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Järvinen P, Kakko M, Sikanen T. Cytotoxicity of pharmaceuticals and their mixtures toward scaffold-free 3D spheroid cultures of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) hepatocytes. Eur J Pharm Sci 2024; 199:106817. [PMID: 38797439 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2024.106817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Pharmaceutical residues are widely detected in surface waters all around the world, causing a range of adverse effects on environmental species, such as fish. Besides population level effects (mortality, reproduction), pharmaceutical residues can bioaccumulate in fish tissues resulting in organ-specific toxicities. In this study, we developed in vitro 3D culture models for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) liver cell line (RTH-149) and cryopreserved, primary rainbow trout hepatocytes (RTHEP), and compared their spheroid formation and susceptibility to toxic impacts of pharmaceuticals. The rapidly proliferating, immortalized RTH-149 cells were shown to form compact spheroids with uniform morphology in just three days, thus enabling higher throughput toxicity screening compared with the primary cells that required acclimation times of about one week. In addition, we screened the cytotoxicity of a total of fourteen clinically used human pharmaceuticals toward the 3D cultures of both RTH-149 cells (metabolically inactive) and primary RTHEP cells (metabolically active), to evaluate the impacts of the pharmaceuticals' own metabolism on their hepatotoxicity in rainbow trout in vitro. Among the test substances, the azole antifungals (clotrimazole and ketoconazole) were identified as the most cytotoxic, with hepatic metabolism indicatively amplifying their toxicity, followed by fluoxetine, levomepromazine, and sertraline, which were slightly less toxic toward the metabolically active primary cells than RTH-149 spheroids. Besides individual pharmaceuticals, the 3D cultures were challenged with mixtures of the eight most toxic substances, to evaluate if their combined mixture toxicities can be predicted based on individual substances' half-maximal effect (EC50) concentrations. As a result, the classical concentration addition approach was concluded sufficiently accurate for preliminarily informing on the approximate effect concentrations of pharmaceutical mixtures on a cellular level. However, direct read-across from human data was proven challenging and inexplicit for prediction of hepatotoxicity in fish in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Päivi Järvinen
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Drug Research Program, P.O. Box 56 (Viikinkaari 5E), FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Maija Kakko
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Drug Research Program, P.O. Box 56 (Viikinkaari 5E), FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tiina Sikanen
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Drug Research Program, P.O. Box 56 (Viikinkaari 5E), FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Helsinki Institute of Sustainability Science, P.O. Box 4 (Yliopistonkatu 3), FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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Wu TY, Tien N, Lin CL, Cheah YC, Hsu CY, Tsai FJ, Fang YJ, Lim YP. Influence of antipsychotic medications on hyperlipidemia risk in patients with schizophrenia: evidence from a population-based cohort study and in vitro hepatic lipid homeostasis gene expression. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10:1137977. [PMID: 37425327 PMCID: PMC10324036 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1137977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Schizophrenia increases the risk of mortality and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. However, the correlation between antipsychotics (APs) and CVD remains controversial. Hyperlipidemia is a significant risk factor for CVD. Methods We conducted a nationwide population-based retrospective cohort study to investigate the effects of APs on the risk of hyperlipidemia and lipid homeostasis gene expression. We used data from the Longitudinal Health Insurance Database of Taiwan on new-onset schizophrenia patients and a comparison cohort without schizophrenia. We used a Cox proportional hazards regression model to analyze the differences in hyperlipidemia development between the two cohorts. Furthermore, we examined the effects of APs on the hepatic expression of lipid homeostasis-related genes. Results After adjusting for potential interrelated confounding factors, the case group (N = 4,533) was found to have a higher hyperlipidemia risk than the control cohort (N = 4,533) [adjusted hazard ratio (aHR), 1.30, p < 0.001]. Patients with schizophrenia without APs had a significantly higher risk of hyperlipidemia (aHR, 2.16; p < 0.001). However, patients receiving APs had a significantly lower risk of hyperlipidemia than patients not receiving APs (all aHR ≤ 0.42, p < 0.001). First-generation antipsychotics (FGAs) induce the expression of hepatic lipid catabolism genes in an in vitro model. Discussion Patients with schizophrenia had a higher risk of hyperlipidemia than controls; however, compared with non-treated patients, AP users had a lower risk of hyperlipidemia. Early diagnosis and management of hyperlipidemia may help prevent CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tien-Yuan Wu
