1
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Yang X, Li W, Ding M, Liu KJ, Qi Z, Zhao Y. Contribution of zinc accumulation to ischemic brain injury and its mechanisms about oxidative stress, inflammation, and autophagy: an update. Metallomics 2024; 16:mfae012. [PMID: 38419293 DOI: 10.1093/mtomcs/mfae012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is a leading cause of death and disability worldwide, and presently, there is no effective neuroprotective therapy. Zinc is an essential trace element that plays important physiological roles in the central nervous system. Free zinc concentration is tightly regulated by zinc-related proteins in the brain under normal conditions. Disruption of zinc homeostasis, however, has been found to play an important role in the mechanism of brain injury following ischemic stroke. A large of free zinc releases from storage sites after cerebral ischemia, which affects the functions and survival of nerve cells, including neurons, astrocytes, and microglia, resulting in cell death. Ischemia-triggered intracellular zinc accumulation also disrupts the function of blood-brain barrier via increasing its permeability, impairing endothelial cell function, and altering tight junction levels. Oxidative stress and neuroinflammation have been reported to be as major pathological mechanisms in cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. Studies have showed that the accumulation of intracellular free zinc could impair mitochondrial function to result in oxidative stress, and form a positive feedback loop between zinc accumulation and reactive oxygen species production, which leads to a series of harmful reactions. Meanwhile, elevated intracellular zinc leads to neuroinflammation. Recent studies also showed that autophagy is one of the important mechanisms of zinc toxicity after ischemic injury. Interrupting the accumulation of zinc will reduce cerebral ischemia injury and improve neurological outcomes. This review summarizes the role of zinc toxicity in cellular and tissue damage following cerebral ischemia, focusing on the mechanisms about oxidative stress, inflammation, and autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueqi Yang
- Institute of Cerebrovascular Disease Research, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, 45 Changchun Street, Beijing 100053, China
- Beijing Geriatric Medical Research Center, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Wei Li
- Institute of Cerebrovascular Disease Research, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, 45 Changchun Street, Beijing 100053, China
- Beijing Geriatric Medical Research Center, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Mao Ding
- Institute of Cerebrovascular Disease Research, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, 45 Changchun Street, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Ke Jian Liu
- Department of Pathology, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Zhifeng Qi
- Institute of Cerebrovascular Disease Research, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, 45 Changchun Street, Beijing 100053, China
- Beijing Geriatric Medical Research Center, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Yongmei Zhao
- Institute of Cerebrovascular Disease Research, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, 45 Changchun Street, Beijing 100053, China
- Beijing Geriatric Medical Research Center, Beijing 100053, China
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2
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Chen Y, Zhang X, Yang H, Liang T, Bai X. The "Self-eating" of cancer-associated fibroblast: A potential target for cancer. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 163:114762. [PMID: 37100015 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy helps maintain energy homeostasis and protect cells from stress effects by selectively removing misfolded/polyubiquitylated proteins, lipids, and damaged mitochondria. Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are cellular components of tumor microenvironment (TME). Autophagy in CAFs inhibits tumor development in the early stages; however, it has a tumor-promoting effect in advanced stages. In this review, we aimed to summarize the modulators responsible for the induction of autophagy in CAFs, such as hypoxia, nutrient deprivation, mitochondrial stress, and endoplasmic reticulum stress. In addition, we aimed to present autophagy-related signaling pathways in CAFs, and role of autophagy in CAF activation, tumor progression, tumor immune microenvironment. Autophagy in CAFs may be an emerging target for tumor therapy. In summary, autophagy in CAFs is regulated by a variety of modulators and can reshape tumor immune microenvironment, affecting tumor progression and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Chen
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaozhen Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hanshen Yang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Tingbo Liang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Xueli Bai
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
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3
