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Duke DO, Allard D, Dysart S, Hogan KO, Phelan S, Rawlings L, Stoklosa H. Automated informatics may increase the detection rate of suspicious cases of human trafficking-a preliminary study. JAMIA Open 2023; 6:ooad097. [PMID: 38106607 PMCID: PMC10722470 DOI: 10.1093/jamiaopen/ooad097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Worldwide, there is an estimated 40.3 million victims trapped in modern day slavery, including 24.9 million in forced labor and 15.4 million in forced marriage. A majority of labor and sex trafficking survivors report at least one healthcare encounter during their victimization. An approach to an informatics technology solution for identifying trafficked persons in real time, in the hospital / emergency department settings is the primary focus of this paper. Materials and methods Octavia, a software application implemented in 3 California hospitals, scanned all patient encounters for social and clinical determinants that are consistent predictors of HT. Any encounter that matched these criteria was forwarded to a specially trained High-Risk Navigator who screened the data and when able, made direct contact in an effort to build rapport and possibly provide victim assistance. Results During the observation period, the automated scanning of hospital patient encounters resulted in a notable increase in the detection of persons who had a likelihood of being trafficked when compared to a pre-project baseline. Discussion Our experience demonstrated that automated technology is useful to assist healthcare providers in identification of potentially trafficked persons, improving the likelihood of care provision.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Derin Allard
- Family Medicine Residency Program, Marian Medical Center, Santa Maria, CA, United States
| | - Suzanne Dysart
- Obstetrics and Gynecology, Marian Medical Center, Santa Maria, CA, United States
| | - Keenan O Hogan
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Health System, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - Suzanne Phelan
- Department of Kinesiology and Public Health, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA, United States
| | - Luke Rawlings
- Family Medicine Center, Pacific Central Coast Health Centers, Santa Maria, CA, United States
| | - Hanni Stoklosa
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- HEAL Trafficking, Long Beach, CA, United States
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Valdes B, Salani D, Falcon A, McKay M, Arrojo M, Quintana A, DeSantis JP. A simulated pedagogical intervention to educate nurse practitioner students about human trafficking. J Am Assoc Nurse Pract 2023; 35:717-724. [PMID: 37610785 DOI: 10.1097/jxx.0000000000000913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Human trafficking (HT) affects an estimated 40.3 million people globally with 24.9 million people affected in forced labor and 4.8 million in forced sexual exploitation. An estimated 18,000 people are trafficked yearly into the United States. Reports suggest that between 63% and 87% of trafficked persons were seen by health care professionals and were unrecognized while in captivity. The authors designed and implemented an innovative pedagogical intervention for nurse practitioner (NP) students using a 10-min simulation-based education encounter with a standardized patient depicting a potential sex or labor HT clinical presentation. Results demonstrated that simulation-based education is a feasible way to provide HT education to NP students. It is imperative that future NPs receive education/training about HT to recognize potential victims and promote access to appropriate resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Valdes
- University of Miami School of Nursing and Health Studies, Coral Gables, Florida
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Hoffman JL, Argeros G. Researching the Effectiveness of an Online Human Trafficking Awareness Program Among Community Health Nursing Students. J Community Health Nurs 2022; 39:107-120. [PMID: 35603871 DOI: 10.1080/07370016.2022.2058202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the effectiveness of an online human trafficking awareness program for healthcare providers. DESIGN Mixed-methods study. METHODS Sample (N=141) consisted of community health nursing students, who completed a pretest, watched one three-minute video a day for 20 days, and completed a posttest. FINDINGS Participants indicated their knowledge of human trafficking increased, attitudes toward victims improved, and competence and confidence engaging with victims increased. Satisfaction with program, and information utilization plans for practice were revealed. CONCLUSIONS Human trafficking awareness program was effective in increasing participants' knowledge, competence and confidence, and improving attitudes. CLINICAL EVIDENCE Educational intervention is a strategy to improve students' knowledge of human trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenni L Hoffman
- Associate Professor of Nursing, Eastern Michigan University, College of Health and Human Services, School of Nursing, Ypsilanti, Michigan, USA
| | - Grigoris Argeros
- Associate Professor of Sociology, Eastern Michigan University, College of Arts and Sciences, Department of Sociology, Anthropology, and Criminology, Ypsilanti, Michigan, USA
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Forensic nursing is a specialty deployed in patient care areas, including emergency departments, intensive care units, labor and delivery suites, and psychiatric units treating persons who have suffered trauma from a violent or criminal act. The recognition of violence-related injuries in patients presenting to health care facilities is critical to an appropriate care trajectory. These patients require specialized resources beyond the treatment of physical injuries to include psychosocial and legal care that supports patient recovery and pursuit of criminal justice. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study is to obtain a broad view of current forensic knowledge and training for emergency nurses working in U.S. emergency departments and to identify gaps in nursing skills and practice such that appropriate education can be developed for this nursing specialty. METHODS The study was conducted using a quantitative exploratory, descriptive approach via an emailed cross-sectional survey sent to a convenience sample of U.S. emergency nurses. RESULTS A total of 43,775 emails were sent out to members of the Emergency Nurses Association. Of that group, 2,493 recipients opened the email, and 1,824 completed the survey, resulting in a total response rate of 4% and a 73% response rate from those who opened the email. Few respondents self-reported competence in the care of patients who experienced child abuse (13.1%), elder abuse (12.4%), interpersonal violence (17.6%), sexual assault (19.2%), human trafficking (7.4%), developmental challenges (7.2%), strangulation (12.5%), or who were suspected of committing a violent crime (11.4%). CONCLUSIONS There is a compelling need to expand forensic education to advance knowledge and skill acquisition in emergency nursing practice and provide staff with additional resources that support a holistic trauma-informed approach to patient care.
