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Del Monaco A, Dimitriadis C, Xie S, Benke G, Sim MR, Walker-Bone K. Workers in Australian prebake aluminium smelters: update on risk of mortality and cancer incidence in the Healthwise cohort. Occup Environ Med 2023; 80:160-169. [PMID: 36720634 DOI: 10.1136/oemed-2022-108605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate mortality and the rates of incident cancer among a cohort of aluminium industry workers. METHODS Among 4507 male employees who worked in either of two Australian prebake smelters for at least 3 months, data linkage was undertaken with the Australian National Death Index and Australian Cancer Database. Standardised Mortality Ratios (SMRs) and Standardised Incidence Rates (SIRs) were estimated for the whole cohort and for: production; maintenance and office workers. SMRs and SIRs were calculated by time since first employment. RESULTS Among production workers, there was an excess risk of mortality from mesothelioma (SMR 2.8, 95% CI 1.3 to 5.2), lung (SMR 1.4, 95% CI 1.0 to 1.8), prostate (SMR 1.9, 95% CI 1.3 to 2.7) and liver cancer (SMR 2.0, 95% CI 1.1 to 3.4) and the SIR was also increased for overall respiratory cancers, specifically lung cancers. An excess risk of death from stomach cancer (SMR 2.9, 95% CI 1.2 to 6.1) and Alzheimer's disease (SMR 3.4, 95% CI 1.1 to 7.9) was seen among maintenance workers. The overall risk of death was similar to that of the Australian general population, as was mortality from cancers overall and non-malignant respiratory disease. CONCLUSIONS No excess risk of death from bladder cancer or non-malignant respiratory disease was found. Excess lung cancer mortality and incidence may be explained by smoking and excess mortality from mesothelioma may be explained by asbestos exposure. An excess risk of mortality from liver and prostate cancer has been shown in production workers and requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Del Monaco
- Monash Centre for Occupational and Environmental Health, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Christina Dimitriadis
- Monash Centre for Occupational and Environmental Health, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sophia Xie
- Peter Maccullum Cancer Centre, Peter Maccullum Cancer Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Chronic Disease and Ageing, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Geza Benke
- Monash Centre for Occupational and Environmental Health, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Malcolm Ross Sim
- Monash Centre for Occupational and Environmental Health, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Karen Walker-Bone
- Monash Centre for Occupational and Environmental Health, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia .,School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,MRC Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Health and Work, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
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Yuan H, Wang Y, Duan H. Risk of Lung Cancer and Occupational Exposure to Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Among Workers Cohorts - Worldwide, 1969-2022. China CDC Wkly 2022; 4:364-369. [PMID: 35547638 PMCID: PMC9081899 DOI: 10.46234/ccdcw2022.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
What is already known about this topic? Lung cancer has a high mortality, resulting in a severe disease burden. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are definitive carcinogen to human, and occupational exposure to PAHs is associated with lung cancer. What is added by this report? We analyzed the cancer cases from cohort studies on various PAHs exposed workers in China and other countries, calculated the quantitative risk of lung cancer based on meta-analyses, and confirmed the increased risk from lung cancer in selected PAHs exposed occupations. What are the implications for public health practices? There is a clear need to prevent lung cancer on a wide range of PAHs-related occupations in China and around the world. It is crucial to establish guidelines for improving the monitoring on exposure and health promotion in related working environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huige Yuan
- National Institute for Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Yanhua Wang
- National Institute for Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Huawei Duan
- National Institute for Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China,Huawei Duan,
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Zhang P, Li Z, Wang N, Duan G, Wang W, Feng Y, Zhao Y, Wang L, Zhu H, Zhang Q, Liu X, Wu W, Wu Y, Yao W, Wang J, Wu Y, Feng F. Coal tar pitch extract could induce chromosomal instability of human bronchial epithelial cells mediated by spindle checkpoint-related proteins. Oncotarget 2017; 8:56506-56517. [PMID: 28915607 PMCID: PMC5593578 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.17025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Coal tar pitch (CTP) is a byproduct of coal tar distillation. The workers working with coal tar or in aluminum smelters, potrooms and carbon plants have the opportunities of exposing to coal tar pitch volatiles. Coal tar pitches from which polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) originate have been shown to exhibit lung carcinogenicity in humans. Chromosomal instability (CIN) is a mechanism in carcinogenesis, however, whether CIN is involved in coal tar pitch-induced lung cancer remains elusive. In this present study, human bronchial epithelial cells (BEAS-2B) were first exposed to coal tar pitch extracts (CTPE) to induce a malignant transformation model. Then, the occurrence of severe chromosomal changes detected using G band, R band and multiplex fluorescence in situ hybridization (M-FISH) staining were examined. It was shown that more clones of transformed BEAS-2B cells at passage 30 following stimulation with CTPE were formed in the soft agar compared with the vehicle control. Moreover, the expression of the spindle checkpoint-related proteins, mitotic arrest defective 2 (Mad2), budding uninhibited in benzimidazole 1 (Bub1), and anaphase-promoting complex (APC), indicators of abnormal chromosomes and carcinogenesis, reduced in CTPE-treated BEAS-2B cells at Passage 30 compared with the vehicle control using real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry. In summary, exposure of BEAS-2B cells to CTPE may induce chromosomal instability through spindle checkpoint-related proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhang