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Roy A, Bera S, Saso L, Dwarakanath BS. Role of autophagy in tumor response to radiation: Implications for improving radiotherapy. Front Oncol 2022; 12:957373. [PMID: 36172166 PMCID: PMC9510974 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.957373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is an evolutionary conserved, lysosome-involved cellular process that facilitates the recycling of damaged macromolecules, cellular structures, and organelles, thereby generating precursors for macromolecular biosynthesis through the salvage pathway. It plays an important role in mediating biological responses toward various stress, including those caused by ionizing radiation at the cellular, tissue, and systemic levels thereby implying an instrumental role in shaping the tumor responses to radiotherapy. While a successful execution of autophagy appears to facilitate cell survival, abortive or interruptions in the completion of autophagy drive cell death in a context-dependent manner. Pre-clinical studies establishing its ubiquitous role in cells and tissues, and the systemic response to focal irradiation of tumors have prompted the initiation of clinical trials using pharmacologic modifiers of autophagy for enhancing the efficacy of radiotherapy. However, the outcome from the Phase I/II trials in many human malignancies has so far been equivocal. Such observations have not only precluded the advancement of these autophagy modifiers in the Phase III trial but have also raised concerns regarding their introduction as an adjuvant to radiotherapy. This warrants a thorough understanding of the biology of the cancer cells, including its spatio-temporal context, as well as its microenvironment all of which might be the crucial factors that determine the success of an autophagy modifier as an anticancer agent. This review captures the current understanding of the interplay between radiation induced autophagy and the biological responses to radiation damage as well as provides insight into the potentials and limitations of targeting autophagy for improving the radiotherapy of tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrita Roy
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Academy Degree College (Autonomous), Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
- *Correspondence: Amrita Roy, ; ; Soumen Bera, ; ; Bilikere S. Dwarakanath, ;
| | - Soumen Bera
- B. S. Abdur Rahman Crescent Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, India
- Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
- *Correspondence: Amrita Roy, ; ; Soumen Bera, ; ; Bilikere S. Dwarakanath, ;
| | - Luciano Saso
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "Vittorio Erspamer", Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Bilikere S. Dwarakanath
- Central Research Facility, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research Institute, Chennai, India
- *Correspondence: Amrita Roy, ; ; Soumen Bera, ; ; Bilikere S. Dwarakanath, ;
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4
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Zinc in Cognitive Impairment and Aging. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12071000. [PMID: 35883555 PMCID: PMC9312494 DOI: 10.3390/biom12071000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Zinc, an essential micronutrient for life, was first discovered in 1869 and later found to be indispensable for the normal development of plants and for the normal growth of rats and birds. Zinc plays an important role in many physiological and pathological processes in normal mammalian brain development, especially in the development of the central nervous system. Zinc deficiency can lead to neurodegenerative diseases, mental abnormalities, sleep disorders, tumors, vascular diseases, and other pathological conditions, which can cause cognitive impairment and premature aging. This study aimed to review the important effects of zinc and zinc-associated proteins in cognitive impairment and aging, to reveal its molecular mechanism, and to highlight potential interventions for zinc-associated aging and cognitive impairments.
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5
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Zadeh FA, Raji A, Ali SAJ, Abdelbasset WK, Alekhina N, Iswanto AH, Terefe EM, Jalil AT. Autophagy-related chemoradiotherapy sensitivity in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Pathol Res Pract 2022; 233:153823. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2022.153823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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6
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Zinc ionophores: chemistry and biological applications. J Inorg Biochem 2021; 228:111691. [PMID: 34929542 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2021.111691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Zinc can play a pathophysiological role in several diseases and can interfere in key processes of microbial growth. This evidence justifies the efforts in applying Zinc ionophores to restore Zinc homeostasis and treat bacterial/viral infections such as coronavirus diseases. Zinc ionophores increase the intracellular concentration of Zinc ions causing significant biological effects. This review provides, for the first time, an overview of the applications of the main Zinc ionophores in Zinc deficiency, infectious diseases, and in cancer, discussing the pharmacological and coordination properties of the Zinc ionophores.
