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Sarker B, Matiur Rahaman M, Alamin MH, Ariful Islam M, Nurul Haque Mollah M. Boosting edgeR (Robust) by dealing with missing observations and gene-specific outliers in RNA-Seq profiles and its application to explore biomarker genes for diagnosis and therapies of ovarian cancer. Genomics 2024; 116:110834. [PMID: 38527595 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2024.110834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
The edgeR (Robust) is a popular approach for identifying differentially expressed genes (DEGs) from RNA-Seq profiles. However, it shows weak performance against gene-specific outliers and is unable to handle missing observations. To address these issues, we proposed a pre-processing approach of RNA-Seq count data by combining the iLOO-based outlier detection and random forest-based missing imputation approach for boosting the performance of edgeR (Robust). Both simulation and real RNA-Seq count data analysis results showed that the proposed edgeR (Robust) outperformed than the conventional edgeR (Robust). To investigate the effectiveness of identified DEGs for diagnosis, and therapies of ovarian cancer (OC), we selected top-ranked 12 DEGs (IL6, XCL1, CXCL8, C1QC, C1QB, SNAI2, TYROBP, COL1A2, SNAP25, NTS, CXCL2, and AGT) and suggested hub-DEGs guided top-ranked 10 candidate drug-molecules for the treatment against OC. Hence, our proposed procedure might be an effective computational tool for exploring potential DEGs from RNA-Seq profiles for diagnosis and therapies of any disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bandhan Sarker
- Department of Statistics, Faculty of Science, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology University, Gopalganj 8100, Bangladesh
| | - Md Matiur Rahaman
- Department of Statistics, Faculty of Science, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology University, Gopalganj 8100, Bangladesh; Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Haining 314400, China.
| | - Muhammad Habibulla Alamin
- Department of Statistics, Faculty of Science, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology University, Gopalganj 8100, Bangladesh
| | - Md Ariful Islam
- Bioinformatics Laboratory (Dry), Department of Statistics, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi 6205, Bangladesh
| | - Md Nurul Haque Mollah
- Bioinformatics Laboratory (Dry), Department of Statistics, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi 6205, Bangladesh.
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2
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Al-Sanea MM, Hamdi A, Mohamed AAB, El-Shafey HW, Moustafa M, Elgazar AA, Eldehna WM, Ur Rahman H, Parambi DGT, Elbargisy RM, Selim S, Bukhari SNA, Magdy Hendawy O, Tawfik SS. New benzothiazole hybrids as potential VEGFR-2 inhibitors: design, synthesis, anticancer evaluation, and in silico study. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2023; 38:2166036. [PMID: 36691927 PMCID: PMC9879182 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2023.2166036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
A new series of 2-aminobenzothiazole hybrids linked to thiazolidine-2,4-dione 4a-e, 1,3,4-thiadiazole aryl urea 6a-d, and cyanothiouracil moieties 8a-d was synthesised. The in vitro antitumor effect of the new hybrids was assessed against three cancer cell lines, namely, HCT-116, HEPG-2, and MCF-7 using Sorafenib (SOR) as a standard drug. Among the tested compounds, 4a was the most potent showing IC50 of 5.61, 7.92, and 3.84 µM, respectively. Furthermore, compounds 4e and 8a proved to have strong impact on breast cancer cell line with IC50 of 6.11 and 10.86 µM, respectively. The three compounds showed a good safety profile towards normal WI-38 cells. Flow cytometric analysis of the three compounds in MCF-7 cells revealed that compounds 4a and 4c inhibited cell population in the S phase, whereas 8a inhibited the population in the G1/S phase. The most promising compounds were subjected to a VEGFR-2 inhibitory assay where 4a emerged as the best active inhibitor of VEGFR-2 with IC50 91 nM, compared to 53 nM for SOR. In silico analysis showed that the three new hybrids succeeded to link to the active site like the co-crystallized inhibitor SOR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad M. Al-Sanea
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia,CONTACT Mohammad M. Al-Sanea Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka, Aljouf72341, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdelrahman Hamdi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Ahmed A. B. Mohamed
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt,Ahmed A. B. Mohamed Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura35516, Egypt
| | - Hamed W. El-Shafey
- Department of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud Moustafa
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Abdullah A. Elgazar
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
| | - Wagdy M. Eldehna
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
| | - Hidayat Ur Rahman
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia
| | - Della G. T. Parambi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rehab M. Elbargisy
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia
| | - Samy Selim
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia
| | - Syed Nasir Abbas Bukhari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia
| | - Omnia Magdy Hendawy
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Aljouf, Saudi Arabia
| | - Samar S. Tawfik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
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3
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Aydin B, Beklen H, Arga KY, Bayrakli F, Turanli B. Epigenomic and transcriptomic landscaping unraveled candidate repositioned therapeutics for non-functioning pituitary neuroendocrine tumors. J Endocrinol Invest 2023; 46:727-747. [PMID: 36306107 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-022-01923-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Non-functioning pituitary neuroendocrine tumors are challengingly diagnosed tumors in the clinic. Transsphenoidal surgery remains the first-line treatment. Despite the development of state-of-the-art techniques, no drug therapy is currently approved for the treatment. There are also no randomized controlled trials comparing therapeutic strategies or drug therapy for the management after surgery. Therefore, novel therapeutic interventions for the therapeutically challenging NF-PitNETs are urgently needed. METHODS We integrated epigenome and transcriptome data (both coding and non-coding) that elucidate disease-specific signatures, in addition to biological and pharmacological data, to utilize rational pathway and drug prioritization in NF-PitNETs. We constructed an epigenome- and transcriptome-based PPI network and proposed hub genes. The signature-based drug repositioning based on the integration of multi-omics data was performed. RESULTS The construction of a disease-specific network based on three different biological levels revealed DCC, DLG5, ETS2, FOXO1, HBP1, HMGA2, PCGF3, PSME4, RBPMS, RREB1, SMAD1, SOCS1, SOX2, YAP1, ZFHX3 as hub proteins. Signature-based drug repositioning using hub proteins yielded repositioned drug candidates that were confirmed in silico via molecular docking. As a result of molecular docking simulations, palbociclib, linifanib, trametinib, eplerenone, niguldipine, and zuclopenthixol showed higher binding affinities with hub genes compared to their inhibitors and were proposed as potential repositioned therapeutics for the management of NF-PitNETs. CONCLUSION The proposed systems' biomedicine-oriented multi-omics data integration for drug repurposing to provide promising results for the construction of effective clinical therapeutics. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study reporting epigenome- and transcriptome-based drug repositioning for NF-PitNETs using in silico confirmations.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Aydin
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Konya Food and Agriculture University, Konya, Turkey
| | - H Beklen
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Marmara University, RTE Basibuyuk Campus, 34720, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - K Y Arga
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Marmara University, RTE Basibuyuk Campus, 34720, Istanbul, Turkey
- Genetic and Metabolic Diseases Research and Investigation Center (GEMHAM), Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - F Bayrakli
- Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Institute of Neurological Sciences, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - B Turanli
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Marmara University, RTE Basibuyuk Campus, 34720, Istanbul, Turkey.
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4
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Wen J, Wang S, Guo R, Liu D. CSF1R inhibitors are emerging immunotherapeutic drugs for cancer treatment. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 245:114884. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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5
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Lee CM, Lee J, Kang MA, Kim HT, Lee J, Park K, Yang YH, Jang KY, Park SH. Linifanib induces apoptosis in human ovarian cancer cells via activation of FOXO3 and reactive oxygen species. ARAB J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2022.104321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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6
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Ghollasi M, Ghasembaglou S, Rahban D, Korani M, Motallebnezhad M, Asadi M, Zarredar H, Salimi A. Prospects for Manipulation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Tumor Therapy: Anti-Angiogenesis Property on the Spotlight. Int J Stem Cells 2021; 14:351-365. [PMID: 34456189 PMCID: PMC8611310 DOI: 10.15283/ijsc20146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The interactions between the tumor microenvironment and the tumor cells confers a condition that accelerate or decelerate the development of tumor. Of these cells, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have the potential to modulate the tumor cells. MSCs have been established with double functions, whereby contribute to a tumorigenic or anti-tumor setting. Clinical studies have indicated the potential of MSCs to be used as tool in treating the human cancer cells. One of the advantageous features of MSCs that make them as a well-suited tool for cancer therapy is the natural tumor-trophic migration potential. A key specification of the tumor development has been stablished to be angiogenesis. As a result, manipulation of angiogenesis has become an attractive approach for cancer therapy. This review article will seek to clarify the anti-angiogenesis strategy in modulating the MSCs to treat the tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzieh Ghollasi
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Science, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shahram Ghasembaglou
- Tuberculosis and Lung Disease Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Science, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Dariush Rahban
- Department of Nanomedicine, School of Advanced Medical Technologies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohsen Korani
- Chemical Injuries Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Morteza Motallebnezhad
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Milad Asadi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Basic Oncology, Ege University, Institute of Health Sciences, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Habib Zarredar
- Tuberculosis and Lung Disease Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Science, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ali Salimi
- Nanobiotechnology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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7
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Ronchetti R, Moroni G, Carotti A, Gioiello A, Camaioni E. Recent advances in urea- and thiourea-containing compounds: focus on innovative approaches in medicinal chemistry and organic synthesis. RSC Med Chem 2021; 12:1046-1064. [PMID: 34355177 PMCID: PMC8293013 DOI: 10.1039/d1md00058f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Urea and thiourea represent privileged structures in medicinal chemistry. Indeed, these moieties constitute a common framework of a variety of drugs and bioactive compounds endowed with a broad range of therapeutic and pharmacological properties. Herein, we provide an overview of the state-of-the-art of urea and thiourea-containing pharmaceuticals. We also review the diverse approaches pursued for (thio)urea bioisosteric replacements in medicinal chemistry applications. Finally, representative examples of recent advances in the synthesis of urea- and thiourea-based compounds by enabling chemical tools are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Ronchetti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia Via del Liceo 1 06123 Perugia Italy +39 075 5855161 +39 075 5855129
| | - Giada Moroni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia Via del Liceo 1 06123 Perugia Italy +39 075 5855161 +39 075 5855129
- Department of Chemistry "Giacomo Ciamician", Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna Via Selmi 2 40126 Bologna Italy
| | - Andrea Carotti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia Via del Liceo 1 06123 Perugia Italy +39 075 5855161 +39 075 5855129
| | - Antimo Gioiello
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia Via del Liceo 1 06123 Perugia Italy +39 075 5855161 +39 075 5855129
| | - Emidio Camaioni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia Via del Liceo 1 06123 Perugia Italy +39 075 5855161 +39 075 5855129
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8
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Mesenchymal stem cells and cancer therapy: insights into targeting the tumour vasculature. Cancer Cell Int 2021; 21:158. [PMID: 33685452 PMCID: PMC7938588 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-021-01836-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
A crosstalk established between tumor microenvironment and tumor cells leads to contribution or inhibition of tumor progression. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are critical cells that fundamentally participate in modulation of the tumor microenvironment, and have been reported to be able to regulate and determine the final destination of tumor cell. Conflicting functions have been attributed to the activity of MSCs in the tumor microenvironment; they can confer a tumorigenic or anti-tumor potential to the tumor cells. Nonetheless, MSCs have been associated with a potential to modulate the tumor microenvironment in favouring the suppression of cancer cells, and promising results have been reported from the preclinical as well as clinical studies. Among the favourable behaviours of MSCs, are releasing mediators (like exosomes) and their natural migrative potential to tumor sites, allowing efficient drug delivering and, thereby, efficient targeting of migrating tumor cells. Additionally, angiogenesis of tumor tissue has been characterized as a key feature of tumors for growth and metastasis. Upon introduction of first anti-angiogenic therapy by a monoclonal antibody, attentions have been drawn toward manipulation of angiogenesis as an attractive strategy for cancer therapy. After that, a wide effort has been put on improving the approaches for cancer therapy through interfering with tumor angiogenesis. In this article, we attempted to have an overview on recent findings with respect to promising potential of MSCs in cancer therapy and had emphasis on the implementing MSCs to improve them against the suppression of angiogenesis in tumor tissue, hence, impeding the tumor progression.
