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Circulating Tumour Cells (CTCs) in NSCLC: From Prognosis to Therapy Design. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13111879. [PMID: 34834295 PMCID: PMC8619417 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13111879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Designing optimal (neo)adjuvant therapy is a crucial aspect of the treatment of non-small-cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC). Standard methods of chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and immunotherapy represent effective strategies for treatment. However, in some cases with high metastatic activity and high levels of circulating tumour cells (CTCs), the efficacy of standard treatment methods is insufficient and results in treatment failure and reduced patient survival. CTCs are seen not only as an isolated phenomenon but also a key inherent part of the formation of metastasis and a key factor in cancer death. This review discusses the impact of NSCLC therapy strategies based on a meta-analysis of clinical studies. In addition, possible therapeutic strategies for repression when standard methods fail, such as the administration of low-toxicity natural anticancer agents targeting these phenomena (curcumin and flavonoids), are also discussed. These strategies are presented in the context of key mechanisms of tumour biology with a strong influence on CTC spread and metastasis (mechanisms related to tumour-associated and -infiltrating cells, epithelial–mesenchymal transition, and migration of cancer cells).
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Lv P, Man S, Xie L, Ma L, Gao W. Pathogenesis and therapeutic strategy in platinum resistance lung cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2021; 1876:188577. [PMID: 34098035 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2021.188577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Platinum compounds (cisplatin and carboplatin) represent the most active anticancer agents in clinical use both of lung cancer in mono-and combination therapies. However, platinum resistance limits its clinical application. It is necessary to understand the molecular mechanism of platinum resistance, identify predictive markers, and develop newer, more effective and less toxic agents to treat platinum resistance in lung cancer. Here, it summarizes the main molecular mechanisms associated with platinum resistance in lung cancer and the development of new approaches to tackle this clinically relevant problem. Moreover, it could lead to the development of more effective treatment for refractory lung cancer in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panpan Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industry Microbiology, National and Local United Engineering Lab of Metabolic Control Fermentation Technology, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Food Nutrition/Safety and Medicinal Chemistry, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Shuli Man
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industry Microbiology, National and Local United Engineering Lab of Metabolic Control Fermentation Technology, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Food Nutrition/Safety and Medicinal Chemistry, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China.
| | - Lu Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industry Microbiology, National and Local United Engineering Lab of Metabolic Control Fermentation Technology, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Food Nutrition/Safety and Medicinal Chemistry, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Long Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industry Microbiology, National and Local United Engineering Lab of Metabolic Control Fermentation Technology, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Food Nutrition/Safety and Medicinal Chemistry, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Wenyuan Gao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery and High Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
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Topham M, Kim M, Iravani A. Cyclooxygenase-2 contributes to mutant epidermal growth factor receptor lung tumorigenesis by promoting an immunosuppressive environment. CANCER TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2020. [DOI: 10.4103/ctm.ctm_7_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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4
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Tong CW, Wu WK, Loong HH, Cho WC, To KK. Drug combination approach to overcome resistance to EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors in lung cancer. Cancer Lett 2017; 405:100-110. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2017.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Revised: 07/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/23/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Liu R, Zheng H, Li W, Guo Q, He S, Hirasaki Y, Hou W, Hua B, Li C, Bao Y, Gao Y, Qi X, Pei Y, Zhang Y. Anti-tumor enhancement of Fei-Liu-Ping ointment in combination with celecoxib via cyclooxygenase-2-mediated lung metastatic inflammatory microenvironment in Lewis lung carcinoma xenograft mouse model. J Transl Med 2015; 13:366. [PMID: 26597177 PMCID: PMC4656184 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-015-0728-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Fei-Liu-Ping (FLP) ointment is an oral prescription medication that has been widely applied to treat lung cancer patients in China. Regulation of the metastatic microenvironment is an important therapeutic approach for prevention and treatment of tumor recurrence and metastasis. The advantage of Traditional Chinese Medicine