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University (Henan Cancer Hospital), Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Zhitao Li
- Medical College, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan, China
| | - Na Wang
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Guangcai Duan
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Wei Wang
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yanming Feng
- Medical College, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan, China
| | - Yong Zhao
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Lixia Wang
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Hansong Zhu
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Qiao Zhang
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Xiaozhuan Liu
- Medical College, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan, China
| | - Weidong Wu
- School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Yongjun Wu
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Wu Yao
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Pulmonary, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yiming Wu
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Feifei Feng
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
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4
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Facteurs de risque professionnels du cancer bronchopulmonaire. Rev Mal Respir 2016; 33:444-59. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rmr.2015.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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5
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Søyseth V, Henneberger PK, Einvik G, Virji MA, Bakke B, Kongerud J. Annual decline in forced expiratory volume is steeper in aluminum potroom workers than in workers without exposure to potroom fumes. Am J Ind Med 2016; 59:322-9. [PMID: 26853811 PMCID: PMC4790915 DOI: 10.1002/ajim.22570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Background Aluminum potroom exposure is associated with increased mortality of COPD but the association between potroom exposure and annual decline in lung function is unknown. We have measured lung volumes annually using spirometry from 1986 to 1996. The objective was to compare annual decline in forced expiratory volume in 1 s (dFEV1) and forced vital capacity (dFVC). Methods The number of aluminum potroom workers was 4,546 (81% males) and the number of workers in the reference group was 651 (76% males). The number of spirometries in the index group and the references were 24,060 and 2,243, respectively. Results After adjustment for confounders, the difference in dFEV1 and dFVC between the index and reference groups were 13.5 (P < 0.001) and −8.0 (P = 0.060) ml/year. Conclusion Aluminum potroom operators have increased annual decline in FEV1 relative to a comparable group with non‐exposure to potroom fumes and gases. Am. J. Ind. Med. 59:322–329, 2016. © 2016 The Authors. American Journal of Industrial Medicine Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vidar Søyseth
- Medical DivisionAkershus University HospitalLørenskogNorway
- Faculty of MedicineUniversity of OsloOsloNorway
- Division of Respiratory Disease StudiesNational Institute for Occupational Safety and HealthMorgantownWest Virginia
| | - Paul K. Henneberger
- Division of Respiratory Disease StudiesNational Institute for Occupational Safety and HealthMorgantownWest Virginia
| | - Gunnar Einvik
- Medical DivisionAkershus University HospitalLørenskogNorway
| | - Mohammed Abbas Virji
- Division of Respiratory Disease StudiesNational Institute for Occupational Safety and HealthMorgantownWest Virginia
| | - Berit Bakke
- Department of Occupational Health SurveilanceNational Institute of Occupational HealthOsloNorway
| | - Johny Kongerud
- Faculty of MedicineUniversity of OsloOsloNorway
- Department of Respiratory MedicineRikshospitaletOslo University HospitalOsloNorway
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Abstract
Objective: To present results of a bladder cancer screening program conducted in 18 aluminum smelters in the United States from January 2000 to December 2010. Methods: Data were collected on a cohort of workers with a history of working in coal tar pitch volatile exposed areas including urine analysis for conventional cytology and ImmunoCyt/uCyt+ assay. Results: ImmunoCyt/uCyt+ and cytology in combination showed a sensitivity of 62.30%, a specificity of 92.60%, a negative predictive value of 99.90%, and a positive predictive value of 2.96%. Fourteen cases of bladder cancer were detected, and the standardized incidence ratio of bladder cancer was 1.18 (95% confidence interval, 0.65 to 1.99). Individuals who tested positive on either test who were later determined to be cancer free had undergone expensive and invasive tests. Conclusions: Evidence to support continued surveillance of this cohort has not been demonstrated.