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
- Department of Pharmacy, Taichung Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ni Tien
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Li Lin
- Management Office for Health Data, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Cun Cheah
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chung Y. Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Fuu-Jen Tsai
- School of Chinese Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Division of Medical Genetics, China Medical University Children's Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Jen Fang
- Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Ph.D. Program in Environmental and Occupational Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University and National Health Research Institutes, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Environmental Health, Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Post-Baccalaureate Medicine, College of Medicine, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Digestive Disease Center, Show Chwan Memorial Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Ping Lim
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
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Tao L, Qing Y, Cui Y, Shi D, Liu W, Chen L, Cao Y, Dai Z, Ge X, Zhang L. Lysosomal membrane permeabilization mediated apoptosis involve in perphenazine-induced hepatotoxicity in vitro and in vivo. Toxicol Lett 2022; 367:76-87. [PMID: 35914675 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2022.07.814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Antipsychotic drugs represent a class of lysosomotropic drugs widely used in clinical practice. However, the hepatotoxicity of these drugs has been reported in recent years. Therefore, understanding the changes in cellular homeostasis mediated by these drugs is of great significance for revealing the true mechanisms underlying hepatotoxicity. Perphenazine is a classical antipsychotic drug that can reportedly induce extrapyramidal and sympatholytic side effects. The present research focuses on the toxicity effect of perphenazine on normal human hepatocytes. To assess the hepatotoxicity of continuous administration of perphenazine and investigate potential mechanisms related to apoptosis, human normal L02 hepatocytes were exposed to 10-40μM perphenazine in vitro. The results showed that perphenazine inhibited cell viability in a concentration and time-dependent manner. Furthermore, 30μM perphenazine induced intense lysosome vacuolation, impaired lysosomal membrane, and induced lysosomal membrane permeabilization (LMP), ultimately triggering lysosomal cell death in L02 cells. Knockdown cathepsin D(CTSD) also ameliorated perphenazine-induced liver injury via the inhibition of LMP. In vivo, ICR mice received intragastric administration of 10-180mg/kg B.W. perphenazine every other day for 21 days. 180mg/kg perphenazine significantly increased histological injury and aminotransferases compared with control. Taken together, our findings suggest that perphenazine can trigger hepatotoxicity through lysosome disruption both in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Tao
- Nanjing Institute for Food and Drug Control, Jiangsu, Nanjing 211198, China.
| | - Yingjie Qing
- School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Jiangsu, Nanjing 211198, China.
| | - Yingyue Cui
- School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Jiangsu, Nanjing 211198, China.
| | - Da Shi
- Nanjing Institute for Food and Drug Control, Jiangsu, Nanjing 211198, China.
| | - Wenting Liu
- Nanjing Institute for Food and Drug Control, Jiangsu, Nanjing 211198, China.
| | - Lei Chen
- Nanjing Institute for Food and Drug Control, Jiangsu, Nanjing 211198, China.
| | - Yu Cao
- Nanjing Institute for Food and Drug Control, Jiangsu, Nanjing 211198, China.
| | - Zhen Dai
- Nanjing Institute for Food and Drug Control, Jiangsu, Nanjing 211198, China.
| | - Xiaoming Ge
- Nanjing Institute for Food and Drug Control, Jiangsu, Nanjing 211198, China.
| | - Ling Zhang
- Nanjing Institute for Food and Drug Control, Jiangsu, Nanjing 211198, China.
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