management of lung cancer lies in the prevention of recurrence and metastasis. Our previous study has demonstrated that FLP ointment could regulate lung inflammatory microenvironment in vitro. However, the effects of FLP on the tumor microenvironment in vivo are still poorly understood. The objective of this study is to investigate the effect of FLP alone or in combination with celecoxib in the prevention of lung cancer progression by Cyclooxygenase (Cox)-2 mediated tumor inflammatory microenvironment in vivo. Methods 120 Lewis lung carcinoma xenograft mice were divided equally into four groups: vehicle, FLP, celecoxib, and FLP plus celecoxib. The dynamic growth of the xenografted tumors was observed using an in vivo fluorescence imaging system. Mice were sacrificed on day 14, day 21, and day 28, and tumor specimens and lung tissues were harvested to detect the metastasis-associated protein expression. Results Tumor inhibition rate was 15.4, 44.2, 47.4 % at day 14, 37.3, 34.7, 61.5 % at day 21, and 15.5, 10.3, 32.5 % at day 28 after treatment of FLP, celecoxib, and FLP plus celecoxib, respectively. Upon treatment of FLP and celecoxib together, lung metastasis rate was 30 % (8 metastatic nodules) lower than other groups. FLP inhibited Cox-2 expression in a time-dependent manner. Moreover, FLP inhibited N-cadherin, matrix metalloproteinases (MMP)-9, and Vimentin expression. Treatment of FLP in combination with celecoxib was more effective than FLP or celecoxib alone in inhibiting vascular endothelial growth factor, platelet-derived growth factor receptors β, microsomal Prostaglandin E synthase-1, MMP-2, MMP-9, N-cadherin, and Vimentin expression, but increased E-cadherin expression. Conclusions FLP inhibited tumor growth and metastasis in a Lewis lung xenograft mice model through the Cox-2 pathway. FLP in combination with celecoxib enhanced the antitumor growth and anti-metastasis effects. Traditional Chinese herbs combined with anti-inflammatory drugs might offer a promising strategy to prevent tumor metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Liu
- Department of Oncology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Number 5 Beixiange, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100053, China. .,Cancer Institute, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100053, China.
| | - Honggang Zheng
- Department of Oncology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Number 5 Beixiange, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100053, China. .,Cancer Institute, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100053, China.
| | - Weidong Li
- Department of Oncology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Number 5 Beixiange, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100053, China. .,Cancer Institute, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100053, China.
| | - Qiujun Guo
- Department of Oncology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Number 5 Beixiange, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100053, China. .,Cancer Institute, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100053, China. .,Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Shulin He
- Department of Oncology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Number 5 Beixiange, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100053, China. .,Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Yoshiro Hirasaki
- Department of Oncology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Number 5 Beixiange, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100053, China. .,Department of Japanese-Oriental (Kampo) Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan.
| | - Wei Hou
- Department of Oncology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Number 5 Beixiange, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100053, China. .,Cancer Institute, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100053, China.
| | - Baojin Hua
- Department of Oncology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Number 5 Beixiange, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100053, China. .,Cancer Institute, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100053, China.
| | - Conghuang Li
- Department of Oncology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Number 5 Beixiange, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100053, China. .,Cancer Institute, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100053, China.
| | - Yanju Bao
- Department of Oncology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Number 5 Beixiange, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100053, China. .,Cancer Institute, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100053, China.
| | - Yebo Gao
- Department of Oncology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Number 5 Beixiange, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100053, China. .,Cancer Institute, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100053, China. .,Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Xin Qi
- Department of Oncology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Number 5 Beixiange, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100053, China. .,Cancer Institute, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100053, China.
| | - Yingxia Pei
- Department of Oncology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Number 5 Beixiange, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100053, China. .,Cancer Institute, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100053, China.
| | - Yun Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Number 5 Beixiange, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100053, China. .,Cancer Institute, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100053, China.