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Søyseth V, Henneberger P, Virji MA, Bakke B, Kongerud J. Construction of a Job Exposure Matrix to Dust, Fluoride, and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Norwegian Aluminum Industry using Prediction Models. ANNALS OF OCCUPATIONAL HYGIENE 2015; 59:1106-21. [PMID: 26409268 DOI: 10.1093/annhyg/mev069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Norwegian aluminum industry developed and implemented a protocol for prospective monitoring of employees' exposure using personal samplers. We analyzed these data to develop prediction lines to construct a job exposure matrix (JEM) for the period 1986-1995. METHODS The protocol for personal monitoring of exposure was implemented in all seven Norwegian aluminum plants in 1986 and continued until 1995. Personal samplers were used to collect total dust, fluorides, and total polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH). In addition, exposure could be categorized according to process, i.e. prebake, Søderberg, and 'other'. We constructed four-dimensional JEMs characterized by: Plant, Job descriptor, Process, and Year. Totally 8074, 6734, and 3524 measurements were available for dust, fluorides, and PAH, respectively. The data were analyzed using linear mixed models with two-way interactions. The models were assessed using the Akaike criterion (AIC) and unadjusted R (2). The significance level was set to 10% (two-sided) for retaining variables in the model. RESULTS In 1986, the geometric mean (95% confidence interval in parentheses) for total dust, total fluorides, and PAH were 3.18 (0.46-22.2) mg m(-3), 0.58 (0.085-4.00) mg m(-3), and 33.9 (2.3-504) µg m(-3), respectively. During 10 years of follow-up, the exposure to total dust, fluorides, and PAH decreased by 9.2, 11.7, and 14.9% per year, respectively. Each model encompassed from 49 to 72 significant components of the interaction terms. The interaction components were at least as important as the main effects, and 65 to 91% of the significant components of the interaction terms were time-dependent. CONCLUSION Our prediction models indicated that exposures were highly time-dependent. We expect that the time-dependent changes in exposure are of major importance for longitudinal studies of health effects in the aluminum industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vidar Søyseth
- 1.Medical Division, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog 1478, Norway; 2.Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo 0318, Norway; 3.Division of Respiratory Disease Studies, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, MS 2800, 1095 Willowdale Road, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA;
| | - Paul Henneberger
- 3.Division of Respiratory Disease Studies, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, MS 2800, 1095 Willowdale Road, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
| | - Mohammed Abbas Virji
- 3.Division of Respiratory Disease Studies, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, MS 2800, 1095 Willowdale Road, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
| | - Berit Bakke
- 4.Department of Chemical and Biological Work Environment, National Institute of Occupational Health, Oslo 0363, Norway
| | - Johny Kongerud
- 2.Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo 0318, Norway; 5.Department of Respiratory Medicine, Rikshospitalet, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo 0372, Norway
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8
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Abstract
Objectives: Summarizing the knowledge status, including the morphology, possible etiological factors, and clinical expression of aluminum potroom asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease related to aluminum potroom exposure. Methods: A review of the literature from the last two decades as it appears in PubMed. Results: There is substantial evidence for the existence of potroom asthma, although the incidence seems to decline over the last 10 years. Increased mortality from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and longitudinal decline in forced expiratory volume in the first second of expiration has been shown in aluminum potroom workers. Morphological manifestations in bronchial biopsies and the inflammatory markers NO and eosinophils in airway tissue and blood are consistent with asthma in general. The causative agent(s) is (are) not known. Conclusions: Reduction of exposure and cessation of smoking seem to be the major preventive measures to avoid respiratory disorders in the aluminum industry.
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9
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Feng F, Yang Y, Li Z, Song J, Zhu H, Wang L, Zhao Y, Xu D, Wu Y, Wu Y, Wang W. Changes in telomere length and telomerase activity in human bronchial epithelial cells induced by coal tar pitch extract. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5tx00121h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Coal tar pitch is a confirmed human carcinogen and is composed mainly of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.