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Ropero-Padilla C, Rodriguez-Arrastia M, Molina-Torres G, Márquez-Hernández VV, Gutiérrez-Puertas L, Aguilera-Manrique G, Rodríguez-García MC, Roman P. Nursing students' perceptions of identifying and managing sex trafficking cases: A focus group study. J Nurs Manag 2021; 30:1540-1548. [PMID: 34595793 DOI: 10.1111/jonm.13486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIM To explore nursing students' perceptions of the identification and medical care of sex trafficking victims and how to improve the care provided based on the identified barriers. BACKGROUND Despite the fact that more than 87% of sex trafficking victims establish contact with health professionals, their lack of awareness and training hinders their ability to assist victims properly. METHODS A descriptive qualitative study was carried out using 11 focus groups of nursing students after a simulated case of sex trafficking victim. The analysis of results was conducted through content analysis. RESULTS A total of 110 fourth-year nursing students participated in this study. After performing the data analysis, three main categories emerged: (i) making a health issue visible, (ii) identifying sex trafficking victims: resources based on evidence-based practice, and (iii) educational resources on sex trafficking in nursing degree. CONCLUSIONS Our results show that through clinical simulation, integrating content regarding the medical care of vulnerable groups can be useful for developing the skills necessary to provide effective care from a trauma-informed approach. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING MANAGEMENT Health institutions, senior charge nurses, and other health service managers should be aware of the current need for sex trafficking training, structural-level changes, and updated evidence-based guidelines and protocols with other service providers and law enforcement to provide high-quality care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Ropero-Padilla
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Pre-Department of Nursing, Jaume I University, Castellon de la Plana, Spain.,Research Group CYS, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jaume I University, Castellon de la Plana, Spain
| | - Miguel Rodriguez-Arrastia
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Pre-Department of Nursing, Jaume I University, Castellon de la Plana, Spain.,Research Group CYS, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jaume I University, Castellon de la Plana, Spain
| | - Guadalupe Molina-Torres
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Nursing Science, Physiotherapy and Medicine, University of Almeria, Almeria, Spain
| | - Verónica V Márquez-Hernández
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Nursing Science, Physiotherapy and Medicine, University of Almeria, Almeria, Spain.,Research Group CTS-451 Health Sciences, University of Almeria, Almeria, Spain
| | - Lorena Gutiérrez-Puertas
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Nursing Science, Physiotherapy and Medicine, University of Almeria, Almeria, Spain
| | - Gabriel Aguilera-Manrique
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Nursing Science, Physiotherapy and Medicine, University of Almeria, Almeria, Spain.,Research Group CTS-451 Health Sciences, University of Almeria, Almeria, Spain
| | - Mª Carmen Rodríguez-García
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Nursing Science, Physiotherapy and Medicine, University of Almeria, Almeria, Spain
| | - Pablo Roman
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Nursing Science, Physiotherapy and Medicine, University of Almeria, Almeria, Spain.,Research Group CTS-451 Health Sciences, University of Almeria, Almeria, Spain.,Health Research Centre, University of Almeria, Almeria, Spain
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Bauer IL. Healthy, safe and responsible: the modern female traveller. TROPICAL DISEASES TRAVEL MEDICINE AND VACCINES 2021; 7:14. [PMID: 34090539 PMCID: PMC8180038 DOI: 10.1186/s40794-021-00141-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
One-half of all travellers are women; yet, there is a distinct lack of detailed travel health knowledge on topics of unique relevance to women. While there is medical advice relating to stages in the female lifecycle, it neglects women-specific practical aspects despite their ability to harm travellers’ health and cause inconvenience. This paper discusses comprehensively three major aspects of travel as they relate to women. First, it suggests the management of personal hygiene, bodily functions, menstruation and sexual behaviour, and alerts to the limited knowledge on travel mental health issues. Second, apart from travelling in a female body with its specific demands, being a woman requires special attention to safety and security. Within various travel contexts, women have many opportunities for minimising potential risks. Finally, guided by travel medicine’s acknowledgment of its role in the concept of responsible travel, this article goes beyond the usual general statements and broad advice and offers detailed and practical suggestions on how the female traveller can contribute to the overall goal of minimising any potential harm to fellow humans and the natural environment. Recognising the scarcity of women-specific travel information, pathways to better education, and a range of suggestions for urgent research facilitate the provision of high-quality travel health care tailored specifically to women’s needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irmgard L Bauer
- College of Healthcare Sciences, Division of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, 4811, Australia.