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Reckamp KL, Koczywas M, Cristea MC, Dowell JE, Wang HJ, Gardner BK, Milne GL, Figlin RA, Fishbein MC, Elashoff RM, Dubinett SM. Randomized phase 2 trial of erlotinib in combination with high-dose celecoxib or placebo in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer. Cancer 2015; 121:3298-306. [PMID: 26033830 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.29480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Revised: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2)-dependent signaling represents a potential mechanism of resistance to therapy with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitors. This is mediated in part through an EGFR-independent activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (Erk) by prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). PGE2 promotes downregulation of E cadherin and epithelial to mesenchymal transition. The current study investigated EGFR and COX-2 inhibition in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and elevated baseline urinary metabolite of PGE2 (PGEM). METHODS Patients with stage IIIB/IV (AJCC 6th edition) NSCLC who progressed after at least 1 line of therapy or refused standard chemotherapy were randomized to receive erlotinib and celecoxib versus erlotinib and placebo. The primary endpoint was progression-free survival (PFS) with 80% power to detect a 50% improvement with a 1-sided significance level of .2 in the intent-to-treat and elevated baseline PGEM populations. Secondary endpoints included response rate, overall survival, and evaluation of molecular markers to assess targeting COX-2-related pathways and evaluate EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor resistance. RESULTS A total of 107 patients were enrolled with comparable baseline characteristics. Among the patients treated with celecoxib, those with wild-type EGFR were found to have an increased PFS (3.2 months vs 1.8 months; P = .03). PFS was numerically improved among patients in the intent-to-treat group who received erlotinib and celecoxib compared with those treated with erlotinib and placebo (5.4 months vs 3.5 months; P = .33) and was increased in patients in the erlotinib and celecoxib arm with elevated baseline PGEM (5.4 months vs 2.2 months; P = .15). Adverse events were similar in both treatment arms. CONCLUSIONS The combination of erlotinib and celecoxib did not appear to improve outcomes in an unselected population, but selection by elevated baseline PGEM led to an increase in PFS with this combination. Patients with EGFR wild-type status may benefit from the combination of erlotinib and celecoxib.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen L Reckamp
- Department of Medical Oncology, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, California
| | - Marianna Koczywas
- Department of Medical Oncology, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, California
| | - Mihaela C Cristea
- Department of Medical Oncology, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, California
| | - Jonathan E Dowell
- Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs North Texas Healthcare System, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - He-Jing Wang
- Department of Biomathematics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Brian K Gardner
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Ginger L Milne
- Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Robert A Figlin
- Department of Medicine, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Michael C Fishbein
- Department of Pathology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Robert M Elashoff
- Department of Biomathematics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Steven M Dubinett
- Departments of Medicine and Pathology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
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ZHANG HONG, LI ZHIHONG, WANG KAIZHONG, REN PING. Combined treatment of XIAP-targeting shRNA and celecoxib synergistically inhibits the tumor growth of non-small cell lung cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. Oncol Rep 2014; 33:1079-88. [DOI: 10.3892/or.2014.3678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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Berardi R, Santoni M, Morgese F, Ballatore Z, Savini A, Onofri A, Mazzanti P, Pistelli M, Pierantoni C, De Lisa M, Caramanti M, Pagliaretta S, Pellei C, Cascinu S. Novel small molecule EGFR inhibitors as candidate drugs in non-small cell lung cancer. Onco Targets Ther 2013; 6:563-76. [PMID: 23723712 PMCID: PMC3665567 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s28155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In the last decade, better understanding of the role of epidermal growth factor receptor in the pathogenesis and progression of non-small cell lung cancer has led to a revolution in the work-up of these neoplasms. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors, such as erlotinib and gefitinib, have been approved for the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer, demonstrating an improvement in progression-free and overall survival, particularly in patients harboring activating EGFR mutations. Nevertheless, despite initial responses and long-lasting remissions, resistance to tyrosine kinase inhibitors invariably develops, most commonly due to the emergence of secondary T790M mutations or to the amplification of mesenchymal-epithelial transition factor (c-Met), which inevitably leads to treatment failure. Several clinical studies are ongoing (http://www.clinicaltrials.gov), aimed to evaluate the efficacy and toxicity of combined approaches and to develop novel irreversible or multitargeted tyrosine kinase inhibitors and mutant-selective inhibitors to overcome such resistance. This review is an overview of ongoing Phase I, II, and III trials of novel small molecule epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors and combinations in non-small cell lung cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossana Berardi