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7
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Bittencourt TL, da Silva Prata RB, de Andrade Silva BJ, de Mattos Barbosa MG, Dalcolmo MP, Pinheiro RO. Autophagy as a Target for Drug Development Of Skin Infection Caused by Mycobacteria. Front Immunol 2021; 12:674241. [PMID: 34113346 PMCID: PMC8185338 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.674241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic mycobacteria species may subvert the innate immune mechanisms and can modulate the activation of cells that cause disease in the skin. Cutaneous mycobacterial infection may present different clinical presentations and it is associated with stigma, deformity, and disability. The understanding of the immunopathogenic mechanisms related to mycobacterial infection in human skin is of pivotal importance to identify targets for new therapeutic strategies. The occurrence of reactional episodes and relapse in leprosy patients, the emergence of resistant mycobacteria strains, and the absence of effective drugs to treat mycobacterial cutaneous infection increased the interest in the development of therapies based on repurposed drugs against mycobacteria. The mechanism of action of many of these therapies evaluated is linked to the activation of autophagy. Autophagy is an evolutionary conserved lysosomal degradation pathway that has been associated with the control of the mycobacterial bacillary load. Here, we review the role of autophagy in the pathogenesis of cutaneous mycobacterial infection and discuss the perspectives of autophagy as a target for drug development and repurposing against cutaneous mycobacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Margareth Pretti Dalcolmo
- Helio Fraga Reference Center, Sergio Arouca National School of Public Health, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Roberta Olmo Pinheiro
- Leprosy Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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8
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Jena BC, Rout L, Dey A, Mandal M. Active autophagy in cancer-associated fibroblasts: Recent advances in understanding the novel mechanism of tumor progression and therapeutic response. J Cell Physiol 2021; 236:7887-7902. [PMID: 34008184 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is primarily a homeostatic and catabolic process that is increasingly being recognized to have a pivotal role in the initiation and maintenance of cancer cells, as well as in the emergence of therapeutic resistance. Moreover, in the tumor microenvironment (TME) autophagy plays a crucial and sometimes dichotomous role in tumor progression. Recent studies show that during the early stages of tumor initiation, autophagy suppresses tumorigenesis. However, in the advanced stage of tumorigenesis, autophagy promotes cancer progression by protecting cancer cells against stressful conditions and therapeutic assault. Specifically, in cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), autophagy promotes tumorigenesis not only by providing nutrients to the cancerous cells but also by inducing epithelial to mesenchymal transition, angiogenesis, stemness, and metastatic dissemination of the cancer cells, whereas in the immune cells, autophagy induces the tumor-localized immune response. In the TME, CAFs play a crucial role in cancer cell metabolism, immunoreaction, and growth. Therefore, targeting autophagy in CAFs by several pharmacological inducers like rapamycin or the inhibitor such as chloroquine has gained importance in preclinical and clinical trials. In the present review, we summarized the basic mechanism of autophagy in CAFs along with its role in driving tumorigenic progression through several emerging as well as classical hallmarks of cancer. We also addressed various autophagy inducers as well as inhibitors of autophagy for more efficient cancer management. Eventually, we prioritized some of the outstanding issues that must be addressed with utmost priority in the future to elucidate the role of autophagy in CAFs on tumor progression and therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bikash Chandra Jena
- Cancer Biology Lab, School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal, India
| | - Lipsa Rout
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Technical Education and Research, Siksha'O'Anusandhan Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Ankita Dey
- Cancer Biology Lab, School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal, India
| | - Mahitosh Mandal
- Cancer Biology Lab, School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal, India
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9