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11
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Rota M, Bosetti C, Boccia S, Boffetta P, La Vecchia C. Occupational exposures to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and respiratory and urinary tract cancers: an updated systematic review and a meta-analysis to 2014. Arch Toxicol 2014; 88:1479-90. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-014-1296-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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12
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Barbeau D, Persoons R, Marques M, Hervé C, Laffitte-Rigaud G, Maitre A. Relevance of urinary 3-hydroxybenzo(a)pyrene and 1-hydroxypyrene to assess exposure to carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon mixtures in metallurgy workers. THE ANNALS OF OCCUPATIONAL HYGIENE 2014; 58:579-90. [PMID: 24504174 PMCID: PMC4305110 DOI: 10.1093/annhyg/meu004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2013] [Revised: 01/06/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In metallurgy, workers are exposed to mixtures of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in which some compounds are carcinogenic. Biomonitoring of PAH exposure has been performed by measuring urinary 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP), a metabolite of pyrene which is not carcinogenic. This study investigated the use of 3-hydroxybenzo(a)pyrene (3-OHBaP), a metabolite of benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) which is the main carcinogenic component in PAHs, to improve carcinogen exposure assessment. METHODS We included 129 metallurgy workers routinely exposed to PAHs during working hours. Urinary samples were collected at three sampling times at the beginning and at the end of the working week for 1-OHP and 3-OHBaP analyses. RESULTS Workers in anode production showed greater exposure to both biomarkers than those in cathode or silicon production, with respectively, 71, 40, and 30% of 3-OHBaP concentrations exceeding the value of 0.4 nmol mol(-1) creatinine. No difference was observed between the 3-OHBaP levels found at the end of the penultimate workday shift and those at the beginning of the last workday shift. Within these plants, the 1-OHP/3-OHBaP ratios varied greatly according to the workers' activity and emission sources. Using linear regression between these two metabolites, the 1-OHP level corresponding to the guidance value for 3-OHBaP ranged from 0.7 to 2.4 µmol mol(-1) creatinine, depending on the industrial sector. CONCLUSIONS This study emphasizes the interest of monitoring urinary 3-OHBaP at the end of the last workday shift when working week exposure is relatively steady, and the irrelevance of a single guideline value for 1-OHP when assessing occupational health risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien Barbeau
- 1.EPSP, TIMC-IMAG, Université Joseph Fourier de Grenoble, 38700 La Tronche, France 2.Laboratoire de Toxicologie Professionnelle et Environnementale, DBTP, CHU de Grenoble, 38043 Grenoble, France
| | - Renaud Persoons
- 2.Laboratoire de Toxicologie Professionnelle et Environnementale, DBTP, CHU de Grenoble, 38043 Grenoble, France
| | - Marie Marques
- 1.EPSP, TIMC-IMAG, Université Joseph Fourier de Grenoble, 38700 La Tronche, France
| | - Claire Hervé
- 2.Laboratoire de Toxicologie Professionnelle et Environnementale, DBTP, CHU de Grenoble, 38043 Grenoble, France
| | - Gilbert Laffitte-Rigaud
- 3.Aluminum Pechiney, Rio Tinto Alcan, 73300 Saint Jean de Maurienne, France 4.FerroPem, 73870 Montricher, France
| | - Anne Maitre
- 1.EPSP, TIMC-IMAG, Université Joseph Fourier de Grenoble, 38700 La Tronche, France 2.Laboratoire de Toxicologie Professionnelle et Environnementale, DBTP, CHU de Grenoble, 38043 Grenoble, France
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Primary aluminum production is an industrial process with high potential health risk for workers. We consider in this article how to assess community health risks associated with primary aluminum smelter emissions. METHODS We reviewed the literature on health effects, community exposure data, and dose-response relationships of the principal hazardous agents emitted. RESULTS On the basis of representative measured community exposure levels, we were able to make rough estimates on health risks associated with specific agents and categorize these as none, low, medium, or high. CONCLUSIONS It is possible to undertake a rough-estimate community Health Risk Assessment for individual smelters on the basis of information available in the epidemiological literature and local community exposure data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Claude Martin
- From the Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health (Dr Martin), McGill University, Montreal; and Expertise Industrial Hygiene Inc (Mr Larivière), Otterburn Park, Quebec, Canada
| | - Claude Larivière
- From the Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health (Dr Martin), McGill University, Montreal; and Expertise Industrial Hygiene Inc (Mr Larivière), Otterburn Park, Quebec, Canada