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9
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Xu D, Zhang J, Xu H, Zhang Y, Chen W, Gao R, Dehmer M. Multi-scale supervised clustering-based feature selection for tumor classification and identification of biomarkers and targets on genomic data. BMC Genomics 2020; 21:650. [PMID: 32962626 PMCID: PMC7510277 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-020-07038-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The small number of samples and the curse of dimensionality hamper the better application of deep learning techniques for disease classification. Additionally, the performance of clustering-based feature selection algorithms is still far from being satisfactory due to their limitation in using unsupervised learning methods. To enhance interpretability and overcome this problem, we developed a novel feature selection algorithm. In the meantime, complex genomic data brought great challenges for the identification of biomarkers and therapeutic targets. The current some feature selection methods have the problem of low sensitivity and specificity in this field. Results In this article, we designed a multi-scale clustering-based feature selection algorithm named MCBFS which simultaneously performs feature selection and model learning for genomic data analysis. The experimental results demonstrated that MCBFS is robust and effective by comparing it with seven benchmark and six state-of-the-art supervised methods on eight data sets. The visualization results and the statistical test showed that MCBFS can capture the informative genes and improve the interpretability and visualization of tumor gene expression and single-cell sequencing data. Additionally, we developed a general framework named McbfsNW using gene expression data and protein interaction data to identify robust biomarkers and therapeutic targets for diagnosis and therapy of diseases. The framework incorporates the MCBFS algorithm, network recognition ensemble algorithm and feature selection wrapper. McbfsNW has been applied to the lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) data sets. The preliminary results demonstrated that higher prediction results can be attained by identified biomarkers on the independent LUAD data set, and we also structured a drug-target network which may be good for LUAD therapy. Conclusions The proposed novel feature selection method is robust and effective for gene selection, classification, and visualization. The framework McbfsNW is practical and helpful for the identification of biomarkers and targets on genomic data. It is believed that the same methods and principles are extensible and applicable to other different kinds of data sets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da Xu
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, Shandong University, Weihai, 264209, China
| | - Jialin Zhang
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, Shandong University, Weihai, 264209, China
| | - Hanxiao Xu
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, Shandong University, Weihai, 264209, China
| | - Yusen Zhang
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, Shandong University, Weihai, 264209, China.
| | - Wei Chen
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, Shandong University, Weihai, 264209, China
| | - Rui Gao
- School of Control Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, 250061, China
| | - Matthias Dehmer
- Institute for Intelligent Production, Faculty for Management, University of Applied Sciences Upper Austria, Steyr Campus, Steyr, Austria.,College of Computer and Control Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China.,Department of Mechatronics and Biomedical Computer Science, UMIT, Hall in Tyrol, Austria
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10
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Koras K, Juraeva D, Kreis J, Mazur J, Staub E, Szczurek E. Feature selection strategies for drug sensitivity prediction. Sci Rep 2020; 10:9377. [PMID: 32523056 PMCID: PMC7287073 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-65927-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug sensitivity prediction constitutes one of the main challenges in personalized medicine. Critically, the sensitivity of cancer cells to treatment depends on an unknown subset of a large number of biological features. Here, we compare standard, data-driven feature selection approaches to feature selection driven by prior knowledge of drug targets, target pathways, and gene expression signatures. We asses these methodologies on Genomics of Drug Sensitivity in Cancer (GDSC) dataset, evaluating 2484 unique models. For 23 drugs, better predictive performance is achieved when the features are selected according to prior knowledge of drug targets and pathways. The best correlation of observed and predicted response using the test set is achieved for Linifanib (r = 0.75). Extending the drug-dependent features with gene expression signatures yields the most predictive models for 60 drugs, with the best performing example of Dabrafenib. For many compounds, even a very small subset of drug-related features is highly predictive of drug sensitivity. Small feature sets selected using prior knowledge are more predictive for drugs targeting specific genes and pathways, while models with wider feature sets perform better for drugs affecting general cellular mechanisms. Appropriate feature selection strategies facilitate the development of interpretable models that are indicative for therapy design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Koras
- Faculty of Mathematics, Informatics and Mechanics, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dilafruz Juraeva
- Merck Healthcare KGaA, Translational Medicine, Department of Bioinformatics, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Julian Kreis
- Merck Healthcare KGaA, Translational Medicine, Department of Bioinformatics, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Johanna Mazur
- Merck Healthcare KGaA, Translational Medicine, Department of Bioinformatics, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Eike Staub
- Merck Healthcare KGaA, Translational Medicine, Department of Bioinformatics, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Ewa Szczurek
- Faculty of Mathematics, Informatics and Mechanics, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
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11
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Spagnuolo A, Palazzolo G, Sementa C, Gridelli C. Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors for the treatment of advanced non-small cell lung cancer. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2020; 21:491-506. [DOI: 10.1080/14656566.2020.1713092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A Spagnuolo
- Division of Medical Oncology, ‘S. G. Moscati’ Hospital, Avellino, Italy
| | - G Palazzolo
- Division of Medical Oncology, “ULSS 15 Cittadella”, Cittadella, Padova, Italy
| | - C Sementa
- Division of Legal Medicine, ‘S. G. Moscati’ Hospital, Avellino, Italy
| | - C Gridelli
- Division of Medical Oncology, ‘S. G. Moscati’ Hospital, Avellino, Italy
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12
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Javan MR, Khosrojerdi A, Moazzeni SM. New Insights Into Implementation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Cancer Therapy: Prospects for Anti-angiogenesis Treatment. Front Oncol 2019; 9:840. [PMID: 31555593 PMCID: PMC6722482 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor microenvironment interacts with tumor cells, establishing an atmosphere to contribute or suppress the tumor development. Among the cells which play a role in the tumor microenvironment, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been demonstrated to possess the ability to orchestrate the fate of tumor cells, drawing the attention to the field. MSCs have been considered as cells with double-bladed effects, implicating either tumorigenic or anti-tumor activity. On the other side, the promising potential of MSCs in treating human cancer cells has been observed from the clinical studies. Among the beneficial characteristics of MSCs is the natural tumor-trophic migration ability, providing facility for drug delivery and, therefore, targeted treatment to detach tumor and metastatic cells. Moreover, these cells have been the target of engineering approaches, due to their easily implemented traits, in order to obtain the desired expression of anti-angiogenic, anti-proliferative, and pro-apoptotic properties, according to the tumor type. Tumor angiogenesis is the key characteristic of tumor progression and metastasis. Manipulation of angiogenesis has become an attractive approach for cancer therapy since the introduction of the first angiogenesis inhibitor, namely bevacizumab, for metastatic colorectal cancer therapy. This review tries to conclude the approaches, with focus on anti-angiogenesis approach, in implementing the MSCs to combat against tumor cell progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Reza Javan
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Arezou Khosrojerdi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Mohammad Moazzeni
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
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13
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Laddha AP, Kulkarni YA. VEGF and FGF-2: Promising targets for the treatment of respiratory disorders. Respir Med 2019; 156:33-46. [PMID: 31421589 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmed.2019.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2018] [Revised: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The endothelial cells play a crucial role in the progression of angiogenesis, which causes cell re-modulation, proliferation, adhesion, migration, invasion and survival. Angiogenic factors like cytokines, cell adhesion molecules, growth factors, vasoactive peptides, proteolytic enzymes (metalloproteinases) and plasminogen activators bind to their receptors on endothelial cells and activate the signal transduction pathways like epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and (PI3K)/AKT/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) which initiate the process of angiogenesis. Cytokines that stimulate angiogenesis include direct and indirect proangiogenic markers. The direct proangiogenic group of markers consists of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF-2) and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) whereas the indirect proangiogenic markers include transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β), interleukin 6 (IL-6), interleukin 8 (IL-8) and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF). VEGF and FGF-2 are the strongest activators of angiogenesis which stimulate migration and proliferation of endothelial cells in existing vessels to generate and stabilize new blood vessels. VEGF is released in hypoxic conditions as an effect of the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF-1α) and causes re-modulation and inflammation of bronchi cell. Cell re-modulation and inflammation leads to the development of various lung disorders like pulmonary hypertension, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, fibrosis and lung cancer. This indicates that there is a firm link between overexpression of VEGF and FGF-2 with lung disorders. Various natural and synthetic drugs are available for reducing the overexpression of VEGF and FGF-2 which can be helpful in treating lung disorders. Researchers are still searching for new angiogenic inhibitors which can be helpful in the treatment of lung disorders. The present review emphasizes on molecular mechanisms and new drug discovery focused on VEGF and FGF-2 inhibitors and their role as anti-angiogenetic agents in lung disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankit P Laddha
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM's NMIMS, V.L. Mehta Road, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai, 400 056, India
| | - Yogesh A Kulkarni
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM's NMIMS, V.L. Mehta Road, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai, 400 056, India.
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14
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Liu L, Zhang Y, Wei J, Chen Z, Yu J. VEGFR-TKIs combined with chemotherapy for advanced non-small cell lung cancer: A systematic review. J Cancer 2019; 10:799-809. [PMID: 30854085 PMCID: PMC6400799 DOI: 10.7150/jca.29643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: To estimate the efficacy and safety of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors (VEGFR-TKIs) in combination with chemotherapy for patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Methods: We searched PubMed, PMC database, EMBASE, EBSCO-Medline, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO), International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer (IASLC) and the European Society of Medical Oncology (ESMO), http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/, CNKI, and Wanfang databases to identify primary research reporting the survival outcomes and safety of VEGFR-TKIs in patients with advanced NSCLC. A meta-analysis was conducted to generate combined hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) for overall survival (OS), progression-free survival (PFS), objective response rate (ORR), disease control rate (DCR), and risk ratios (RRs) with 95% CI for adverse events (AEs). Results: A total of 20 RCTs (8,366 participants) were included. The VEGFR-TKIs resulted in improved PFS (HR 0.82, 95% CI 0.78-0.87), ORR (HR 1.72, 95% CI 1.34-2.22), and DCR (1.45, 1.26-1.67) in patients with advanced NSCLC, but had no impact on OS (HR 0.94, 95% CI 0.89-1.00). The incidence of some high grade (≥ 3) AEs increased, such as hemorrhage, hypertension and neutropenia. Conclusions: Our study demonstrated that regimens with VEGFR-TKIs combined with chemotherapy improved PFS, ORR and DCR in patients with advanced NSCLC, but had no impact on OS. VEGFR-TKIs induced more frequent and serious AEs compared with control therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian Liu
- Cancer Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 95 Yong An Road, Xi Cheng District, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Cancer Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 95 Yong An Road, Xi Cheng District, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Jia Wei
- Cancer Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 95 Yong An Road, Xi Cheng District, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Zhaoxin Chen
- Cancer Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 95 Yong An Road, Xi Cheng District, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Jing Yu
- Cancer Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 95 Yong An Road, Xi Cheng District, Beijing, 100050, China
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15
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Monroig-Bosque PDC, Shah MY, Fu X, Fuentes-Mattei E, Ling H, Ivan C, Nouraee N, Huang B, Chen L, Pileczki V, Redis RS, Jung EJ, Zhang X, Lehrer M, Nagvekar R, Mafra ACP, Monroig-Bosque MDM, Irimie A, Rivera C, Dan Dumitru C, Berindan-Neagoe I, Nikonowicz EP, Zhang S, Calin GA. OncomiR-10b hijacks the small molecule inhibitor linifanib in human cancers. Sci Rep 2018; 8:13106. [PMID: 30166612 PMCID: PMC6117344 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-30989-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The pervasive role of microRNAs (miRNAs) in cancer pathobiology drives the introduction of new drug development approaches such as miRNA inhibition. In order to advance miRNA-therapeutics, meticulous screening strategies addressing specific tumor targets are needed. Small molecule inhibitors represent an attractive goal for these strategies. In this study, we devised a strategy to screen for small molecule inhibitors that specifically inhibit, directly or indirectly, miR-10b (SMIRs) which is overexpressed in metastatic tumors. We found that the multi-tyrosine kinase inhibitor linifanib could significantly inhibit miR-10b and reverse its oncogenic function in breast cancer and liver cancer both in vitro and in vivo. In addition, we showed that the efficacy of linifanib to inhibit tyrosine kinases was reduced by high miR-10b levels. When the level of miR-10b is high, it can “hijack” the linifanib and reduce its kinase inhibitory effects in cancer resulting in reduced anti-tumor efficacy. In conclusion, our study describes an effective strategy to screen for small molecule inhibitors of miRNAs. We further propose that miR-10b expression levels, due to the newly described “hijacking” effect, may be used as a biomarker to select patients for linifanib treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paloma Del C Monroig-Bosque
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico School of Medicine, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Maitri Y Shah
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Xiao Fu
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.,Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Enrique Fuentes-Mattei
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Hui Ling
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.,Cell & Gene Therapy, Bioverativ Inc. A Sanofi Company, Waltham, 02451, MA, USA
| | - Cristina Ivan
- Center for RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNAs, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Nazila Nouraee
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.,Center for Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Beibei Huang
- Intelligent Molecular Discovery Laboratory, Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Lu Chen
- Intelligent Molecular Discovery Laboratory, Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Valentina Pileczki
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.,The Research Center for Functional Genomics, Biomedicine and Translational Medicine University of Medicine and Pharmacy 'I. Hatieganu', Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Roxana S Redis
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.,ProQR Therapeutics N.V., 2333 CK, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Eun-Jung Jung
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.,Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jin-ju, South Korea
| | - Xinna Zhang
- Center for RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNAs, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.,Medical and Molecular Genetics Department, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Michael Lehrer
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Rahul Nagvekar
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Ana Carolina P Mafra
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.,Department of Genetics, Evolution and Bioagents, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Campinas, 13083-970, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Del Mar Monroig-Bosque
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.,Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez, Puerto Rico
| | - Alexandra Irimie
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.,Department of Dental Propaedeutics and Esthetics, Faculty of Dentistry, 'Iuliu Hatieganu' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Carlos Rivera
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico School of Medicine, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Calin Dan Dumitru
- Scripps Laboratories for tRNA Synthetase Research, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA.,Translational Development and Diagnostics, Celgene Corporation, Summit, NJ, USA
| | - Ioana Berindan-Neagoe
- The Research Center for Functional Genomics, Biomedicine and Translational Medicine University of Medicine and Pharmacy 'I. Hatieganu', Cluj-Napoca, Romania.,Department of Functional Genomics and Experimental Pathology, The Oncology Institute "Prof. Dr. I Chiricuta", Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Edward P Nikonowicz
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Shuxing Zhang
- Intelligent Molecular Discovery Laboratory, Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - George A Calin
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA. .,Center for RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNAs, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.