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Luo Y, Fu Y, Huang Z, Li M. Transition metals and metal complexes in autophagy and diseases. J Cell Physiol 2021; 236:7144-7158. [PMID: 33694161 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Transition metals refer to the elements in the d and ds blocks of the periodic table. Since the success of cisplatin and auranofin, transition metal-based compounds have become a prospective source for drug development, particularly in cancer treatment. In recent years, extensive studies have shown that numerous transition metal-based compounds could modulate autophagy, promising a new therapeutic strategy for metal-related diseases and the design of metal-based agents. Copper, zinc, and manganese, which are common components in physiological pathways, play important roles in the progression of cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, and cardiovascular diseases. Furthermore, enrichment of copper, zinc, or manganese can regulate autophagy. Thus, we summarized the current advances in elucidating the mechanisms of some metals/metal-based compounds and their functions in autophagy regulation, which is conducive to explore the intricate roles of autophagy and exploit novel therapeutic drugs for human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuping Luo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuanyuan Fu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhiying Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Min Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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10
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Liuzzi JP, Pazos R. Interplay Between Autophagy and Zinc. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2020; 62:126636. [PMID: 32957075 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2020.126636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is a conserved catabolic process that plays an important role in cellular homeostasis. The study of the interplay between autophagy and zinc has gained interest over the last years. Multiple studies have indicated that zinc stimulates autophagy and is critical for basal and induced autophagy in mammalian cells. Conversely, autophagy is induced by zinc starvation in yeast. There are no studies analyzing the role of zinc in either Microautophagy or Chaperone-Mediated-Autophagy. The mechanisms by which zinc modulates autophagy are still poorly understood. Studies examining loss of function of genes involved in cellular zinc homeostasis have provided novel insights into the role of zinc in autophagy. Autophagy may help cells adapt to changes in zinc availability in medium by controlling zinc mobilization, recycling, and secretion. Zinc is a key player in toxic and protective autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan P Liuzzi
- Department of Dietetics and Nutrition, Robert Stempel College of Public Health & Social Work, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th Street, AHC5, Miami, FL 33199, USA.
| | - Rebecca Pazos
- Department of Dietetics and Nutrition, Robert Stempel College of Public Health & Social Work, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th Street, AHC5, Miami, FL 33199, USA.
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11
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Yan Y, Chen X, Wang X, Zhao Z, Hu W, Zeng S, Wei J, Yang X, Qian L, Zhou S, Sun L, Gong Z, Xu Z. The effects and the mechanisms of autophagy on the cancer-associated fibroblasts in cancer. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2019; 38:171. [PMID: 31014370 PMCID: PMC6480893 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-019-1172-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) plays an essential role in cancer cell growth, metabolism and immunoreaction. Autophagy is an intracellular self-degradative process that balances cell energy source and regulates tissue homeostasis. Targeting autophagy has gained interest with multiple preclinical and clinical trials, such as the pharmacological inhibitor chloroquine or the inducer rapamycin, especially in exploiting its ability to modulate the secretory capability of CAFs to enhance drug delivery or inhibit it to prevent its influence on cancer cell chemoresistance. In this review, we summarize the reports on autophagy in cancer-associated fibroblasts by detailing the mechanism and role of autophagy in CAFs, including the hypoxic-autophagy positive feedback cycle, the metabolic cross-talk between CAFs and tumors induced by autophagy, CAFs secreted cytokines promote cancer survival by secretory autophagy, CAFs autophagy-induced EMT, stemness, senescence and treatment sensitivity, as well as the research of antitumor chemicals, miRNAs and lncRNAs. Additionally, we discuss the evidence of molecules in CAFs that are relevant to autophagy and the contribution to sensitive treatments as a potential target for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanliang Yan
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Xiang Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Zijin Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Wenfeng Hu
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Shuangshuang Zeng
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Jie Wei
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Xue Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Long Qian
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Shuyi Zhou
- Hunan Provincial People's Hospital Xingsha Branch (People's Hospital of Changsha County), Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Lunquan Sun
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Zhicheng Gong
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China. .,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China.
| | - Zhijie Xu
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China.
