". Am J Clin Dermatol 2017; 18:707-708. [PMID: 28755065 DOI: 10.1007/s40257-017-0314-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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