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Peck JL, Meadows-Oliver M, Hays SM, Maaks DG. White Paper: Recognizing Child Trafficking as a Critical Emerging Health Threat. J Pediatr Health Care 2021; 35:260-269. [PMID: 32178939 DOI: 10.1016/j.pedhc.2020.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Human trafficking is a pandemic human rights violation with an emerging paradigm shift that reframes an issue traditionally seen through a criminal justice lens to that of a public health crisis, particularly for children. Children and adolescents who are trafficked or are at risk for trafficking should receive evidence-based, trauma-informed, and culturally responsive care from trained health care providers (HCPs). The purpose of this article was to engage and equip pediatric HCPs to respond effectively to human trafficking in the clinical setting, improving health outcomes for affected and at-risk children. Pediatric HCPs are ideally positioned to intervene and advocate for children with health disparities and vulnerability to trafficking in a broad spectrum of care settings and to optimize equitable health outcomes.
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Doiron ML, Peck JL. The Role of Nursing in the School Setting to Lead Efforts to Impact Child Trafficking: An Integrative Review. J Sch Nurs 2021; 38:5-20. [PMID: 33438515 DOI: 10.1177/1059840520987533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Registered professional and advanced practice nurses in the school setting, as a specialized practice entity, are leaders in implementation of evidence-based practice, skilled coordinators of care, advocates for students, and experts in designing systems assisting individuals and communities to reach full potential. Child trafficking (CT) is an emerging public health threat impacting safety and well-being of students present in the school setting. This literature review identified four themes in five studies: (1) training impacts nurses' knowledge, awareness, and attitudes; (2) school nursing is underrepresented in training, education, prevention, response, and research; (3) lack of collaboration exists between school staff and school nurses; and (4) formal education and length of experience impact levels of interventions school nurses are able to provide. School nurses are opportunely situated to intervene as advocates for vulnerable children to develop a coordinated, effective response to CT risk factors, mitigating risk and fostering resiliency with systems-based change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan L Doiron
- 15696Louise Herrington School of Nursing, Baylor University, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Jessica L Peck
- 15696Louise Herrington School of Nursing, Baylor University, Dallas, TX, USA
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Raker KA. Human trafficking education: A guide for nurse educators. J Prof Nurs 2020; 36:692-697. [PMID: 33308573 DOI: 10.1016/j.profnurs.2020.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Human trafficking is a form of modern day slavery involving exploitation, abuse, and suffering of victims. Survivors of human trafficking often seek medical care for severe health issues resulting from psychological and physical abuse. Nurses play a critical role in identifying, advocating for, and assisting victims of human trafficking to safety. Sadly, trafficked patients often remain unrecognized due to health care providers' lack of awareness and understanding of human trafficking. Undergraduate nursing programs are uniquely positioned to address this problem; educating nursing students about human trafficking should help improve graduates' ability to help rescue victims. A dearth of knowledge exists in the literature regarding the implementation of human trafficking as a content area in undergraduate nursing curricula. This manuscript provides suggestions for how to deliver human trafficking education to undergraduate nursing students including optimal courses and timing in which to integrate the topic, a review of four key content areas of human trafficking, and creative teaching strategies to consider for classroom use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A Raker
- Bloomsburg University, Department of Nursing, 400 E. Second St., Bloomsburg, PA, USA; Indiana University of Pennsylvania, 1011 South Drive, Indiana, PA 15705, USA.
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Human Trafficking of Children: Nurse Practitioner Knowledge, Beliefs, and Experience Supporting the Development of a Practice Guideline: Part One. J Pediatr Health Care 2019; 33:603-611. [PMID: 31277984 DOI: 10.1016/j.pedhc.2019.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Up to 87% of trafficking victims encounter a health care provider while being trafficked but are not recognized as victims. Most health care providers receive little or no training, and awareness remains low. To describe the knowledge, beliefs, and attitudes of pediatric advanced practice registered nurses about human trafficking. METHOD A survey of the National Association of Pediatric Nurse Practitioners membership (n = 8,647) before the intervention measured knowledge, beliefs, and experience regarding child trafficking. An awareness campaign was implemented with continuing education, national media presence, Train the Trainer programs, and creation of a nonprofit organization to direct strategic initiatives. RESULTS Overall, 799 (9%) NAPNAP members completed the survey. Although 87% believed it possible that they might encounter a victim of trafficking in their practice, 35% were unsure if they had provided care for a victim. Only 24% reported confidence in their ability to identify a child at risk for trafficking. DISCUSSION These survey findings indicate the need for clinical practice guidelines to identify potential and actual victims of human trafficking. Pediatric advanced practice registered nurses are ideally equipped and situated to intervene on behalf of vulnerable children with health disparities in a myriad of care settings, advocating for prevention and optimization of equitable health outcomes.
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The Tragedy of Trafficking of Women and Children. MCN Am J Matern Child Nurs 2019; 44:55. [DOI: 10.1097/nmc.0000000000000491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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