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12
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Sahni S, Bae DH, Jansson PJ, Richardson DR. The mechanistic role of chemically diverse metal ions in the induction of autophagy. Pharmacol Res 2017; 119:118-127. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2017.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Revised: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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13
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Pan R, Timmins GS, Liu W, Liu KJ. Autophagy Mediates Astrocyte Death During Zinc-Potentiated Ischemia--Reperfusion Injury. Biol Trace Elem Res 2015; 166:89-95. [PMID: 25758719 PMCID: PMC4470843 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-015-0287-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Pathological release of excess zinc ions and the resultant increase in intracellular zinc has been implicated in ischemic brain cell death, although the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. Since zinc promotes the formation of the autophagic signal, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and increases autophagy, a known mechanism of cell death, we hypothesized that autophagy is involved in zinc-induced hypoxic cell death. To study this hypothesis, we determined the effect of zinc on autophagy and ROS generation in C8-D1A astrocytes subjected to hypoxia and rexoygenation (H/R), simulating ischemic stroke. C8-D1A astrocytes subjected to 3-h hypoxia and 18-h reoxygenation exhibited dramatically increased autophagy and astrocyte cell death in the presence of 100 μM zinc. Pharmacological inhibition of autophagy decreased zinc-potentiated H/R-induced cell death, while scavenging ROS reduced both autophagy and cell death caused by zinc-potentiated H/R. These data indicate that zinc-potentiated increases in ROS lead to over-exuberant autophagy and increased cell death in H/R-treated astrocytes. Furthermore, our elucidation of this novel mechanism indicates that modulation of autophagy, ROS, and zinc levels may be useful targets in decreasing brain damage during stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Pan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131
| | - Graham S. Timmins
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131
| | - Wenlan Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131
| | - Ke Jian Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131
- Department of Neurology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131
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14
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Gewirtz DA. The autophagic response to radiation: relevance for radiation sensitization in cancer therapy. Radiat Res 2014; 182:363-7. [PMID: 25184372 DOI: 10.1667/rr13774.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Radiation almost uniformly promotes autophagy in tumor cells. While radiation-induced autophagy often serves as a protective function in cell culture studies, it is currently uncertain to what extent autophagy might be induced by radiation in human malignancies; it is furthermore unknown whether autophagy induced by radiation can or should be suppressed for therapeutic benefit. Current clinical trials combining chemotherapeutic drugs or radiation therapy with chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine as autophagy inhibitors may be premature without the benefit of stratification to identify patients whose malignancies might be susceptible to autophagy inhibition as a therapeutic strategy. In addition, there are also concerns as to whether chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine, the agents currently in use, have the capacity to suppress autophagy when administered systemically at tolerable doses. Finally, any agent that actually has the appropriate pharmacokinetic profile to function as a systemic autophagy inhibitor may collaterally disrupt the homeostatic function of autophagy in normal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Gewirtz
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
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15
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Liuzzi JP, Guo L, Yoo C, Stewart TS. Zinc and autophagy. Biometals 2014; 27:1087-96. [PMID: 25012760 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-014-9773-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is a highly conserved degradative process through which cells overcome stressful conditions. Inasmuch as faulty autophagy has been associated with aging, neuronal degeneration disorders, diabetes, and fatty liver, autophagy is regarded as a potential therapeutic target. This review summarizes the present state of knowledge concerning the role of zinc in the regulation of autophagy, the role of autophagy in zinc metabolism, and the potential role of autophagy as a mediator of the protective effects of zinc. Data from in vitro studies consistently support the notion that zinc is critical for early and late autophagy. Studies have shown inhibition of early and late autophagy in cells cultured in medium treated with zinc chelators. Conversely, excess zinc added to the medium has shown to potentiate the stimulation of autophagy by tamoxifen, H2O2, ethanol and dopamine. The potential role of autophagy in zinc homeostasis has just begun to be investigated. Increasing evidence indicates that autophagy dysregulation causes significant changes in cellular zinc homeostasis. Autophagy may mediate the protective effect of zinc against lipid accumulation, apoptosis and inflammation by promoting degradation of lipid droplets, inflammasomes, p62/SQSTM1 and damaged mitochondria. Studies with humans and animal models are necessary to determine whether autophagy is influenced by zinc intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan P Liuzzi
