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Crooks J, Mroz MM, VanDyke M, McGrath A, Schuler C, McCanlies EC, Virji MA, Rosenman KD, Rossman M, Rice C, Monos D, Fingerlin TE, Maier LA. HLA-DPB1 E69 genotype and exposure in beryllium sensitisation and disease. Occup Environ Med 2022; 79:120-126. [PMID: 34535537 PMCID: PMC8760148 DOI: 10.1136/oemed-2021-107736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Human leukocyte antigen-DP beta 1 (HLA-DPB1) with a glutamic acid at the 69th position of the ß chain (E69) genotype and inhalational beryllium exposure individually contribute to risk of chronic beryllium disease (CBD) and beryllium sensitisation (BeS) in exposed individuals. This retrospective nested case-control study assessed the contribution of genetics and exposure in the development of BeS and CBD. METHODS Workers with BeS (n=444), CBD (n=449) and beryllium-exposed controls (n=890) were enrolled from studies conducted at nuclear weapons and primary beryllium manufacturing facilities. Lifetime-average beryllium exposure estimates were based on workers' job questionnaires and historical and industrial hygienist exposure estimates, blinded to genotype and case status. Genotyping was performed using sequence-specific primer-PCR. Logistic regression models were developed allowing for over-dispersion, adjusting for workforce, race, sex and ethnicity. RESULTS Having no E69 alleles was associated with lower odds of both CBD and BeS; every additional E69 allele increased odds for CBD and BeS. Increasing exposure was associated with lower odds of BeS. CBD was not associated with exposure as compared to controls, yet the per cent of individuals with CBD versus BeS increased with increasing exposure. No evidence of a gene-by-exposure interaction was found for CBD or BeS. CONCLUSIONS Risk of CBD increases with E69 allele frequency and increasing exposure, although no gene by environment interaction was found. A decreased risk of BeS with increasing exposure and lack of exposure response in CBD cases may be due to the limitations of reconstructed exposure estimates. Although reducing exposure may not prevent BeS, it may reduce CBD and the associated health effects, especially in those carrying E69 alleles.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Crooks
- Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Margaret M Mroz
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Michael VanDyke
- Department of Environmental & Occupational Health, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Alison McGrath
- Environmental Health and Safety, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Christine Schuler
- DRDS/Field Studies Branch, U.S. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Erin C McCanlies
- HELD, Health Effects Laboratory, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - M Abbas Virji
- DRDS/Field Studies Branch, U.S. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Kenneth D Rosenman
- Department of Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Milton Rossman
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Carol Rice
- Department of Environmental & Public Health Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Dimitri Monos
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Tasha E Fingerlin
- Center for Genes, Environment & Health, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Lisa A Maier
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado, USA
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