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16
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Chen Y, Gong J, Zhou H, Qu X, Teng Y, Liu Y, Jin B. Apatinib for EGFR-TKI and chemotherapy refractory in an advanced lung cancer patient: a case report. J Thorac Dis 2018; 10:E564-E569. [PMID: 30174935 DOI: 10.21037/jtd.2018.06.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Chen
- Department of Medical Oncology, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China.,Key Laboratory of Anticancer Drugs and Biotherapy of Liaoning Province, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China
| | - Junping Gong
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dalian University, Affiliated Xinhua Hospital, Dalian 116000, China
| | - Huiming Zhou
- Department of Medical Oncology, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China.,Key Laboratory of Anticancer Drugs and Biotherapy of Liaoning Province, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China
| | - Xiujuan Qu
- Department of Medical Oncology, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China.,Key Laboratory of Anticancer Drugs and Biotherapy of Liaoning Province, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China
| | - Yuee Teng
- Department of Medical Oncology, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China.,Key Laboratory of Anticancer Drugs and Biotherapy of Liaoning Province, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China
| | - Yunpeng Liu
- Department of Medical Oncology, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China.,Key Laboratory of Anticancer Drugs and Biotherapy of Liaoning Province, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China
| | - Bo Jin
- Department of Medical Oncology, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China.,Key Laboratory of Anticancer Drugs and Biotherapy of Liaoning Province, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China
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17
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A Phase II Clinical Trial of Apatinib in Pretreated Advanced Non-squamous Non-small-cell Lung Cancer. Clin Lung Cancer 2018; 19:e831-e842. [PMID: 30026059 DOI: 10.1016/j.cllc.2018.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2018] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Apatinib exhibits broad-spectrum antitumor activities by selectively inhibiting vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2. This study evaluated the efficacy and safety of apatinib in patients with advanced non-squamous non-small-cell lung cancer who were heavily pretreated or not suitable to receive standard second-line chemotherapy. PATIENTS AND METHODS This was an open-label, single-arm phase II clinical trial (ClinicalTrials.govNCT02515435). Patients received 500 or 750 mg apatinib daily until progression, unacceptable toxicity, withdrawal, or death. The primary endpoint was the objective response rate. The secondary endpoints included disease control rate, progression-free survival, overall survival, and side effects. Apatinib administration was allowed beyond disease progression. RESULTS Between March 2015 and August 2016, 40 patients were enrolled. Among them, 6 (15.0%), 16 (40.0%), and 18 (45.0%) received apatinib as the second-, third-, and fourth-line or beyond treatment, respectively. The mean dosage of apatinib was 477.0 ± 85.3 mg/day. Thirty-eight patients were available for response evaluation; the objective response rate and disease control rate were 13.2% and 63.2%, respectively. The median progression-free survival was 3.06 months (95% confidence interval [CI], 2.20-4.14 months). The median overall survival was 7.69 months (95% CI, 5.36 months to not estimable). The most common treatment-related adverse events were hand-foot-skin reaction (30.0%), proteinuria (27.5%), oral mucositis (22.5%), fatigue (20.0%), and hypertension (17.5%). Nine patients received apatinib after progression, and the median duration of apatinib therapy beyond progression was 5.13 months (95% CI, 4.27-7.82 months). CONCLUSION Apatinib shows promising efficacy and manageable toxicity in patients with advanced non-squamous non-small-cell lung cancer. Apatinib therapy beyond progression could provide further benefits in specific subpopulations.
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18
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Pyridine-Ureas as Potential Anticancer Agents: Synthesis and In Vitro Biological Evaluation. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23061459. [PMID: 29914120 PMCID: PMC6100082 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23061459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In our endeavor towards the development of effective anticancer agents, a novel series of pyridine-ureas 8a⁻n were synthesized. All the newly prepared derivatives were evaluated in vitro for their growth inhibitory activity towards the proliferation of breast cancer MCF-7 cell line. Compounds 8e and 8n were found to be the most active congeners against MCF-7 cells (IC50 = 0.22 and 1.88 µM after 48 h treatment; 0.11 and 0.80 µM after 72 h treatment, respectively) with increased activity compared to the reference drug doxorubicin (IC50 = 1.93 µM). Moreover, eight selected pyridines 8b, 8d, 8e, 8i, 8j and 8l⁻n were evaluated for their in vitro anticancer activity according to the US-NCI protocol. Pyridines 8b and 8e proved to be the most effective anticancer agents in the NCI assay with mean inhibition = 43 and 49%, respectively. Both 8b and 8e exhibited anti-proliferative activity against all tested cancer cell lines from all subpanels growth inhibition (GI for 8b; 12⁻78%, GI for 8e; 15⁻91%). Pyridines 8b and 8e were screened in vitro for their inhibitory activity against VEGFR-2. Both compounds inhibited VEGFR-2 at micromolar IC50 values 5.0 ± 1.91 and 3.93 ± 0.73 µM, respectively. The most active pyridines were filtered according to the Lipinski and Veber rules and all of them passed these filters. Finally, several ADME descriptors were predicted for the active pyridines through a theoretical kinetic study.
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19
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Philip S, Kumarasiri M, Teo T, Yu M, Wang S. Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 8: A New Hope in Targeted Cancer Therapy? J Med Chem 2018; 61:5073-5092. [PMID: 29266937 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b00901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Cyclin-dependent kinase 8 (CDK8) plays a vital role in regulating transcription either through its association with the Mediator complex or by phosphorylating transcription factors. Myriads of genetic and biochemical studies have established CDK8 as a key oncogenic driver in many cancers. Specifically, CDK8-mediated activation of oncogenic Wnt-β-catenin signaling, transcription of estrogen-inducible genes, and suppression of super enhancer-associated genes contributes to oncogenesis in colorectal, breast, and hematological malignancies, respectively. However, while most research supports the role of CDK8 as an oncogene, other work has raised the possibility of its contrary function. The diverse biological functions of CDK8 and its seemingly context-specific roles in different types of cancers have spurred a great amount of interest and perhaps an even greater amount of controversy in the development of CDK8 inhibitors as potential cancer therapeutic agents. Herein, we review the latest landscape of CDK8 biology and its involvement in carcinogenesis. We dissect current efforts in discovering CDK8 inhibitors and attempt to provide an outlook at the future of CDK8-targeted cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Philip
- Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, Sansom Institute for Health Research and School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences , University of South Australia , Adelaide , South Australia 5001 , Australia
| | - Malika Kumarasiri
- Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, Sansom Institute for Health Research and School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences , University of South Australia , Adelaide , South Australia 5001 , Australia
| | - Theodosia Teo
- Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, Sansom Institute for Health Research and School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences , University of South Australia , Adelaide , South Australia 5001 , Australia
| | - Mingfeng Yu
- Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, Sansom Institute for Health Research and School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences , University of South Australia , Adelaide , South Australia 5001 , Australia
| | - Shudong Wang
- Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, Sansom Institute for Health Research and School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences , University of South Australia , Adelaide , South Australia 5001 , Australia
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20
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Xu J, Liu X, Yang S, Zhang X, Shi Y. Clinical response to apatinib monotherapy in advanced non-small cell lung cancer. Asia Pac J Clin Oncol 2017; 14:264-269. [DOI: 10.1111/ajco.12834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jianping Xu
- Department of Medical Oncology; Beijing Key Laboratory of Clinical Study on Anticancer Molecular Targeted Drugs; National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College; Beijing 100021 China
| | - Xiaoyan Liu
- Department of Medical Oncology; Beijing Key Laboratory of Clinical Study on Anticancer Molecular Targeted Drugs; National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College; Beijing 100021 China
| | - Sheng Yang
- Department of Medical Oncology; Beijing Key Laboratory of Clinical Study on Anticancer Molecular Targeted Drugs; National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College; Beijing 100021 China
| | - Xiangru Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology; Beijing Key Laboratory of Clinical Study on Anticancer Molecular Targeted Drugs; National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College; Beijing 100021 China
| | - Yuankai Shi
- Department of Medical Oncology; Beijing Key Laboratory of Clinical Study on Anticancer Molecular Targeted Drugs; National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College; Beijing 100021 China
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21
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Strategies targeting angiogenesis in advanced non-small cell lung cancer. Oncotarget 2017; 8:53854-53872. [PMID: 28881856 PMCID: PMC5581155 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.17957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor angiogenesis is a frequent event in the development and progression of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and has been identified as a promising therapeutic target. The vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) family and other angiogenic factors, including fibroblast growth factor and platelet-derived growth factor, promote the growth of newly formed vessels from preexisting vessels and change the tumor microenvironment. To date, two antiangiogenic monoclonal antibodies, bevacizumab and ramucirumab, which target VEGF-A and its receptor VEGF receptor-2, respectively, have been approved for the treatment of locally advanced or metastatic NSCLC when added to first-line standard chemotherapy. Numerous oral multitargeting angiogenic small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) have been widely evaluated in advanced NSCLC, but only nintedanib in combination with platinum-based doublet chemotherapy has demonstrated a survival benefit in the second-line setting. Additionally, small-molecule TKIs remain the standard of care for patients with mutated EGFR, ALK or ROS1. Moreover, immune checkpoint inhibitors that target the programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) and programmed cell death protein ligand 1 (PD-L1) are changing the current strategy in the treatment of advanced NSCLC without driver gene mutations. The potential synergistic activity of antiangiogenic agents and TKIs or immunotherapy is an interesting topic of research. This review will summarize the novel antiangiogenic agents, antiangiogenic monotherapy, as well as potential combination therapeutic strategies for the clinical management of advanced NSCLC.