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE AND METHODS This review examines epidemiological evidence relating to cancers in the primary aluminum industry where most of what is known relates to Söderberg operations or to mixed Söderberg/prebake operations. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Increased lung and bladder cancer risks have been reported in Söderberg workers from several countries, but not in all. After adjustment for smoking, these cancer risks still increase with cumulative exposure to benzo(a)pyrene, used as an index of coal tar pitch volatiles exposure. Limited evidence has been gathered in several cohorts for an increased risk of tumors at other sites, including stomach, pancreas, rectum/rectosigmoid junction, larynx, buccal cavity/pharynx, kidney, brain/nervous system, prostate, and lymphatic/hematopoietic tissues (in particular non-Hodgkin lymphoma, Hodgkin disease, and leukemia). Nevertheless, for most of these tumor sites, the relationship with specific exposures has not been demonstrated clearly and further follow-up of workers is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham W. Gibbs
- From the Safety Health Environment International Consultants Corporation (Dr Gibbs), Alberta; and L'Institut de Recherche Robert-Sauvé en Santé et en Sécurité du Travail (Dr Labrèche), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - France Labrèche
- From the Safety Health Environment International Consultants Corporation (Dr Gibbs), Alberta; and L'Institut de Recherche Robert-Sauvé en Santé et en Sécurité du Travail (Dr Labrèche), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Martini T, Mayr R, Lodde M, Seitz C, Trenti E, Comploj E, Palermo S, Pycha A, Mian C, Zywica M, Weidner W, Lüdecke G. Validation of RiskCheck Bladder Cancer ©, version 5.0 for risk-adapted screening of bladder cancer. Urol Int 2013; 91:175-81. [PMID: 23860006 DOI: 10.1159/000351036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2013] [Accepted: 04/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The aim of the study was to assess the strength of the online tool RiskCheck Bladder Cancer©, version 5.0 (RCBC) for early detection of bladder cancer (BC). MATERIALS AND METHODS RCBC was evaluated retrospectively based on the data of 241 patients, of which 141 were suffering from BC. Statistical analysis was performed by descriptive statistics, nonparametric group comparison, classification tree analysis and ROC analysis. RESULTS ROC analysis of the risk classification showed a sensitivity of 71.6%, a specificity of 56.5%, a positive predictive value of 67.8%, a negative predictive value of 52% and an accuracy of 63.5%. BC risk factors ranked by importance are time of smoking (p < 0.0001), gender (within the nonsmoking group: p < 0.009), occupational toxin exposure (within the group <35 years of smoking: p < 0.048) and amount of consumed cigarettes resulting in a 95% association with BC (within the group >35 years of smoking: p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS The high predictive power of RCBC for the identification of asymptomatic patients living under risk could be demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Martini
- Department of Urology, General Hospital of Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy.
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Nebert DW, Shi Z, Gálvez-Peralta M, Uno S, Dragin N. Oral benzo[a]pyrene: understanding pharmacokinetics, detoxication, and consequences--Cyp1 knockout mouse lines as a paradigm. Mol Pharmacol 2013; 84:304-13. [PMID: 23761301 DOI: 10.1124/mol.113.086637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) is a prototypical polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH); this ubiquitous environmental carcinogenic agent is found in tobacco smoke, charcoal-grilled foods, and PAH-contaminated surfaces of roofs, playgrounds, and highways. Cytochrome P450 1 wild-type, Cyp1a2(-/-), Cyp1b1(-/-), or Cyp1a2/1b1(-/-) knockouts, and mice with Cyp1a1 expression deleted in hepatocytes can ingest large oral BaP doses (125 mg/kg/d) without apparent toxicity. Cyp1a1(-/-) and Cyp1a1/1a2(-/-) knockouts and mice with Cyp1a1 expression deleted in gastrointestinal (GI) tract epithelial cells develop immunotoxicity and die within 32 days, indicating that GI tract inducible CYP1A1 is absolutely required for detoxication of oral BaP. Cyp1a1/1b1(-/-) and Cyp1a1/1a2/1b1(-/-) mice are rescued from immunosuppression and early death due to absent metabolic activation of BaP by CYP1B1 in immune cells. Ten-fold lower oral BaP doses result in adenocarcinoma of the proximal small intestine (PSI) in Cyp1a1(-/-) mice; Cyp1a1/1b1(-/-) double-knockout mice show no PSI cancer but develop squamous cell carcinoma of the preputial gland duct (PGD). BaP-metabolizing CYP1B1 in the PSI and CYP3A59 in the PGD are the most likely candidates to participate in tumor initiation in the epithelial cells of these two tissues; oncogenes and tumor-suppressor genes upregulated and downregulated during tumorigenesis are completely different between these tissues. This "oral BaP Cyp1" mouse paradigm represents a powerful teaching tool, showing that gene-environment interactions depend on route-of-administration: the same oral, but not intraperitoneal, BaP exposure leads to dramatic differences in target-organ toxicity and tumor type as a function of dose and Cyp1 genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel W Nebert
- Department of Environmental Health, and the Center for Environmental Genetics, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, P.O. Box 670056, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0056, USA.
