Assessing outcome in postoperative pain trials: are we missing the point? A systematic review of pain-related outcome domains reported in studies early after total knee arthroplasty

A systematic literature review on patient-reported outcome domains and measures in nonsurgical efficacy trials related to chronic pain associated with endometriosis: an urgent call to action

ABSTRACT

Endometriosis, a common cause for chronic pelvic pain, significantly affects quality of life, fertility, and overall productivity of those affected. Therapeutic options remain limited, and collating evidence on treatment efficacy is complicated. One reason could be the heterogeneity of assessed outcomes in nonsurgical clinical trials, impeding meaningful result comparisons. This systematic literature review examines outcome domains and patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) used in clinical trials. Through comprehensive search of Embase, MEDLINE, and CENTRAL up until July 2022, we screened 1286 records, of which 191 were included in our analyses. Methodological quality (GRADE criteria), information about publication, patient population, and intervention were assessed, and domains as well as PROMs were extracted and analyzed. In accordance with IMMPACT domain framework, the domain pain was assessed in almost all studies (98.4%), followed by adverse events (73.8%). By contrast, assessment of physical functioning (29.8%), improvement and satisfaction (14.1%), and emotional functioning (6.8%) occurred less frequently. Studies of a better methodological quality tended to use more different domains. Nevertheless, combinations of more than 2 domains were rare, failing to comprehensively capture the bio-psycho-social aspects of endometriosis-associated pain. The PROMs used showed an even broader heterogeneity across all studies. Our findings underscore the large heterogeneity of assessed domains and PROMs in clinical pain-related endometriosis trials. This highlights the urgent need for a standardized approach to both, assessed domains and high-quality PROMs ideally realized through development and implementation of a core outcome set, encompassing the most pivotal domains and PROMs for both, stakeholders and patients.

Six-month pain and function outcome expectations were established for total knee arthroplasty using the smallest worthwhile effect

INTRODUCTION

Interpretations of patient-reported outcome measures following knee arthroplasty lack context and typically do not account for costs, risks and benefits compared to an alternative treatment. The primary purpose of our paper is to estimate expectations patients have for pain and function destination outcome, six-months following surgery relative to the outcome expected if knee arthroplasty was not done. Secondary purposes were to determine if statistically significant changes in the smallest worthwhile six-month outcome occurred following an interactive discussion and to assess the construct validity of the expected six-month outcome obtained at baseline.

METHODS

This was a secondary analysis of a prospective longitudinal cohort study of 121 patients undergoing knee arthroplasty. Smallest worthwhile effect estimates were determined and expected six-month KOOS Pain and Function, daily activity measures were established during a pre-operative visit.

RESULTS

The average six-month expected (the destination of interest) KOOS Pain score was 75 (IQR = 64 to 86) and the average KOOS Function, daily activity score was 74 (IQR = 59 to 86). The smallest worthwhile effect discussion led to significant changes in expected destination scores. For example, KOOS Pain expected outcome changed from 87.7 (9.8) to 75.0 (13.6), a statistically significant reduction in expected outcome (t(119) = 16.942, p < 0.001.

CONCLUSION

Six-month expected KOOS outcomes following knee arthroplasty were established and approximate the average six-month outcomes reported in the literature. Validity of these estimates was established. These data can be used to aid shared decision-making discussions regarding patient expectations of knee arthroplasty outcomes during a patient encounter.

Systematic reviews and quality assessment of patient-reported outcome measures for physical function in comparative effectiveness studies regarding acute postoperative pain after total knee arthroplasty-Do we need to start all over again?

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE

Recently, a consensus process specified a core outcome set (COS) of domains to be assessed in each comparative effectiveness research and clinical practice related to acute postoperative pain. Physical function (PF) was one of these domains. The aim of this review was to investigate which patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) are used to assess PF after total knee arthroplasty (TKA) in clinical trials and if they fulfil basic requirements for a COS of PROMs based on their psychometric properties.

METHODS

A systematic review of randomized controlled trials and observational studies based on a search in MEDLINE, EMBASE and CENTRAL was undertaken. PROMs and performance measures were extracted and investigated, including evaluation of psychometric properties of PROMs based on COSMIN recommendations.

RESULTS

From initially 2896 identified records, 479 studies were included in the qualitative synthesis. Only 87 of these trials (18%) assessed PF using PROMs, whereas especially performance outcome measures were used in 470 studies (98%). Application of the 'COSMIN Risk-of-Bias-Box 1' to 13 of the 14 identified PROMs resulted in insufficient content validity of the included PROMs regarding the target population based on the inauguration or development articles.

CONCLUSION

Our data indicate that a patient-centred postoperative assessment of PF in pain-related clinical trials early after TKA is not common, even though patient-reported assessment is widely recommended. In addition, none of the applied PROMs shows content validity based on their inauguration or development articles for the assessment of postoperative pain-related PF after TKA.

SIGNIFICANCE

A systematic search for patient-reported outcome measures assessing postoperative, pain-related physical function after total knee arthroplasty in clinical trials and assessment of their content validity revealed none that fulfilled requirements based on COSMIN recommendations.

Responsiveness of multiple patient-reported outcome measures for acute postsurgical pain: primary results from the international multi-centre PROMPT NIT-1 study

BACKGROUND

Postsurgical outcome measures are crucial to define the efficacy of perioperative pain management; however, it is unclear which are most appropriate. We conducted a prospective study aiming to assess sensitivity-to-change of patient-reported outcome measures assessing the core outcome set of domains pain intensity (at rest/during activity), physical function, adverse events, and self-efficacy.