- Medical Oncology Unit, Universita Politecnica delle Marche, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Ospedali Riuniti Umberto I - GM Lancisi - G Salesi, Ancona, Italy
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Wang ZL, Fan ZQ, Jiang HD, Qu JM. Selective Cox-2 inhibitor celecoxib induces epithelial-mesenchymal transition in human lung cancer cells via activating MEK-ERK signaling. Carcinogenesis 2012; 34:638-46. [DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgs367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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10
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Froudarakis ME. Pleural Effusion in Lung Cancer: More Questions than Answers. Respiration 2012; 83:367-76. [DOI: 10.1159/000338169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
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11
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Aziz A, Lessard A, Moore K, Hovington H, Latulippe E, Larue H, Fradet Y, Lacombe L. Improved cancer specific-survival in patients with carcinoma invading bladder muscle expressing cyclo-oxygenase-2. BJU Int 2010; 108:531-7. [PMID: 21166751 DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-410x.2010.09909.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Study Type - Prognosis (case series). LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 4 OBJECTIVE: To determine whether the expression of cyclo-oxygenase (COX)-2 has an influence on survival and on the response to chemotherapy in invasive bladder cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS A population of 266 patients from a tertiary university centre with carcinoma invading bladder muscle without evidence of metastasis at time of cystectomy was analyzed retrospectively. COX-2 expression was evaluated immunohistochemically with a monoclonal anti-COX-2 antibody. All pertinent clinical and pathological parameters were reviewed and correlated with risk factors influencing outcome, including disease-specific and overall survival, as well as COX-2 expression. Immunoreactivity was categorized as positive if COX-2 staining was present in >5% tumour cells. RESULTS The expression of COX-2 was not influenced by tumour stage, grade or nodal status, nor any other parameters. The risk factors that influenced disease-specific survival in carcinoma invading bladder muscle on multivariate analysis were lymph node status (hazards ratio, HR = 2.46 for N1, P = 0.001, HR = 2.90 for N2, P < 0.001, HR = 5.19 for N3, P = 0.012), use of neoadjuvant chemotherapy (HR = 3.54; P= 0.004) or adjuvant chemotherapy (HR = 0.57, P = 0.014) and COX-2 expression (HR = 0.64 if >5% cells had positive expression; P = 0.025). Kaplan-Meier analysis showed an increased disease-specific survival (P = 0.0063), as well as longer recurrence-free survival (P = 0.003), in patients with muscle-invasive bladder tumours expressing COX-2 in >5% of the cells. A tendency was also observed in a subgroup with positive nodes treated with adjuvant chemotherapy (P = 0.093). CONCLUSIONS The overexpression of COX-2 is associated with a better recurrence-free and disease-specific survival in a large cohort of 266 patients with carcinoma invading bladder muscle treated by cystectomy. A trend for increased disease-specific survival was also observed for patients with COX-2 overexpression and positive nodes who received adjuvant chemotherapy. Potential of COX-2 as a prognostic marker in bladder cancer should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anis Aziz
- Urology Service, Surgery Department Laboratoire d'Uro-Oncologie Expérimentale, CHUQ-Hôtel-Dieu de Québec, Quebec, Canada
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Reckamp K, Gitlitz B, Chen LC, Patel R, Milne G, Syto M, Jezior D, Zaknoen S. Biomarker-based phase I dose-escalation, pharmacokinetic, and pharmacodynamic study of oral apricoxib in combination with erlotinib in advanced nonsmall cell lung cancer. Cancer 2010; 117:809-18. [PMID: 20922800 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.25473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2010] [Revised: 05/11/2010] [Accepted: 05/11/2010] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Apricoxib, a novel once-daily selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor, was investigated in combination with erlotinib for recurrent stage IIIB/IV nonsmall cell lung cancer to determine the maximum tolerated dose, dose-limiting toxicity, and recommended phase II dose (RP2D) based on changes in urinary prostaglandin E₂ metabolite (PGE-M). METHODS Patients received escalating doses of apricoxib (100, 200, and 400 mg/day) in combination with erlotinib 150 mg/day until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity. Urinary PGE-M was used to assess biologic activity and inform the optimal biologic dose. RESULTS Twenty patients were treated (3 at 100 mg; 3 at 200 mg; 14 at 400 mg apricoxib) with a median of 4 cycles (range, 2-14 cycles); 8 patients (40%) received prior EGFR-directed therapies. No dose-limiting toxicity was observed. Study drug-related adverse events (AEs) included diarrhea, rash, dry skin, anemia, fatigue, and increased serum creatinine; 4 patients had grade ≥ 3 drug-related AEs (diarrhea, perforated duodenal ulcer, hypophosphatemia, and deep vein thrombosis). The RP2D was 400 mg/day based on safety, biologic activity based on decreases in urinary PGE-M, and pharmacokinetics. One patient had a partial response, and 11 had stable disease. Stable disease was observed in patients who had received prior EGFR inhibitor therapy but was greater in patients not previously treated with an EGFR inhibitor. Seventeen patients had elevated urinary PGE-M at baseline, and 14 (70%) had a decrease from baseline, which was associated with disease control. CONCLUSIONS Apricoxib plus erlotinib was well tolerated and yielded a 60% disease control rate. A phase II trial is currently investigating 400 mg/day apricoxib plus 150 mg/day erlotinib in patients selected based on change in urinary PGE-M.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Reckamp
- City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, California, USA.