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Lung cancer risk and pollution in an industrial region of Northern Spain: a hospital-based case-control study. Int J Health Geogr 2011; 10:10. [PMID: 21266041 PMCID: PMC3040690 DOI: 10.1186/1476-072x-10-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2010] [Accepted: 01/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Asturias, an Autonomous Region in Northern Spain with a large industrial area, registers high lung cancer incidence and mortality. While this excess risk of lung cancer might be partially attributable to smoking habit and occupational exposure, the role of industrial and urban pollution also needs to be assessed. The objective was to ascertain the possible effect of air pollution, both urban and industrial, on lung cancer risk in Asturias. Methods This was a hospital-based case-control study covering 626 lung cancer patients and 626 controls recruited in Asturias and matched by ethnicity, hospital, age, and sex. Distances from the respective participants' residential locations to industrial facilities and city centers were computed. Using logistic regression, odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CIs) for categories of distance to urban and industrial pollution sources were calculated, with adjustment for sex, age, hospital area, tobacco consumption, family history of cancer, and occupation. Results Whereas individuals living near industries displayed an excess risk of lung cancer (OR = 1.49; 95%CI = 0.93-2.39), which attained statistical significance for small cell carcinomas (OR = 2.23; 95%CI = 1.01-4.92), residents in urban areas showed a statistically significant increased risk for adenocarcinoma (OR = 1.92; 95%CI = 1.09-3.38). In the Gijon health area, residents in the urban area registered a statistically significant increased risk of lung cancer (OR = 2.17; 95%CI = 1.25-3.76), whereas in the Aviles health area, no differences in risk were found by area of exposure. Conclusions This study provides further evidence that air pollution is a moderate risk factor for lung cancer.
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Friesen MC, Demers PA, Spinelli JJ, Eisen EA, Lorenzi MF, Le ND. Chronic and acute effects of coal tar pitch exposure and cardiopulmonary mortality among aluminum smelter workers. Am J Epidemiol 2010; 172:790-9. [PMID: 20702507 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwq208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Air pollution causes several adverse cardiovascular and respiratory effects. In occupational studies, where levels of particulate matter and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are higher, the evidence is inconsistent. The effects of acute and chronic PAH exposure on cardiopulmonary mortality were examined within a Kitimat, Canada, aluminum smelter cohort (n = 7,026) linked to a national mortality database (1957-1999). No standardized mortality ratio was significantly elevated compared with the province's population. Smoking-adjusted internal comparisons were conducted using Cox regression for male subjects (n = 6,423). Ischemic heart disease (IHD) mortality (n = 281) was associated with cumulative benzo[a]pyrene (B(a)P) exposure (hazard ratio = 1.62, 95% confidence interval: 1.06, 2.46) in the highest category. A monotonic but nonsignificant trend was observed with chronic B(a)P exposure and acute myocardial infarction (n = 184). When follow-up was restricted to active employment, the hazard ratio for IHD was 2.39 (95% confidence interval: 0.95, 6.05) in the highest cumulative B(a)P category. The stronger associations observed during employment suggest that risk may not persist after exposure cessation. No associations with recent or current exposure were observed. IHD was associated with chronic (but not current) PAH exposure in a high-exposure occupational setting. Given the widespread workplace exposure to PAHs and heart disease's high prevalence, even modest associations produce a high burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa C Friesen
- Environmental Health Sciences Division, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA.