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22
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Targeting Neovasculature with Multitargeted Antiangiogenesis Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors in Non-small Cell Lung Cancer. BioDrugs 2017; 30:421-439. [PMID: 27670779 DOI: 10.1007/s40259-016-0194-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Chemotherapy has reached a plateau in the efforts for survival improvement in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The growing knowledge of NSCLC molecular pathobiology has led to the development of new treatments that target specific tumor functions. Angiogenesis is a tumor function leading to the formation of new tumor vessels that are crucial for its survival. Although vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) plays a primary role in angiogenesis, the inhibition of the VEGF pathway with VEGF-receptor (VEGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) is associated with a modest survival benefit due to the development of resistance by the tumor that has been mainly attributed to the up-regulation of other stimulators of angiogenesis. Thus, the use of multitargeted antiangiogenesis TKIs (MATKIs) for simultaneous inhibition of multiple angiogenic pathways has been proposed. This review summarizes data about novel treatment strategies incorporating the inhibition of angiogenesis with MATKIs in NSCLC. The data from all relevant studies shows that MATKIs do not offer additional survival benefit to currently available chemotherapeutic options in unselected NSCLC patients. However, the diversity in disease response to MATKI-containing regimens implies that specific patient subgroups may benefit from or be harmed by these agents. In this context, most studies agree that the VEGFR-targeting MATKIs are harmful in squamous NSCLC while specific MATKIs (i.e., motesanib, vandetanib and nintedanib) are associated with improved progression free survival in non-squamous NSCLC. However, overall survival benefit was found only in adenocarcinoma and Asian non-squamous NSCLC patients with the use of nintedanib and motesanib, respectively.
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23
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Synthesis and Cytotoxic Activity of Biphenylurea Derivatives Containing Indolin-2-one Moieties. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21060762. [PMID: 27294903 PMCID: PMC6274071 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21060762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Revised: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In our endeavor towards the development of potent anticancer agents, two different sets of biphenylurea-indolinone conjugates, 5a–s and 8a,b were synthesized. The in vitro cytotoxicity of the synthesized compounds was examined in two human cancer cell lines, namely MCF-7 breast cancer and PC-3 prostate cancer cells using the sulforhodamine B (SRB) colorimetric assay. In particular, the MCF-7 cancer cell line was more susceptible to the synthesized compounds. Compound 5o (IC50 = 1.04 ± 0.10 μM) emerged as the most active member in this study against MCF-7, with 7-fold increased activity compared to the reference drug, doxorubicin (IC50 = 7.30 ± 0.84 μM). Compounds 5l, 5q and 8b also exhibited superior cytotoxic activity against MCF-7 with IC50 values of 1.93 ± 0.17, 3.87 ± 0.31 and 4.66 ± 0.42 μM, respectively. All of the tested compounds were filtered according to the Lipinski and Veber rules and all of them passed the filters. Additionally, several ADME descriptors for the synthesized compounds 5a–s and 8a,b were predicted via a theoretical kinetic study performed using the Discovery Studio 2.5 software.
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24
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Incorporation of Antiangiogenic Therapy Into the Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer Paradigm. Clin Lung Cancer 2016; 17:493-506. [PMID: 27381269 DOI: 10.1016/j.cllc.2016.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Revised: 05/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Although molecular targeted agents have improved the treatment of lung cancer, their use has largely been restricted to limited subsets of the overall population that carry specific mutations. Angiogenesis, the formation of new blood vessels from existing networks, is an attractive, more general process for the development of targeted anticancer therapies, because it is critical for the growth of solid tumors, including non-small-cell lung cancer. Growing tissues require a vascular supply within a few millimeters. Therefore, solid tumors create a proangiogenic microenvironment to facilitate the development of new tumor-associated blood vessels, thus providing an adequate vascular supply for continued tumor growth. Antiangiogenic agents can specifically target the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) signaling pathways, broadly inhibit multiple tyrosine kinases, or interfere with other angiogenic processes, such as disruption of existing tumor vasculature. The present report provides an overview of antiangiogenic therapy for non-small-cell lung cancer, including both currently approved antiangiogenic therapies (bevacizumab [anti-VEGF] and ramucirumab [anti-VEGF receptor 2] monoclonal antibodies), and a variety of promising novel agents in development. Although recent data have demonstrated promising efficacy for some novel agents, the overall development of antiangiogenic therapy has been hampered by redundancy in signaling pathways and the highly heterogeneous nature of tumors. An improved understanding of the molecular basis of angiogenesis will guide the development of new antiangiogenic therapies and the identification of biomarkers to predict which patients with lung cancer are most likely to benefit from antiangiogenic therapy.
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25
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Horinouchi H. Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor therapies at the crossroads: linifanib for non-small cell lung cancer. Transl Lung Cancer Res 2016; 5:78-81. [PMID: 26958495 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2218-6751.2015.06.08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Activated vascular endothelial growth factor receptors (VEGFR) 1, 2 and 3, and platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR) work together to guide the microvasculature into tumor lesions, and have been shown to be involved in tumor growth, invasion and metastasis. In non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), tumor angiogenesis mediated by vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) is known to be associated with a poor disease free survival and poor overall survival. A randomized phase II trial was carried out to compare the efficacy/safety of three doses of linifanib with that of CBDCD + paclitaxel (PTX), as the largest and first placebo-controlled trial of linifanib for NSCLC. The result revealed modest, but not robust improvement of the progression-free and overall survival. A number of negative results and number of positive results without robust clinical benefit have been reported from trials of treatments targeting tumor angiogenesis, and anti-angiogenesis therapies seem to be at the crossroads between a prosperous future and a downhill path. Appropriate predictive markers to select right the drugs for the right patients need to be developed to obtain clinical benefit from anti-VEGF therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidehito Horinouchi
- 1 Department of Thoracic Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan ; 2 Advanced Clinical Research of Cancer, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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26
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Hall RD, Le TM, Haggstrom DE, Gentzler RD. Angiogenesis inhibition as a therapeutic strategy in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Transl Lung Cancer Res 2015; 4:515-23. [PMID: 26629420 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2218-6751.2015.06.09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
In many cancers, including non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), tumor angiogenesis pathways have been identified as important therapeutic targets. Angiogenesis is essential in the process of primary tumor growth, proliferation and metastasis. One of the best characterized group of protein factors for angiogenesis include the members of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) family, consisting of VEGF-(A-D), and placenta growth factor (PIGF). Targeting tumor angiogenesis has been approached through two primary methods, monoclonal antibodies that block VEGF-vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR) binding or small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) that inhibit the downstream VEGFR mediated signaling. Many TKIs inhibit multiple pro-angiogenic and pro-proliferative pathways such as the mitogen activated protein (MAP) kinase pathway. Bevacizumab and ramucirumab, monoclonal antibodies targeting VEGF and the VEGFR, respectively, have each led to improvements in overall survival (OS) for NSCLC when added to standard first and second line chemotherapy, respectively. Small incremental gains seen with both bevacizumab and ramucirumab may be further improved upon by incorporating novel agents and treatment strategies, and many additional trials are ongoing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard D Hall
- 1 Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA ; 2 Levine Cancer Institute, Carolinas Healthcare System, Charlotte, NC, USA
| | - Tri M Le
- 1 Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA ; 2 Levine Cancer Institute, Carolinas Healthcare System, Charlotte, NC, USA
| | - Daniel E Haggstrom
- 1 Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA ; 2 Levine Cancer Institute, Carolinas Healthcare System, Charlotte, NC, USA
| | - Ryan D Gentzler
- 1 Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA ; 2 Levine Cancer Institute, Carolinas Healthcare System, Charlotte, NC, USA
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McKeegan EM, Ansell PJ, Davis G, Chan S, Chandran RK, Gawel SH, Dowell BL, Bhathena A, Chakravartty A, McKee MD, Ricker JL, Carlson DM, Ramalingam SS, Devanarayan V. Plasma biomarker signature associated with improved survival in advanced non-small cell lung cancer patients on linifanib. Lung Cancer 2015; 90:296-301. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2015.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Revised: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Pilotto S, Novello S, Peretti U, Kinspergher S, Ciuffreda L, Milella M, Carbognin L, Vavalà T, Ferrara R, Caccese M, Tortora G, Bria E. An overview of angiogenesis inhibitors in Phase II studies for non-small-cell lung cancer. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2015; 24:1143-61. [DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2015.1056341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Hu FR, Gao F, Qi XS. Linifanib for treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma: An overview of clinical trials. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2015; 23:2568-2573. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v23.i16.2568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Linifanib achieves the antitumor activity by inhibiting all vascular endothelial growth factor receptors and platelet-derived growth factor receptors. We aim to review the findings of clinical trials of linifanib for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Several phase I clinical trials have confirmed the safety of linifanib in patients with solid malignancy. One phase Ⅱ clinical trial has shown the clinical efficacy of linifanib alone for the treatment of HCC. Recently, a phase Ⅲ randomized controlled trial showed that, compared with sorafenib, linifanib cannot significantly improve the overall survival of HCC patients. Thus, linifanib is not recommended as the first-line therapy for advanced HCC. However, because linifanib could significantly prolong the time-to-progression and progression-free survival time and increase the objective response rate, future studies might be necessary to explore the clinical utility of linifanib as a second-line therapy for advanced HCC.
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Aversa C, Leone F, Zucchini G, Serini G, Geuna E, Milani A, Valdembri D, Martinello R, Montemurro F. Linifanib: current status and future potential in cancer therapy. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2015; 15:677-687. [DOI: 10.1586/14737140.2015.1042369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023]
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Abstract
Recognition of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) pathway as a key mediator of angiogenesis has led to the clinical study of several VEGF and VEGF receptor (VEGFR) targeted therapies in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). These targeted therapies include neutralizing antibodies to VEGF (bevacizumab and aflibercept) and VEGFR-2 (ramucirumab) and tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) with selectivity for the VEGFRs. Bevacizumab and ramucirumab are associated with survival advantages in the treatment of advanced NSCLC: bevacizumab in the first-line setting in combination with carboplatin/paclitaxel and ramucirumab in combination with docetaxel in the second-line setting. The VEGFR-2 TKIs have been associated with responses and improved progression-free survival in selected NSCLC settings; however, this level of activity has thus far been insufficient to confer significant survival advantages. This review will focus on the current state of VEGF targeted therapies in NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liza C. Villaruz
- Lung Cancer Program, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, 5150 Centre Avenue, 5th Floor Cancer Pavilion, Room 567, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA
| | - Mark A. Socinski
- Lung Cancer Program, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, 5150 Centre Avenue, 5th Floor Cancer Pavilion, Room 567, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA
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Ramalingam SS, Shtivelband M, Soo RA, Barrios CH, Makhson A, Segalla JGM, Pittman KB, Kolman P, Pereira JR, Srkalovic G, Belani CP, Axelrod R, Owonikoko TK, Qin Q, Qian J, McKeegan EM, Devanarayan V, McKee MD, Ricker JL, Carlson DM, Gorbunova VA. Randomized phase II study of carboplatin and paclitaxel with either linifanib or placebo for advanced nonsquamous non-small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol 2015; 33:433-41. [PMID: 25559798 PMCID: PMC5478045 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2014.55.7173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Linifanib, a potent, selective inhibitor of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) receptors, has single-agent activity in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). We evaluated linifanib with carboplatin and paclitaxel as first-line therapy of advanced nonsquamous NSCLC. PATIENTS AND METHODS Patients with stage IIIB/IV nonsquamous NSCLC were randomly assigned to 3-week cycles of carboplatin (area under the curve 6) and paclitaxel (200 mg/m(2)) with daily placebo (arm A), linifanib 7.5 mg (arm B), or linifanib 12.5 mg (arm C). The primary end point was progression-free survival (PFS); secondary efficacy end points included overall survival (OS) and objective response rate. RESULTS One hundred thirty-eight patients were randomly assigned (median age, 61 years; 57% men; 84% smokers). Median PFS times were 5.4 months (95% CI, 4.2 to 5.7 months) in arm A (n = 47), 8.3 months (95% CI, 4.2 to 10.8 months) in arm B (n = 44), and 7.3 months (95% CI, 4.6 to 10.8 months) in arm C (n = 47). Hazard ratios (HRs) for PFS were 0.51 for arm B versus A (P = .022) and 0.64 for arm C versus A (P = .118). Median OS times were 11.3, 11.4, and 13.0 months in arms A, B, and C, respectively. HRs for OS were 1.08 for arm B versus A (P = .779) and 0.88 for arm C versus A (P = .650). Both linifanib doses were associated with increased toxicity, including a higher incidence of adverse events known to be associated with VEGF/PDGF inhibition. Baseline plasma carcinoembryonic antigen/cytokeratin 19 fragments biomarker signature was associated with PFS improvement and a trend toward OS improvement with linifanib 12.5 mg. CONCLUSION Addition of linifanib to chemotherapy significantly improved PFS (arm B), with a modest trend for survival benefit (arm C) and increased toxicity reflective of known VEGF/PDGF inhibitory effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suresh S Ramalingam
- Suresh S. Ramalingam and Taofeek K. Owonikoko, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA; Mikhail Shtivelband, Ironwood Cancer and Research Centers, Chandler, AZ; Ross A. Soo, National University Cancer Institute, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore; Carlos H. Barrios, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul School of Medicine, Porto Alegre; José G.M. Segalla, Hospital Amaral Carvalho, Jau; Jose R. Pereira, Instituto Brasileiro de Cancerologia Toracica, Sao Paulo, Brazil; Anatoly Makhson, Moscow City Oncology Hospital No. 62; Vera A. Gorbunova, N.N. Blokhin Cancer Research Center, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, Russia; Kenneth B. Pittman, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville, South Australia, Australia; Petr Kolman, Hospital Kyjov, Kyjov, Czech Republic; Gordan Srkalovic, Sparrow Regional Cancer Center, Lansing, MI; Chandra P. Belani, Penn State Hershey Cancer Institute, Hershey; Rita Axelrod, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA; Qin Qin, Jiang Qian, Evelyn M. McKeegan, Viswanath Devanarayan, Mark D. McKee, Justin L. Ricker, and Dawn M. Carlson, AbbVie, North Chicago, IL.