METHODS

Patient-reported outcome measures were assessed preoperatively, on day 1 (d1), d3, and d7 after four surgical procedures (total knee replacement, breast surgery, endometriosis-related surgery, and sternotomy). Primary outcomes were sensitivity-to-change of patient-reported outcome measures analysed by correlating their changes (d1-d3) with patients' global impression of change and patients' specific impression of change items as anchor criteria. Secondary outcomes included identification of baseline and patient characteristic variables explaining variance in change for each of the scales and descriptive analysis of various patient-reported outcome measures from different domains and after different surgeries.

RESULTS

Of 3322 patients included (18 hospitals, 10 countries), data from 2661 patients were analysed. All patient-reported outcome measures improved on average over time; the median calculated sensitivity-to-change for all patient-reported outcome measures (overall surgeries) was 0.22 (range: 0.07-0.31, scale: 0-10); all changes were independent of baseline data or patient characteristics and similar between different procedures.

CONCLUSIONS

Pain-related patient-reported outcome measures have low to moderate sensitivity-to-change; those showing higher sensitivity-to-change from the same domain should be considered for inclusion in a core outcome set of patient-reported outcome measures to assess the effectiveness and efficacy of perioperative pain management.

Nurses' Assessments Versus Patients' Self-Assessments of Postoperative Pain: Knowledge and Skills of Nurses for Effective Pain Management

Postoperative pain is the most common form of acute pain. Nurses contribute to effective pain management with their knowledge and skills. The aims of this research were to examine differences between nurses' assessments and patients' self-assessments of postoperative pain, differences in the mentioned (self) assessments with respect to characteristics of both groups of respondents, and the correlation between the NRS and the VRS scale. The study included 103 nurses employed at a hospital and 103 patients treated in the surgical departments after the surgical procedures. Data were collected using the standardized Numerical rating scale (NRS) and Verbal rating score (VRS). The median of patients' self-assessments of pain intensity on the NRS scale was 4, while the nursing assessment of patients' pain was 3, with no significant difference (p = 0.083). No significant differences were found on the VRS scale between nurse assessments and patient self-assessments of current pain intensity. The pain was described as moderate by 35% of participants, including 35.9% nurses and 35% patients. Significant positive correlations were recorded between values on the VRS and NRS scales for nurses (Rho = 0.812; p < 0.001) and patients (Rho = 0.830; p < 0.001). The results of this study may have implications for the improvement of postoperative pain management protocols, with regular use of pain assessment scales and individualization of analgesic prescriptions.

Influence of Cannabinoid Treatment on Trajectories of Patient-Related Outcomes in Chronic Pain: Pain Intensity, Emotional Distress, Tolerability and Physical Disability

The treatment of chronic pain with cannabinoids is becoming more widespread and popular among patients. However, studies show that only a few patients experience any benefit from this treatment. It also remains unclear which domains are affected by cannabinoid treatment. Therefore, the present study is novel in that it explores the effects of cannabinoid treatment on four patient-related outcome measures (PROMs), and includes patients with chronic refractory pain conditions who have been given the option of cannabinoid treatment. A retrospective design was used to evaluate the impact of cannabinoid treatment on patients with refractory pain in two German outpatient pain clinics. The present study shows that pain intensity (mean relative reduction (-14.9 ± 22.6%), emotional distress (-9.2 ± 43.5%), pain-associated disability (-7.0 ± 46.5%) and tolerability of pain (-11 ± 23.4%)) improved with cannabinoid treatment. Interestingly, the trajectories of the PROMs seemed to differ between patients, with only 30% of patients responding with respect to pain intensity, but showing improvements in other PROMs. Although the mean treatment effects remained limited, the cumulative magnitude of change in all dimensions may affect patients' quality of life. In summary, a singular evaluation with pain intensity as the sole outcome does not cover the multidimensional effects of cannabinoids. Therefore, the treatment effects of cannabinoids should be evaluated with different PROMs.

Opioid consumption and non-opioid multimodal analgesic treatment in pain management trials after hip and knee arthroplasties: A meta-epidemiological study

BACKGROUND

The leading principle in peri-operative pain management is multimodal analgesia, which reduces opioid requirements and associated adverse effects. Pragmatic pain trials should optimally test interventions in addition to multimodal non-opioid analgesics and interventions to ensure clinical relevance and baseline levels of opioid consumption that reflect clinical settings. We aimed to investigate opioid consumption and use of non-opioid analgesics administered adjunct to interventions in post-operative pain trials after total hip and knee arthroplasty.

METHODS

A systematic literature search was conducted 7 January 2020 in The Cochrane Library's CENTRAL, PubMed, and EMBASE. Trials investigating analgesic interventions for post-operative pain in adults undergoing total hip or knee arthroplasty were included. The primary outcome was the aggregated median 0-24 h post-operative opioid consumption. Further, we assessed the use of paracetamol, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, gabapentinoids, high-dose glucocorticoids, local infiltration analgesia and nerve blocks administered as co-interventions equally to all participants. We assessed trends over time for all outcomes.

RESULTS

Of 14,200 records, 570 trials were included. Median 0-24 h opioid consumption was 21 and 22 mg iv morphine equivalents in hip and knee arthroplasty trials, respectively. Meta-regression showed no overall linear correlation between opioid consumption and publication year. The use of multimodal non-opioid analgesia increased over time, though only 48% of trials published from 2010 to 2020 administered two or more non-opioid analgesics. Applying more non-opioid analgesics was associated with lower opioid consumption in intervention groups.

CONCLUSION

Post-operative 0-24 h morphine consumption was median 21-22 mg. The demonstrated differences in non-opioid multimodal analgesic regimens between research and clinical settings, can potentially diminish the demonstrated opioid-sparing effects of trial interventions when such are implemented in a clinical context.