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Friesen MC, Benke G, Del Monaco A, Dennekamp M, Fritschi L, de Klerk N, Hoving JL, MacFarlane E, Sim MR. Relationship between cardiopulmonary mortality and cancer risk and quantitative exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, fluorides, and dust in two prebake aluminum smelters. Cancer Causes Control 2009; 20:905-16. [PMID: 19294522 DOI: 10.1007/s10552-009-9329-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2008] [Accepted: 02/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We examined the risk of mortality and cancer incidence with quantitative exposure to benzene-soluble fraction (BSF), benzo(a)pyrene (BaP), fluoride, and inhalable dust in two Australian prebake smelters. METHODS A total of 4,316 male smelter workers were linked to mortality and cancer incidence registries and followed from 1983 through 2002 (mean follow-up: 15.9 years, maximum: 20 years). Internal comparisons using Poisson regression were undertaken based on quantitative exposure levels. RESULTS Smoking-adjusted, monotonic relationships were observed between respiratory cancer and cumulative inhalable dust exposure (trend p = 0.1), cumulative fluoride exposure (p = 0.1), and cumulative BaP exposure (p = 0.2). The exposure-response trends were stronger when examined across the exposed categories (BaP p = 0.1; inhalable dust p = 0.04). A monotonic, but not statistically significant trend was observed between cumulative BaP exposure and stomach cancer (n = 14). Bladder cancer was not associated with BaP or BSF exposure. No other cancer and no mortality outcomes were associated with these smelter exposures. CONCLUSIONS The carcinogenicity of Söderberg smelter exposures is well established; in these prebake smelters we observed an association between smelter exposures and respiratory cancer, but not bladder cancer. The exploratory finding for stomach cancer needs confirmation. These results are preliminary due to the young cohort and short follow-up time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa C Friesen
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Level 3, Monash University, 89 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC3004, Australia
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Guzzo TJ, Bivalacqua TJ, Schoenberg MP. Bladder cancer and the aluminium industry: a review. BJU Int 2008; 102:1058-60. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-410x.2008.07903.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Gibbs GW, Sevigny M. Mortality and cancer experience of Quebec aluminum reduction plant workers, part 4: cancer incidence. J Occup Environ Med 2008; 49:1351-66. [PMID: 18231082 DOI: 10.1097/jom.0b013e318156ecbc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the cancer experience of Quebec aluminum smelter workers. METHODS Cancer incidence was compared with that of the Quebec general population and examined in relation to benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) and smoking exposure indices. RESULTS There was a statistically significant increased incidence of stomach (two cohorts), pancreatic (one cohort), laryngeal (one cohort), lung (three cohorts), and bladder (four cohorts) cancers. Unlike lung and bladder cancers, pancreatic and stomach cancer risks do not relate meaningfully to cumulative B[a]P exposure. Laryngeal and buccal cavity cancer standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) seem to increase with increasing B[a]P exposure. SIRs from lung cancer have greatly diminished whereas bladder cancer SIRs remain elevated in all but one cohort. CONCLUSIONS The cancer incidence results are consistent with those from mortality studies, but identify other cancers that deserve scrutiny in future follow-ups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham W Gibbs
- Safety Health Environment International Consultants Corp., Devon, Alberta, Canada.
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Mortality and cancer experience of Quebec aluminum reduction plant workers. Part 3: monitoring the mortality of workers first employed after January 1, 1950. J Occup Environ Med 2007; 49:1269-87. [PMID: 17993932 DOI: 10.1097/jom.0b013e3181593da8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To monitor changes over time in mortality of workers first employed in Quebec aluminum smelters after January 1, 1950 (1951-one cohort). METHODS Mortality of cohorts by decade of hire was compared with Quebec and same plant experience before 1950 (1951). RESULTS Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and respiratory cancer (one cohort each) mortality were statistically in excess. In the combined cohorts, standardized mortality ratios exceeded 110 for cancers of esophagus, rectum, and rectosigmoid junction, pancreas, larynx, lung, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, cerebrovascular disease, and asthma. These findings essentially mirrored the experience of pre-1950 workers. There was a significant downward trend in mortality from all causes, lung and bladder cancer. CONCLUSIONS Statistically significant improvements were found in mortality from all causes combined, from cancer and from cancer of the lung and bladder. Slightly increased mortality continues from certain other causes.
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