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Bi N, Yang M, Zhang L, Chen X, Ji W, Ou G, Lin D, Wang L. Cyclooxygenase-2 genetic variants are associated with survival in unresectable locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2010; 16:2383-90. [PMID: 20332326 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-09-2793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) plays important roles in the modulation of apoptosis, angiogenesis, immune response, and tumor invasion. Elevated COX-2 expression has been reported to be correlated with reduced survival after radiotherapy. This study examined whether genetic variations in the COX-2 gene are associated with different survival in inoperable locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) treated with chemoradiotherapy or radiotherapy alone. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN One hundred and thirty-six patients with inoperable stage IIIA-B NSCLC receiving thoracic irradiation between 2004 and 2007 were recruited in this study. Five functional COX-2 polymorphisms were genotyped using DNA from blood lymphocytes. Kaplan-Meier methods were used to compare survival by different genotypes. Cox proportional hazards models were used to identify independently significant variables. RESULTS During the median 22.4 months of follow-up, the favorable COX-2 -1195GA and GG genotypes were significantly correlated with better overall survival (20.2 months versus 15.7 months; P = 0.006; hazard ratio (HR), 0.58; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.39-0.86) and with longer progress-free survival (11.9 months versus 9.5 months; P = 0.034) compared with the -1195AA genotype. No significant associations were found among other COX-2 polymorphisms and clinical outcomes. In the multivariate Cox proportional hazards model, COX-2 -1195G/A polymorphism was independently associated with overall survival after adjusting the clinicopathologic factors (P = 0.008; HR, 0.58; 95% CI, 0.39-0.87). CONCLUSION COX-2 -1195G/A polymorphism is a potential predictive marker of survival in locally advanced NSCLC patients treated with chemoradiotherapy or radiotherapy alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Bi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Institute and Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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Walser TC, Yanagawa J, Garon E, Lee JM, Dubinett SM. Tumor Microenvironment. Lung Cancer 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60761-524-8_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Horn L, Backlund M, Johnson DH. Targeting the eicosanoid pathway in non-small-cell lung cancer. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2009; 13:675-88. [PMID: 19409031 DOI: 10.1517/14728220902915567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Multiple lines of evidence suggest that cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) upregulation is an early event in the development of non-small-cell lung cancer. Preclinical data indicate tumors with upregulation of COX-2 synthesize high levels of prostaglandin E₂ (PGE₂), which in turn are associated with increased production of proangiogenic factors and enhanced metastatic potential. These findings indicate that an increase in COX-2 expression may play a significant role in the development and growth of lung cancers and possibly with the acquisition of an invasive and metastatic phenotype. Consequently, inhibitors of COX-2 are being studied for their chemopreventative and therapeutic effects in individuals at high risk for lung cancer and patients with established cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leora Horn
- Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Division of Hematology & Medical Oncology, 2220 Pierce Avenue, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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Chang KY, Shen MR, Lee MY, Wang WL, Su WC, Chang WC, Chen BK. Epidermal growth factor-activated aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator/HIF-1{beta} signal pathway up-regulates cyclooxygenase-2 gene expression associated with squamous cell carcinoma. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:9908-16. [PMID: 19203995 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m806210200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) accumulates when tumors grow under hypoxic conditions. The genesis of tumors, however, usually involves normoxic conditions. In this study, we were interested in examining the potential role of aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator (ARNT)/HIF-1beta in tumor growth under normoxic conditions, specifically when cells are treated with epidermal growth factor (EGF), which is known to affect the gene expression of tumor growth-related protein COX-2 (cyclooxygenase-2). The results showed that EGF receptor inhibitor, AG1478, abolished EGF-induced nuclear accumulation of ARNT as well as the expression of COX-2. ARNT small interfering RNA inhibited the promoter activity, mRNA level, and protein expression of COX-2 in cells treated with EGF. In contrast, CoCl(2)-induced HIF-1alpha exhibited no effect on COX-2 expression. EGF also stimulated the formation of the ARNT.c-Jun complex as well as the complex binding to the COX-2 promoter. ARNT small interfering RNAs blocked EGF-activated cell migration. Moreover, COX-2 and ARNT were cohorts present distinctively in clinical specimens of human cervical squamous cell carcinoma and were almost nondetectable in adjacent normal or noncancerous cervical tissues. Our results revealed that ARNT plays an important role in EGF-regulated COX-2 gene expression and may thus be related to either a cause or a consequence of tumorigenesis in cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwang-Yu Chang
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Tainan 701, Taiwan
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Scott A, Salgia R. Biomarkers in lung cancer: from early detection to novel therapeutics and decision making. Biomark Med 2008; 2:577-586. [PMID: 19802373 DOI: 10.2217/17520363.2.6.577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer remains a significant cause of mortality worldwide. While advances in therapy continue to be made, the overall prognosis for patients diagnosed with lung cancer remains poor. Historically, markers such as age, performance status and disease stage have been used to risk-stratify patients and guide therapeutic decisions. These parameters provide some useful information, but more sensitive markers are clearly needed. Molecular and genetic studies have identified several such markers, which appear to play critical roles in carcinogenesis and affect patient outcomes. This article reviews a number of biomarkers that have been identified in lung cancer, and their prognostic and predictive roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- April Scott
- University of Chicago, Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology/Oncology, and University of Chicago Cancer Research Center, 5841 S Maryland Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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Van Dyke AL, Cote ML, Prysak GM, Claeys GB, Wenzlaff AS, Murphy VC, Lonardo F, Schwartz AG. COX-2/EGFR expression and survival among women with adenocarcinoma of the lung. Carcinogenesis 2008; 29:1781-7. [PMID: 18453539 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgn107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies suggest that cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression may predict survival among patients with non-small cell lung cancer. COX-2 may interact with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), suggesting that combined COX-2/EGFR expression may provide predictive value. The extent to which their independent or combined expression is associated with prognosis in women with adenocarcinoma of the lung is unknown. In the present study, we examined relationships between COX-2 expression (n = 238), EGFR expression (n = 158) and dual COX-2/EGFR expression (n = 157) and survival among women with adenocarcinoma of the lung. Overall survival was estimated by constructing Cox proportional hazards models adjusting for other significant variables and stratifying by stage at diagnosis and race. Clinical or demographic parameters were not associated with either COX-2 or EGFR expression. Patients with COX-2-positive tumors tended to have poorer prognosis than did patients with COX-2-negative tumors [hazard ratio (HR) 1.67, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.01-2.78]. African-Americans with COX-2-positive tumors had a statistically non-significant higher risk of death than African-Americans with COX-2-negative tumors (HR 5.58, 95% CI 0.64-48.37). No association between COX-2 expression and survival was observed among Caucasians (HR 1.29, 95% CI 0.72-2.30). EGFR expression was associated with a 44% reduction in the risk of death (HR 0.56, 95% CI 0.32-0.98). COX-2-/EGFR+ tumor expression, but not COX-2+/EGFR+ tumor expression, was associated with survival when compared with other combined expression results. In conclusion, COX-2 and EGFR expression, but not combined COX-2+/EGFR+ expression, independently predict survival of women with adenocarcinoma of the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison L Van Dyke
- Cancer Biology Program, Karmanos Cancer Institute, WayneState University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
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