| | - Mikhail Shtivelband
- Suresh S. Ramalingam and Taofeek K. Owonikoko, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA; Mikhail Shtivelband, Ironwood Cancer and Research Centers, Chandler, AZ; Ross A. Soo, National University Cancer Institute, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore; Carlos H. Barrios, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul School of Medicine, Porto Alegre; José G.M. Segalla, Hospital Amaral Carvalho, Jau; Jose R. Pereira, Instituto Brasileiro de Cancerologia Toracica, Sao Paulo, Brazil; Anatoly Makhson, Moscow City Oncology Hospital No. 62; Vera A. Gorbunova, N.N. Blokhin Cancer Research Center, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, Russia; Kenneth B. Pittman, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville, South Australia, Australia; Petr Kolman, Hospital Kyjov, Kyjov, Czech Republic; Gordan Srkalovic, Sparrow Regional Cancer Center, Lansing, MI; Chandra P. Belani, Penn State Hershey Cancer Institute, Hershey; Rita Axelrod, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA; Qin Qin, Jiang Qian, Evelyn M. McKeegan, Viswanath Devanarayan, Mark D. McKee, Justin L. Ricker, and Dawn M. Carlson, AbbVie, North Chicago, IL
| | - Ross A Soo
- Suresh S. Ramalingam and Taofeek K. Owonikoko, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA; Mikhail Shtivelband, Ironwood Cancer and Research Centers, Chandler, AZ; Ross A. Soo, National University Cancer Institute, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore; Carlos H. Barrios, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul School of Medicine, Porto Alegre; José G.M. Segalla, Hospital Amaral Carvalho, Jau; Jose R. Pereira, Instituto Brasileiro de Cancerologia Toracica, Sao Paulo, Brazil; Anatoly Makhson, Moscow City Oncology Hospital No. 62; Vera A. Gorbunova, N.N. Blokhin Cancer Research Center, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, Russia; Kenneth B. Pittman, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville, South Australia, Australia; Petr Kolman, Hospital Kyjov, Kyjov, Czech Republic; Gordan Srkalovic, Sparrow Regional Cancer Center, Lansing, MI; Chandra P. Belani, Penn State Hershey Cancer Institute, Hershey; Rita Axelrod, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA; Qin Qin, Jiang Qian, Evelyn M. McKeegan, Viswanath Devanarayan, Mark D. McKee, Justin L. Ricker, and Dawn M. Carlson, AbbVie, North Chicago, IL
| | - Carlos H Barrios
- Suresh S. Ramalingam and Taofeek K. Owonikoko, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA; Mikhail Shtivelband, Ironwood Cancer and Research Centers, Chandler, AZ; Ross A. Soo, National University Cancer Institute, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore; Carlos H. Barrios, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul School of Medicine, Porto Alegre; José G.M. Segalla, Hospital Amaral Carvalho, Jau; Jose R. Pereira, Instituto Brasileiro de Cancerologia Toracica, Sao Paulo, Brazil; Anatoly Makhson, Moscow City Oncology Hospital No. 62; Vera A. Gorbunova, N.N. Blokhin Cancer Research Center, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, Russia; Kenneth B. Pittman, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville, South Australia, Australia; Petr Kolman, Hospital Kyjov, Kyjov, Czech Republic; Gordan Srkalovic, Sparrow Regional Cancer Center, Lansing, MI; Chandra P. Belani, Penn State Hershey Cancer Institute, Hershey; Rita Axelrod, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA; Qin Qin, Jiang Qian, Evelyn M. McKeegan, Viswanath Devanarayan, Mark D. McKee, Justin L. Ricker, and Dawn M. Carlson, AbbVie, North Chicago, IL
| | - Anatoly Makhson
- Suresh S. Ramalingam and Taofeek K. Owonikoko, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA; Mikhail Shtivelband, Ironwood Cancer and Research Centers, Chandler, AZ; Ross A. Soo, National University Cancer Institute, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore; Carlos H. Barrios, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul School of Medicine, Porto Alegre; José G.M. Segalla, Hospital Amaral Carvalho, Jau; Jose R. Pereira, Instituto Brasileiro de Cancerologia Toracica, Sao Paulo, Brazil; Anatoly Makhson, Moscow City Oncology Hospital No. 62; Vera A. Gorbunova, N.N. Blokhin Cancer Research Center, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, Russia; Kenneth B. Pittman, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville, South Australia, Australia; Petr Kolman, Hospital Kyjov, Kyjov, Czech Republic; Gordan Srkalovic, Sparrow Regional Cancer Center, Lansing, MI; Chandra P. Belani, Penn State Hershey Cancer Institute, Hershey; Rita Axelrod, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA; Qin Qin, Jiang Qian, Evelyn M. McKeegan, Viswanath Devanarayan, Mark D. McKee, Justin L. Ricker, and Dawn M. Carlson, AbbVie, North Chicago, IL
| | - José G M Segalla
- Suresh S. Ramalingam and Taofeek K. Owonikoko, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA; Mikhail Shtivelband, Ironwood Cancer and Research Centers, Chandler, AZ; Ross A. Soo, National University Cancer Institute, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore; Carlos H. Barrios, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul School of Medicine, Porto Alegre; José G.M. Segalla, Hospital Amaral Carvalho, Jau; Jose R. Pereira, Instituto Brasileiro de Cancerologia Toracica, Sao Paulo, Brazil; Anatoly Makhson, Moscow City Oncology Hospital No. 62; Vera A. Gorbunova, N.N. Blokhin Cancer Research Center, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, Russia; Kenneth B. Pittman, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville, South Australia, Australia; Petr Kolman, Hospital Kyjov, Kyjov, Czech Republic; Gordan Srkalovic, Sparrow Regional Cancer Center, Lansing, MI; Chandra P. Belani, Penn State Hershey Cancer Institute, Hershey; Rita Axelrod, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA; Qin Qin, Jiang Qian, Evelyn M. McKeegan, Viswanath Devanarayan, Mark D. McKee, Justin L. Ricker, and Dawn M. Carlson, AbbVie, North Chicago, IL
| | - Kenneth B Pittman
- Suresh S. Ramalingam and Taofeek K. Owonikoko, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA; Mikhail Shtivelband, Ironwood Cancer and Research Centers, Chandler, AZ; Ross A. Soo, National University Cancer Institute, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore; Carlos H. Barrios, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul School of Medicine, Porto Alegre; José G.M. Segalla, Hospital Amaral Carvalho, Jau; Jose R. Pereira, Instituto Brasileiro de Cancerologia Toracica, Sao Paulo, Brazil; Anatoly Makhson, Moscow City Oncology Hospital No. 62; Vera A. Gorbunova, N.N. Blokhin Cancer Research Center, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, Russia; Kenneth B. Pittman, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville, South Australia, Australia; Petr Kolman, Hospital Kyjov, Kyjov, Czech Republic; Gordan Srkalovic, Sparrow Regional Cancer Center, Lansing, MI; Chandra P. Belani, Penn State Hershey Cancer Institute, Hershey; Rita Axelrod, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA; Qin Qin, Jiang Qian, Evelyn M. McKeegan, Viswanath Devanarayan, Mark D. McKee, Justin L. Ricker, and Dawn M. Carlson, AbbVie, North Chicago, IL
| | - Petr Kolman
- Suresh S. Ramalingam and Taofeek K. Owonikoko, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA; Mikhail Shtivelband, Ironwood Cancer and Research Centers, Chandler, AZ; Ross A. Soo, National University Cancer Institute, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore; Carlos H. Barrios, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul School of Medicine, Porto Alegre; José G.M. Segalla, Hospital Amaral Carvalho, Jau; Jose R. Pereira, Instituto Brasileiro de Cancerologia Toracica, Sao Paulo, Brazil; Anatoly Makhson, Moscow City Oncology Hospital No. 62; Vera A. Gorbunova, N.N. Blokhin Cancer Research Center, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, Russia; Kenneth B. Pittman, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville, South Australia, Australia; Petr Kolman, Hospital Kyjov, Kyjov, Czech Republic; Gordan Srkalovic, Sparrow Regional Cancer Center, Lansing, MI; Chandra P. Belani, Penn State Hershey Cancer Institute, Hershey; Rita Axelrod, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA; Qin Qin, Jiang Qian, Evelyn M. McKeegan, Viswanath Devanarayan, Mark D. McKee, Justin L. Ricker, and Dawn M. Carlson, AbbVie, North Chicago, IL
| | - Jose R Pereira
- Suresh S. Ramalingam and Taofeek K. Owonikoko, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA; Mikhail Shtivelband, Ironwood Cancer and Research Centers, Chandler, AZ; Ross A. Soo, National University Cancer Institute, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore; Carlos H. Barrios, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul School of Medicine, Porto Alegre; José G.M. Segalla, Hospital Amaral Carvalho, Jau; Jose R. Pereira, Instituto Brasileiro de Cancerologia Toracica, Sao Paulo, Brazil; Anatoly Makhson, Moscow City Oncology Hospital No. 62; Vera A. Gorbunova, N.N. Blokhin Cancer Research Center, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, Russia; Kenneth B. Pittman, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville, South Australia, Australia; Petr Kolman, Hospital Kyjov, Kyjov, Czech Republic; Gordan Srkalovic, Sparrow Regional Cancer Center, Lansing, MI; Chandra P. Belani, Penn State Hershey Cancer Institute, Hershey; Rita Axelrod, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA; Qin Qin, Jiang Qian, Evelyn M. McKeegan, Viswanath Devanarayan, Mark D. McKee, Justin L. Ricker, and Dawn M. Carlson, AbbVie, North Chicago, IL
| | - Gordan Srkalovic
- Suresh S. Ramalingam and Taofeek K. Owonikoko, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA; Mikhail Shtivelband, Ironwood Cancer and Research Centers, Chandler, AZ; Ross A. Soo, National University Cancer Institute, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore; Carlos H. Barrios, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul School of Medicine, Porto Alegre; José G.M. Segalla, Hospital Amaral Carvalho, Jau; Jose R. Pereira, Instituto Brasileiro de Cancerologia Toracica, Sao Paulo, Brazil; Anatoly Makhson, Moscow City Oncology Hospital No. 62; Vera A. Gorbunova, N.N. Blokhin Cancer Research Center, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, Russia; Kenneth B. Pittman, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville, South Australia, Australia; Petr Kolman, Hospital Kyjov, Kyjov, Czech Republic; Gordan Srkalovic, Sparrow Regional Cancer Center, Lansing, MI; Chandra P. Belani, Penn State Hershey Cancer Institute, Hershey; Rita Axelrod, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA; Qin Qin, Jiang Qian, Evelyn M. McKeegan, Viswanath Devanarayan, Mark D. McKee, Justin L. Ricker, and Dawn M. Carlson, AbbVie, North Chicago, IL
| | - Chandra P Belani
- Suresh S. Ramalingam and Taofeek K. Owonikoko, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA; Mikhail Shtivelband, Ironwood Cancer and Research Centers, Chandler, AZ; Ross A. Soo, National University Cancer Institute, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore; Carlos H. Barrios, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul School of Medicine, Porto Alegre; José G.M. Segalla, Hospital Amaral Carvalho, Jau; Jose R. Pereira, Instituto Brasileiro de Cancerologia Toracica, Sao Paulo, Brazil; Anatoly Makhson, Moscow City Oncology Hospital No. 62; Vera A. Gorbunova, N.N. Blokhin Cancer Research Center, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, Russia; Kenneth B. Pittman, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville, South Australia, Australia; Petr Kolman, Hospital Kyjov, Kyjov, Czech Republic; Gordan Srkalovic, Sparrow Regional Cancer Center, Lansing, MI; Chandra P. Belani, Penn State Hershey Cancer Institute, Hershey; Rita Axelrod, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA; Qin Qin, Jiang Qian, Evelyn M. McKeegan, Viswanath Devanarayan, Mark D. McKee, Justin L. Ricker, and Dawn M. Carlson, AbbVie, North Chicago, IL
| | - Rita Axelrod
- Suresh S. Ramalingam and Taofeek K. Owonikoko, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA; Mikhail Shtivelband, Ironwood Cancer and Research Centers, Chandler, AZ; Ross A. Soo, National University Cancer Institute, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore; Carlos H. Barrios, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul School of Medicine, Porto Alegre; José G.M. Segalla, Hospital Amaral Carvalho, Jau; Jose R. Pereira, Instituto Brasileiro de Cancerologia Toracica, Sao Paulo, Brazil; Anatoly Makhson, Moscow City Oncology Hospital No. 62; Vera A. Gorbunova, N.N. Blokhin Cancer Research Center, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, Russia; Kenneth B. Pittman, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville, South Australia, Australia; Petr Kolman, Hospital Kyjov, Kyjov, Czech Republic; Gordan Srkalovic, Sparrow Regional Cancer Center, Lansing, MI; Chandra P. Belani, Penn State Hershey Cancer Institute, Hershey; Rita Axelrod, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA; Qin Qin, Jiang Qian, Evelyn M. McKeegan, Viswanath Devanarayan, Mark D. McKee, Justin L. Ricker, and Dawn M. Carlson, AbbVie, North Chicago, IL