- Department of Dietetics and Nutrition, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA,
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Liuzzi JP, Yoo C. Role of zinc in the regulation of autophagy during ethanol exposure in human hepatoma cells. Biol Trace Elem Res 2013; 156:350-6. [PMID: 24061963 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-013-9816-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2013] [Accepted: 09/02/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Faulty autophagy has been linked to various diseases including neurodegenerative disorders, diabetes, and cancer. Increasing evidence support the notion that activation of autophagy protects against ethanol-induced steatosis and liver injury. Herein, we investigated the role of zinc in autophagy in human hepatoma cells VL-17A exposed or not to ethanol. LC3II/LC3I ratio, p62, and Beclin-1 expression and autophagosomes number were determined in cells incubated in medium containing various concentrations of zinc with or without ethanol. In addition, labile zinc and mRNA expression of metallothionein and the zinc transporters SLC39A8, SLC39A14, and SLC30A10 were evaluated in cells exposed to ethanol and the autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine. Zinc depletion caused a significant suppression of autophagy in cells. Conversely, zinc addition to medium stimulated autophagy in cells. Moreover, cotreatment with ethanol and excess zinc (40 μM) had an additive effect on the induction of autophagy. 3-methyadenine treatment decreased labile zinc, but this effect was more pronounced in cells exposed to ethanol. Lastly, ethanol and 3-methyladenine caused significant changes in the expression of metallothionein and zinc transporters. The results from this study support the hypothesis that zinc is critical for autophagy under basal conditions and during ethanol exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Liuzzi
- Department of Dietetics and Nutrition, Florida International University, Miami, USA,
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Mechanisms of radiation toxicity in transformed and non-transformed cells. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:15931-58. [PMID: 23912235 PMCID: PMC3759894 DOI: 10.3390/ijms140815931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2013] [Revised: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiation damage to biological systems is determined by the type of radiation, the total dosage of exposure, the dose rate, and the region of the body exposed. Three modes of cell death—necrosis, apoptosis, and autophagy—as well as accelerated senescence have been demonstrated to occur in vitro and in vivo in response to radiation in cancer cells as well as in normal cells. The basis for cellular selection for each mode depends on various factors including the specific cell type involved, the dose of radiation absorbed by the cell, and whether it is proliferating and/or transformed. Here we review the signaling mechanisms activated by radiation for the induction of toxicity in transformed and normal cells. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of radiation toxicity is critical for the development of radiation countermeasures as well as for the improvement of clinical radiation in cancer treatment.
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Palumbo S, Comincini S. Autophagy and ionizing radiation in tumors: the "survive or not survive" dilemma. J Cell Physiol 2012; 228:1-8. [PMID: 22585676 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is a so-called "self-eating" system responsible for degrading long-lived proteins and cytoplasmic organelles, whose products are recycled to maintain cellular homeostasis. This ability makes autophagy a good candidate for a survival mechanism in response to several stresses, including the tumor cell transformation. In particular, recent studies suggested that autophagy functions as a pro-death mechanism within different tumor contexts. It is, however, widely reported that autophagy represents both a survival mechanism or contributes directly to cell death fate. This interplay of the autophagy functions has been observed in many types of cancers and, in some cases, autophagy has been demonstrated to both promote and inhibit antitumor drug resistance. From a therapeutical point of view, the effects of the modulation of the tumor cell autophagic status, in response to ionizing radiations, are presently of particular relevance in oncology. Accordingly, this review also provides a perspective view on future works for exploring the modulation of autophagic indices in tumor cells as a novel molecular-based adjuvant strategy, in order to improve radiotherapy and chemotherapy effects in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Palumbo
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
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