| | - Taofeek K Owonikoko
- Suresh S. Ramalingam and Taofeek K. Owonikoko, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA; Mikhail Shtivelband, Ironwood Cancer and Research Centers, Chandler, AZ; Ross A. Soo, National University Cancer Institute, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore; Carlos H. Barrios, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul School of Medicine, Porto Alegre; José G.M. Segalla, Hospital Amaral Carvalho, Jau; Jose R. Pereira, Instituto Brasileiro de Cancerologia Toracica, Sao Paulo, Brazil; Anatoly Makhson, Moscow City Oncology Hospital No. 62; Vera A. Gorbunova, N.N. Blokhin Cancer Research Center, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, Russia; Kenneth B. Pittman, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville, South Australia, Australia; Petr Kolman, Hospital Kyjov, Kyjov, Czech Republic; Gordan Srkalovic, Sparrow Regional Cancer Center, Lansing, MI; Chandra P. Belani, Penn State Hershey Cancer Institute, Hershey; Rita Axelrod, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA; Qin Qin, Jiang Qian, Evelyn M. McKeegan, Viswanath Devanarayan, Mark D. McKee, Justin L. Ricker, and Dawn M. Carlson, AbbVie, North Chicago, IL
| | - Qin Qin
- Suresh S. Ramalingam and Taofeek K. Owonikoko, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA; Mikhail Shtivelband, Ironwood Cancer and Research Centers, Chandler, AZ; Ross A. Soo, National University Cancer Institute, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore; Carlos H. Barrios, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul School of Medicine, Porto Alegre; José G.M. Segalla, Hospital Amaral Carvalho, Jau; Jose R. Pereira, Instituto Brasileiro de Cancerologia Toracica, Sao Paulo, Brazil; Anatoly Makhson, Moscow City Oncology Hospital No. 62; Vera A. Gorbunova, N.N. Blokhin Cancer Research Center, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, Russia; Kenneth B. Pittman, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville, South Australia, Australia; Petr Kolman, Hospital Kyjov, Kyjov, Czech Republic; Gordan Srkalovic, Sparrow Regional Cancer Center, Lansing, MI; Chandra P. Belani, Penn State Hershey Cancer Institute, Hershey; Rita Axelrod, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA; Qin Qin, Jiang Qian, Evelyn M. McKeegan, Viswanath Devanarayan, Mark D. McKee, Justin L. Ricker, and Dawn M. Carlson, AbbVie, North Chicago, IL
| | - Jiang Qian
- Suresh S. Ramalingam and Taofeek K. Owonikoko, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA; Mikhail Shtivelband, Ironwood Cancer and Research Centers, Chandler, AZ; Ross A. Soo, National University Cancer Institute, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore; Carlos H. Barrios, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul School of Medicine, Porto Alegre; José G.M. Segalla, Hospital Amaral Carvalho, Jau; Jose R. Pereira, Instituto Brasileiro de Cancerologia Toracica, Sao Paulo, Brazil; Anatoly Makhson, Moscow City Oncology Hospital No. 62; Vera A. Gorbunova, N.N. Blokhin Cancer Research Center, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, Russia; Kenneth B. Pittman, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville, South Australia, Australia; Petr Kolman, Hospital Kyjov, Kyjov, Czech Republic; Gordan Srkalovic, Sparrow Regional Cancer Center, Lansing, MI; Chandra P. Belani, Penn State Hershey Cancer Institute, Hershey; Rita Axelrod, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA; Qin Qin, Jiang Qian, Evelyn M. McKeegan, Viswanath Devanarayan, Mark D. McKee, Justin L. Ricker, and Dawn M. Carlson, AbbVie, North Chicago, IL
| | - Evelyn M McKeegan
- Suresh S. Ramalingam and Taofeek K. Owonikoko, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA; Mikhail Shtivelband, Ironwood Cancer and Research Centers, Chandler, AZ; Ross A. Soo, National University Cancer Institute, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore; Carlos H. Barrios, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul School of Medicine, Porto Alegre; José G.M. Segalla, Hospital Amaral Carvalho, Jau; Jose R. Pereira, Instituto Brasileiro de Cancerologia Toracica, Sao Paulo, Brazil; Anatoly Makhson, Moscow City Oncology Hospital No. 62; Vera A. Gorbunova, N.N. Blokhin Cancer Research Center, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, Russia; Kenneth B. Pittman, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville, South Australia, Australia; Petr Kolman, Hospital Kyjov, Kyjov, Czech Republic; Gordan Srkalovic, Sparrow Regional Cancer Center, Lansing, MI; Chandra P. Belani, Penn State Hershey Cancer Institute, Hershey; Rita Axelrod, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA; Qin Qin, Jiang Qian, Evelyn M. McKeegan, Viswanath Devanarayan, Mark D. McKee, Justin L. Ricker, and Dawn M. Carlson, AbbVie, North Chicago, IL
| | - Viswanath Devanarayan
- Suresh S. Ramalingam and Taofeek K. Owonikoko, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA; Mikhail Shtivelband, Ironwood Cancer and Research Centers, Chandler, AZ; Ross A. Soo, National University Cancer Institute, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore; Carlos H. Barrios, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul School of Medicine, Porto Alegre; José G.M. Segalla, Hospital Amaral Carvalho, Jau; Jose R. Pereira, Instituto Brasileiro de Cancerologia Toracica, Sao Paulo, Brazil; Anatoly Makhson, Moscow City Oncology Hospital No. 62; Vera A. Gorbunova, N.N. Blokhin Cancer Research Center, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, Russia; Kenneth B. Pittman, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville, South Australia, Australia; Petr Kolman, Hospital Kyjov, Kyjov, Czech Republic; Gordan Srkalovic, Sparrow Regional Cancer Center, Lansing, MI; Chandra P. Belani, Penn State Hershey Cancer Institute, Hershey; Rita Axelrod, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA; Qin Qin, Jiang Qian, Evelyn M. McKeegan, Viswanath Devanarayan, Mark D. McKee, Justin L. Ricker, and Dawn M. Carlson, AbbVie, North Chicago, IL
| | - Mark D McKee
- Suresh S. Ramalingam and Taofeek K. Owonikoko, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA; Mikhail Shtivelband, Ironwood Cancer and Research Centers, Chandler, AZ; Ross A. Soo, National University Cancer Institute, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore; Carlos H. Barrios, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul School of Medicine, Porto Alegre; José G.M. Segalla, Hospital Amaral Carvalho, Jau; Jose R. Pereira, Instituto Brasileiro de Cancerologia Toracica, Sao Paulo, Brazil; Anatoly Makhson, Moscow City Oncology Hospital No. 62; Vera A. Gorbunova, N.N. Blokhin Cancer Research Center, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, Russia; Kenneth B. Pittman, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville, South Australia, Australia; Petr Kolman, Hospital Kyjov, Kyjov, Czech Republic; Gordan Srkalovic, Sparrow Regional Cancer Center, Lansing, MI; Chandra P. Belani, Penn State Hershey Cancer Institute, Hershey; Rita Axelrod, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA; Qin Qin, Jiang Qian, Evelyn M. McKeegan, Viswanath Devanarayan, Mark D. McKee, Justin L. Ricker, and Dawn M. Carlson, AbbVie, North Chicago, IL
| | - Justin L Ricker
- Suresh S. Ramalingam and Taofeek K. Owonikoko, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA; Mikhail Shtivelband, Ironwood Cancer and Research Centers, Chandler, AZ; Ross A. Soo, National University Cancer Institute, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore; Carlos H. Barrios, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul School of Medicine, Porto Alegre; José G.M. Segalla, Hospital Amaral Carvalho, Jau; Jose R. Pereira, Instituto Brasileiro de Cancerologia Toracica, Sao Paulo, Brazil; Anatoly Makhson, Moscow City Oncology Hospital No. 62; Vera A. Gorbunova, N.N. Blokhin Cancer Research Center, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, Russia; Kenneth B. Pittman, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville, South Australia, Australia; Petr Kolman, Hospital Kyjov, Kyjov, Czech Republic; Gordan Srkalovic, Sparrow Regional Cancer Center, Lansing, MI; Chandra P. Belani, Penn State Hershey Cancer Institute, Hershey; Rita Axelrod, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA; Qin Qin, Jiang Qian, Evelyn M. McKeegan, Viswanath Devanarayan, Mark D. McKee, Justin L. Ricker, and Dawn M. Carlson, AbbVie, North Chicago, IL
| | - Dawn M Carlson
- Suresh S. Ramalingam and Taofeek K. Owonikoko, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA; Mikhail Shtivelband, Ironwood Cancer and Research Centers, Chandler, AZ; Ross A. Soo, National University Cancer Institute, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore; Carlos H. Barrios, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul School of Medicine, Porto Alegre; José G.M. Segalla, Hospital Amaral Carvalho, Jau; Jose R. Pereira, Instituto Brasileiro de Cancerologia Toracica, Sao Paulo, Brazil; Anatoly Makhson, Moscow City Oncology Hospital No. 62; Vera A. Gorbunova, N.N. Blokhin Cancer Research Center, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, Russia; Kenneth B. Pittman, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville, South Australia, Australia; Petr Kolman, Hospital Kyjov, Kyjov, Czech Republic; Gordan Srkalovic, Sparrow Regional Cancer Center, Lansing, MI; Chandra P. Belani, Penn State Hershey Cancer Institute, Hershey; Rita Axelrod, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA; Qin Qin, Jiang Qian, Evelyn M. McKeegan, Viswanath Devanarayan, Mark D. McKee, Justin L. Ricker, and Dawn M. Carlson, AbbVie, North Chicago, IL
| | - Vera A Gorbunova
- Suresh S. Ramalingam and Taofeek K. Owonikoko, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA; Mikhail Shtivelband, Ironwood Cancer and Research Centers, Chandler, AZ; Ross A. Soo, National University Cancer Institute, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore; Carlos H. Barrios, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul School of Medicine, Porto Alegre; José G.M. Segalla, Hospital Amaral Carvalho, Jau; Jose R. Pereira, Instituto Brasileiro de Cancerologia Toracica, Sao Paulo, Brazil; Anatoly Makhson, Moscow City Oncology Hospital No. 62; Vera A. Gorbunova, N.N. Blokhin Cancer Research Center, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, Russia; Kenneth B. Pittman, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville, South Australia, Australia; Petr Kolman, Hospital Kyjov, Kyjov, Czech Republic; Gordan Srkalovic, Sparrow Regional Cancer Center, Lansing, MI; Chandra P. Belani, Penn State Hershey Cancer Institute, Hershey; Rita Axelrod, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA; Qin Qin, Jiang Qian, Evelyn M. McKeegan, Viswanath Devanarayan, Mark D. McKee, Justin L. Ricker, and Dawn M. Carlson, AbbVie, North Chicago, IL
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Arrondeau J, Huillard O, Tlemsani C, Cessot A, Boudou-Rouquette P, Blanchet B, Thomas-Schoemann A, Vidal M, Tigaud JM, Durand JP, Alexandre J, Goldwasser F. Investigational therapies up to Phase II which target PDGF receptors: potential anti-cancer therapeutics. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2015; 24:673-87. [PMID: 25599887 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2015.1005736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR) pathway has important functions in cell growth and, by overexpression or mutation, could also be a driver for tumor development. Moreover, PDGFR is expressed in a tumoral microenvironment and could promote tumorigenesis. With these biological considerations, the PDGFR pathway could be an interesting target for therapeutics. Currently, there are many molecules under development that target the PDGFR pathway in different types of cancer. AREAS COVERED In this review, the authors report the different molecules under development, as well as those approved albeit briefly, which inhibit the PDGFR pathway. Furthermore, the authors summarize their specificities, their toxicities, and their development. EXPERT OPINION Currently, most PDGFR kinase inhibitors are multikinase inhibitors and therefore do not simply target the PDGFR pathway. The development of more specific PDGFR inhibitors could improve drug efficacy. Moreover, selecting tumors harboring mutations or amplifications of PDGFR could improve outcomes associated with the use of these molecules. The authors believe that new technologies, such as kinome arrays or pharmacologic assays, could be of benefit to understanding resistance mechanisms and develop more selective PDGFR inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Arrondeau
- Paris Descartes University, Cochin Hospital, AP-HP, Medical Oncology Department, Angiogenesis Inhibitors Multidisciplinary Study Group (CERIA) , Paris , France
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Pooled population pharmacokinetic analysis of phase I, II and III studies of linifanib in cancer patients. Clin Pharmacokinet 2014; 53:347-59. [PMID: 24307488 DOI: 10.1007/s40262-013-0121-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Linifanib is a multi-targeted receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor, which can inhibit members of the vascular endothelial growth factor and platelet-derived growth factor receptor families. The objective of this analysis was to characterize the population pharmacokinetics of linifanib in cancer patients. METHODS We pooled 7,351 linifanib plasma concentrations from 1,010 cancer patients enrolled in 13 clinical studies. Population pharmacokinetic modelling was performed using NONMEM version 7.2. The covariates that were screened included the cancer type, co-medications, creatinine clearance, formulation, fed status, liver function markers (bilirubin, blood urea nitrogen [BUN], aspartate aminotransferase [AST], alanine aminotransferase [ALT]), albumin, age, sex, race, body weight, surface area and body mass index. RESULTS A two-compartment model with first-order absorption and disposition best described linifanib pharmacokinetics. An increase in body weight was associated with less than proportional increases in volumes of distribution. Subjects with hepatocellular carcinoma and renal cell carcinoma were estimated to have 63 and 86% larger volumes of distribution, respectively, than subjects with the other cancer types. Females had 25% slower oral clearance (CL/F) than males, while subjects with colorectal cancer had 41% faster CL/F than other subjects. For linifanib bioavailability, subjects with refractory acute myeloid leukaemia or myelodysplastic syndrome had 43% lower bioavailability, evening doses were associated with 27% lower bioavailability than morning doses, and administration of linifanib under fed conditions decreased the bioavailability by 14%. Finally, the oral solution formulation showed two-fold faster absorption than the tablet formulations. CONCLUSION The use of mixed-effects modelling allowed robust assessment of the impact of the concomitant effects of body size, different cancer types, formulation, diurnal variation, sex and food on linifanib pharmacokinetics. The developed population pharmacokinetic model describes linifanib concentrations adequately and can be used to conduct simulations or to evaluate the linifanib exposure-response relationship.
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O'Neil BH, Cainap C, Van Cutsem E, Gorbunova V, Karapetis CS, Berlin J, Goldberg RM, Qin Q, Qian J, Ricker JL, Fischer J, McKee MD, Carlson DM, Kim TW. Randomized phase II open-label study of mFOLFOX6 in combination with linifanib or bevacizumab for metastatic colorectal cancer. Clin Colorectal Cancer 2014; 13:156-163.e2. [PMID: 25066269 DOI: 10.1016/j.clcc.2014.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Revised: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although CRC is the third most commonly diagnosed cancer in the United States, second-line CRC treatment is limited. In this trial we examined the efficacy and safety of linifanib, an oral, potent, selective tyrosine kinase inhibitor of vascular endothelial growth factor and platelet-derived growth factor receptor families, with mFOLFOX6, compared with bevacizumab and mFOLFOX6, in previously treated metastatic CRC. PATIENTS AND METHODS One hundred forty-eight patients with advanced CRC previously treated with fluoropyrimidine or irinotecan received bevacizumab (10 mg/kg, intravenous), low-dose linifanib (7.5 mg), or high-dose linifanib (12.5 mg), with mFOLFOX6. The primary end point was progression-free survival (PFS). Secondary objectives included overall survival (OS), objective response rate (ORR), and safety. RESULTS No statistically significant differences in PFS occurred between bevacizumab and linifanib doses (low, hazard ratio [HR], 1.453 [95% confidence interval [CI], 0.830-2.539]; high, HR, 1.257 [95% CI, 0.672-2.351]). Median OS values were similar for bevacizumab and high-dose linifanib (bevacizumab, 16.5 months [95% CI, 13.0-not available]; high-dose linifanib, 16.4 months [95% CI, 11.9-21.7]; low-dose linifanib, 12.0 months [95% CI, 10.1-13.0]). ORRs were similar (bevacizumab, 34.7% [95% CI, 21.7-49.6]; low-dose linifanib, 24.0% [95% CI, 13.1-38.2]; high-dose linifanib, 22.4% [95% CI, 11.8-36.6]). Median cycles of 5-fluorouracil were reduced in the linifanib arms, versus the bevacizumab arm. Grade 3/4 adverse event occurrences were more frequent with linifanib. Palmar-plantar erythrodysesthesia, hypothyroidism, and thrombocytopenia were more common with high-dose linifanib than bevacizumab. CONCLUSION Combining linifanib with mFOLFOX6 as a second-line treatment for metastatic CRC did not improve PFS, radiographic findings, or duration of response versus bevacizumab and mFOLFOX6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bert H O'Neil
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University Simon Cancer Center, Indianapolis, IN.
| | - Calin Cainap
- Department of Oncology, Institutul Oncologic, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Eric Van Cutsem
- Clinical Digestive Oncology, University Hospital Gasthuisberg/Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Christos S Karapetis
- Department of Medical Oncology, Flinders University and Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
| | - Jordan Berlin
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Richard M Goldberg
- Department of Medicine, Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Richard J. Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Qin Qin
- AbbVie Inc, North Chicago, IL
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Tae Won Kim
- Department of Oncology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
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Risks of proteinuria associated with vascular endothelial growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors in cancer patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e90135. [PMID: 24621598 PMCID: PMC3951202 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0090135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vascular endothelial growth factor tyrosine-kinase inhibitors (VEGFR-TKIs) have emerged as an effective targeted therapy in the treatment of cancer patients, the overall incidence and risk of proteinuria associated these drugs is unclear. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of published clinical trials to quantify the incidence and risk of proteinuria associated with VEGFR-TKIs. METHODOLOGY Databases from PubMed, Web of Science and abstracts presented at ASCO meeting up to May 31, 2013 were searched to identify relevant studies. Eligible studies included prospective phase II and III trials evaluating VEGFR-TKIs in cancer patients with adequate data on proteinuria. Statistical analyses were conducted to calculate the summary incidence, Odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) by using either random effects or fixed effect models according to the heterogeneity of included studies. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS A total of 6,882 patients with a variety of solid tumors from 33 clinical trials were included in our analysis. The incidence of all-grade and high-grade (grade 3 or higher) proteinuria was 18.7% (95% CI, 13.3%-25.6%) and 2.4% (95% CI, 1.6%-3.7%), respectively. Patients treated with VEGFR-TKIs had a significantly increased risk of all-grade (OR 2.92, 95%CI: 1.09-7.82, p = 0.033) and high-grade proteinuria (OR 1.97, 95%CI: 1.01-3.84, p = 0.046) when compared to patients treated with control medication. No evidence of publication bias was observed. CONCLUSIONS The use of VEGFR-TKIs is associated with a significant increased risk of developing proteinuria. Physicians should be aware of this adverse effect and should monitor cancer patients receiving VEGFR-TKIs.
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Iqbal M, Ezzeldin E, Wani TA, Khalil NY. Simple, sensitive and rapid determination of linifanib (ABT-869), a novel tyrosine kinase inhibitor in rat plasma by UHPLC-MS/MS. Chem Cent J 2014; 8:13. [PMID: 24533632 PMCID: PMC3932137 DOI: 10.1186/1752-153x-8-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2013] [Accepted: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Linifanib (ABT-869) is an orally active receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor, which simultaneously inhibits vascular endothelial and platelet derived growth factor receptor. The aim of the present study was to develop an UHPLC-MS/MS method for the quantification of linifanib in rat plasma to support the pharmacokinetic and toxicokinetic studies. RESULTS Linifanib was separated on Acquity UPLC BEH™ C18 column (50 × 2.1 mm, i.d. 1.7 μm) using acetonitrile-10 mM ammonium acetate (60:40, v/v) as an isocratic mobile phase at a flow rate of 0.3 mL/min with sunitinib as internal standard (IS). Detection was performed on tandem mass spectrometer using electrospray ionization source in positive mode by multiple reaction monitoring. The monitored transitions were set at m/z 376.05 > 250.97 for linifanib and m/z 399.12 >283.02 for IS, respectively. Both linifanib and IS were eluted at 0.68 and 0.44 min, respectively with a total run time of 2.0 min only. The calibration curve was found to be linear over the concentration range of 0.40-500 ng/mL. The intra- and inter-day precision value was ≤10.6% and the accuracy ranged from 90.9-108.9%. In addition, all the validation results were within general assay acceptability criteria according to guidelines of bio-analytical method validation. CONCLUSION A selective and sensitive UHPLC-MS/MS method was developed and validated for the determination of linifanib in rat plasma for the first time. The developed method is simple, sensitive and rapid in terms of chromatographic separation and sample preparation and was successfully applied in a pilot pharmacokinetic study in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muzaffar Iqbal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
- Bioavailability Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Essam Ezzeldin
- Bioavailability Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tanveer A Wani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nasr Y Khalil
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
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Chiu YL, Lorusso P, Hosmane B, Ricker JL, Awni W, Carlson DM. Results of a phase I, open-label, randomized, crossover study evaluating the effects of linifanib on QTc intervals in patients with solid tumors. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2014; 73:213-7. [PMID: 24241212 PMCID: PMC3889813 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-013-2351-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Linifanib is a selective inhibitor of the vascular endothelial growth factor and platelet-derived growth factor family of tyrosine kinase inhibitors. The purpose of this high-precision QT study was to evaluate the effects of linifanib on cardiac repolarization in patients with advanced metastatic tumors. METHODS Enrolled patients (n = 24) had measurable disease refractory to standard therapies, ECOG performance status of 0-1, and adequate organ function. Patients were randomized in a 2-sequence, 2-period crossover design. Serial ECG measurements and pharmacokinetic samples were collected for each crossover period. An intersection-union test was performed for time-matched baseline-adjusted QTcF intervals. An exposure-response analysis was explored to correlate the plasma concentration and QTcF. RESULTS The maximum 95 % upper confidence bound for the baseline-adjusted QTcF was 4.3 ms at hour 3 at the maximum tolerated linifanib dose of 0.25 mg/kg. Linifanib did not meet the regulatory threshold (10 ms) for QT prolongation. Exposure-response modeling showed that the QTcF change was not significant at the maximum plasma concentration. CONCLUSIONS Linifanib does not significantly affect cardiac repolarization in patients with advanced solid tumors.
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Liu SV, Subramaniam D, Cyriac GC, Abdul-Khalek FJ, Giaccone G. Emerging protein kinase inhibitors for non-small cell lung cancer. Expert Opin Emerg Drugs 2013; 19:51-65. [DOI: 10.1517/14728214.2014.873403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Torino F, Barnabei A, Paragliola R, Baldelli R, Appetecchia M, Corsello SM. Thyroid dysfunction as an unintended side effect of anticancer drugs. Thyroid 2013; 23:1345-66. [PMID: 23750887 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2013.0241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several of the currently used anticancer drugs may variably affect thyroid function, with impairment ranging from modified total but not free concentration of thyroid hormones to overt thyroid disease. SUMMARY Cytotoxic agents seem to alter thyroid function in a relatively small proportion of adult patients. Anticancer hormone drugs may mainly alter serum levels of thyroid hormone-binding proteins without clinically relevant thyroid dysfunction. Old immunomodulating drugs, such as interferon-α and interleukin-2, are known to induce variably high incidence of autoimmune thyroid dysfunction. Newer immune checkpoint inhibitors, such as anti-CTLA4 monoclonal antibodies, are responsible for a relatively low incidence of thyroiditis and may induce secondary hypothyroidism resulting from hypophysitis. Central hypothyroidism is a well-recognized side effect of bexarotene. Despite their inherent selectivity, tyrosine kinase inhibitors may cause high rates of thyroid dysfunction. Notably, thyroid toxicity seems to be restricted to tyrosine kinase inhibitors targeting key kinase-receptors in angiogenic pathways, but not other kinase-receptors (e.g., epidermal growth factor receptors family or c-KIT). In addition, a number of these agents may also increase the levothyroxine requirement in thyroidectomized patients. CONCLUSIONS The pathophysiology of thyroid toxicity induced by many anticancer agents is not fully clarified and for others it remains speculative. Thyroid dysfunction induced by anticancer agents is generally manageable and dose reduction or discontinuation of these agents is not required. The prognostic relevance of thyroid autoimmunity, overt and subclinical hypothyroidism induced by anticancer drugs, the value of thyroid hormone replacement in individuals with abnormal thyrotropin following anticancer systemic therapy, and the correct timing of replacement therapy in cancer patients need to be defined more accurately in well-powered prospective clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Torino
- 1 Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University of Rome , Rome, Italy
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Chiu YL, Carlson DM, Pradhan RS, Ricker JL. Exposure-response (safety) analysis to identify linifanib dose for a Phase III study in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Clin Ther 2013; 35:1770-7. [PMID: 24094464 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2013.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Revised: 08/16/2013] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the third most common cause of cancer-related deaths and the fifth most common cancer globally. Hepatocellular carcinoma produces highly vascular tumors that overexpress vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), thus making VEGF a promising therapeutic target. The competitive inhibitor linifanib (ABT-869) has selectivity for VEGF and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) receptors and minimal activity against unrelated tyrosine and serine and threonine kinases. However, the optimal dosing regimen for linifanib in HCC patients is not yet known. OBJECTIVE This study attempts to identify a linifanib dose or dosing regimen with an acceptable safety profile for a Phase III study in HCC patients. METHODS The pharmacokinetic (PK) properties of linifanib were characterized from 2 Phase I and 3 Phase II clinical trials. Of the 266 patients evaluated, the median weight was 68 kg (range, 35-177 kg), 64% were male, and 87.6% of patients received an oral solution of linifanib, whereas 12.4% received a tablet formulation. Approximately 95% of patients received drug based on weight, with the remaining on a fixed-dosing regimen. A population PK analysis was conducted to characterize the linifanib exposure for each patient. Linifanib Cmax and AUC derived from the population PK properties were correlated with the rates of adverse events (AEs). RESULTS Linifanib PK properties are dose proportional for the 0.10-mg/kg to 0.25-mg/kg once daily dose range and are time independent after repeated oral dosing. The Tmax of linifanib is approximately 3 hours, and the t½ is approximately 1 day. The most common AEs related to linifanib PK were hypertension (P = 0.02 for Cmax and P = 0.01 for AUC), diarrhea (P = 0.001 for Cmax and P = 0.0012 for AUC), proteinuria (P = 0.001 for Cmax and P = 0.002 for AUC), and asthenia (P = 0.03 for AUC). Weight and sex were identified as covariates for Cmax, and sex was identified as a covariate for AUC. The predicted AE range for females was slightly higher compared with males; however, the AE range is tighter for the weight range for fixed dosing compared with weight-based dosing, regardless of sex. CONCLUSIONS The PK properties of linifanib support a one-compartment model with first-order absorption and elimination. Comparison of weight-based and fixed dosing revealed predicted AE rates to be similar, with a tighter AE range for fixed dosing. The safety profile of linifanib, therefore, supports a 17.5 mg fixed starting dose for Phase III clinical studies.
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Abstract
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related mortality in the United States. Over the past 40 years, treatments with standard chemotherapy agents have not resulted in substantial improvements in long-term survival for patients with advanced lung cancer. Therefore, new targets have been sought, and angiogenesis is a promising target for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Bevacizumab, a monoclonal antibody targeted against the vascular endothelial growth factor, is the only antiangiogenic agent currently recommended by NCCN for the treatment of advanced NSCLC. However, several antibody-based therapies and multitargeted tyrosine kinase inhibitors are currently under investigation for the treatment of patients with NSCLC. This article summarizes the available clinical trial data on the efficacy and safety of these agents in patients with advanced lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip E Lammers
- From Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
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Nonsmall cell lung cancer therapy: insight into multitargeted small-molecule growth factor receptor inhibitors. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:964743. [PMID: 23936861 PMCID: PMC3713357 DOI: 10.1155/2013/964743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2013] [Accepted: 06/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
To date, lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide, among which nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC) comprises about 85%. Taking into account the side effects of surgery, radiation, platinum-based doublet chemotherapy, and the growth self-sufficiency characteristic of cancer cells, drugs have been discovered toward growth factor receptor (GFR) to treat NSCLC. As expected, these drugs provide a greater benefit. To increase the efficacy of such growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors (RTKIs), coinhibition of GFR signaling pathways and combination of inhibitors along with radiation or chemotherapy have drew intense insight. Although clinical trials about single-agent RTKIs or their combination strategies suggest their increase potency against cancer, they are not beyond adverse effects, and sometimes the effects are more deadly than chemotherapy. Nevertheless the hope for RTKIs may be proved true by further researches and digging deep into cancer therapeutics.
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Sechler M, Cizmic AD, Avasarala S, Van Scoyk M, Brzezinski C, Kelley N, Bikkavilli RK, Winn RA. Non-small-cell lung cancer: molecular targeted therapy and personalized medicine - drug resistance, mechanisms, and strategies. PHARMACOGENOMICS & PERSONALIZED MEDICINE 2013; 6:25-36. [PMID: 23690695 PMCID: PMC3656464 DOI: 10.2147/pgpm.s26058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Targeted therapies for cancer bring the hope of specific treatment, providing high efficacy and in some cases lower toxicity than conventional treatment. Although targeted therapeutics have helped immensely in the treatment of several cancers, like chronic myelogenous leukemia, colon cancer, and breast cancer, the benefit of these agents in the treatment of lung cancer remains limited, in part due to the development of drug resistance. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms of drug resistance and the current strategies used to treat lung cancer. A better understanding of these drug-resistance mechanisms could potentially benefit from the development of a more robust personalized medicine approach for the treatment of lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marybeth Sechler
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA ; Program in Cancer Biology, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
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King JW, Lee SM. Axitinib for the treatment of advanced non-small-cell lung cancer. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2013; 22:765-73. [DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2013.775243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Thyroid dysfunction is a well-known adverse effect of sunitinib, a drug that targets multiple receptor tyrosine kinases, including vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR). As several kinds of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) are now available, this has been postulated to be a side effect of the TKIs that target the VEGFR (VEGF-TKIs). However, sunitinib, one of the first-generation TKIs, likely causes thyroid dysfunction more frequently than other TKI classes, leading not only to hypothyroidism, but also to thyrotoxicosis. SUMMARY Based on the reports published to date, including our own studies, we have hypothesized that sunitinib may exert these effects, because it targets a broad spectrum of tyrosine kinases. This not only includes VEGFR2, but also VEGFR1 and the platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR). This, in turn, may suggest that not only VEGFR2 but also the PDGFR and/or the VEGFR1 play an important role during angiogenesis in the thyroid. CONCLUSIONS Our current hypothesis may explain the mechanisms that underlie TKI-induced thyroid disorders. By learning how various kinds of TKIs affect thyroid function, we may elucidate how the angiogenesis in thyroid is regulated both physiologically and pathologically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Makita
- Department of Endocrinology and Nephrology, School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
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Majem M, Pallarès C. An update on molecularly targeted therapies in second- and third-line treatment in non-small cell lung cancer: focus on EGFR inhibitors and anti-angiogenic agents. Clin Transl Oncol 2013; 15:343-57. [DOI: 10.1007/s12094-012-0964-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2012] [Accepted: 10/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Musumeci F, Radi M, Brullo C, Schenone S. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptors: drugs and new inhibitors. J Med Chem 2012; 55:10797-822. [PMID: 23098265 DOI: 10.1021/jm301085w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The recent launch onto the market of five VEGFR inhibitors indicates the therapeutic value of these agents and the importance of the research in the field of angiogenesis inhibitors for future oncologic therapy. In this Perspective we briefly report the inhibitors that are in clinical use, while we dedicate two wider sections to the compounds that are in clinical trials and to the new derivatives appearing in the literature. We especially consider the medicinal chemistry aspect of the topic and report the structure-activity relationship studies and the binding mode of some inhibitors as well as the biological data of the compounds discovered in the past 5 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Musumeci
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV 3, 16132 Genova, Italy
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Aggarwal C, Somaiah N, Simon G. Antiangiogenic agents in the management of non-small cell lung cancer: where do we stand now and where are we headed? Cancer Biol Ther 2012. [PMID: 22481432 DOI: 10.4161/cbt.13.5.19594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Several therapies targeting angiogenesis are currently in development for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). This review discusses results of recent clinical trials evaluating chemotherapy plus antiangiogenic therapy for NSCLC. Bevacizumab, an anti-VEGF antibody, is currently approved for the treatment of advanced NSCLC in combination with carboplatin and paclitaxel. Completed phase III trials evaluating bevacizumab plus chemotherapy have shown prolonged progression-free survival; however, not all trials showed significant improvement in overall survival (OS). Phase III trials of the tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) vandetanib and sorafenib and the vascular disrupting agent ASA404 also failed to improve OS compared with chemotherapy alone. Clinical trials are ongoing involving several new antiangiogenic therapies, including ramucirumab, aflibercept, cediranib, BIBF 1120, sunitinib, pazopanib, brivanib, ABT-869, axitinib, ABT-751, and NPI-2358; several of these agents have shown promising phase I/II results. Results from recently completed and ongoing phase III trials will determine if these newer antiangiogenic agents will be incorporated into clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charu Aggarwal
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Beyond Bevacizumab: Antiangiogenic Agents. Clin Lung Cancer 2012; 13:326-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cllc.2011.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2011] [Revised: 12/08/2011] [Accepted: 12/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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