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Implications of SARS-Cov-2 infection on eNOS and iNOS activity: Consequences for the respiratory and vascular systems. Nitric Oxide 2021; 111-112:64-71. [PMID: 33831567 PMCID: PMC8021449 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2021.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Symptoms of COVID-19 range from asymptomatic/mild symptoms to severe illness and death, consequence of an excessive inflammatory process triggered by SARS-CoV-2 infection. The diffuse inflammation leads to endothelium dysfunction in pulmonary blood vessels, uncoupling eNOS activity, lowering NO production, causing pulmonary physiological alterations and coagulopathy. On the other hand, iNOS activity is increased, which may be advantageous for host defense, once NO plays antiviral effects. However, overproduction of NO may be deleterious, generating a pro-inflammatory effect. In this review, we discussed the role of endogenous NO as a protective or deleterious agent of the respiratory and vascular systems, the most affected in COVID-19 patients, focusing on eNOS and iNOS roles. We also reviewed the currently available NO therapies and pointed out possible alternative treatments targeting NO metabolism, which could help mitigate health crises in the present and future CoV's spillovers.
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Yu G, Zhong N, Huang B, Mi Y. PEBP4 gene expression in lung squamous cell carcinoma: A meta-analysis-based study of the molecular pathways involved. Oncol Lett 2020; 19:2825-2831. [PMID: 32218836 PMCID: PMC7068619 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2020.11386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have suggested increased activity of phosphatidylethanolamine binding protein 4 (PEBP4) may be associated with the prognosis of non-small cell lung cancer. However, to the best of our knowledge, no direct association between PEBP4 and lung squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC) has been reported. In the present study, a systematic review and meta-analysis was performed to examine the gene expression activity of PEBP4 in LSCC. A total of 10 out of 131 gene expression datasets from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) were selected, including 574 samples (319 patients with LSCC and 255 healthy controls). Subsequently, multiple linear regression (MLR) was employed to study three potential influencing factors: Sample size, population region and study date. A literature-based pathway analysis was then conducted to examine the potential mechanisms through which PEBP4 may exert influence on LSCC. The results of a meta-analysis indicated that, in LSCC, PEBP4 exhibited significantly low expression levels (P<0.033), with mildly increased gene expression levels observed in three studies (log fold-change: 0.072–2.13). However, a significant between-study variance was observed from the heterogeneity analysis. MLR indicated that population region was a significant factor (P<0.0065), whereas sample size and study age were not (P>0.46). Eight functional pathways were subsequently identified, through which PEBP4 may influence the prognosis of LSCC and its response to treatment. The results of the present study suggested that the effects of PEBP4 on LSCC can be neglected in most cases of LSCC, where PEBP4 demonstrated decreased expression levels. However, in the case of PEBP4 overexpression, it may contribute to the progression of LSCC and lead to the development of drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guiping Yu
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The Affiliated Jiangyin Hospital of Southeast University Medical College, Jiangyin, Jiangsu 214400, P.R. China
| | - Ning Zhong
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The First People's Hospital of Kunshan, Kunshan, Jiangsu 215300, P.R. China
| | - Bin Huang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The Affiliated Jiangyin Hospital of Southeast University Medical College, Jiangyin, Jiangsu 214400, P.R. China
| | - Yedong Mi
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The Affiliated Jiangyin Hospital of Southeast University Medical College, Jiangyin, Jiangsu 214400, P.R. China
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Zhang G, Wang W, Huang W, Xie X, Liang Z, Cao H. Cross-disease analysis identified novel common genes for both lung adenocarcinoma and lung squamous cell carcinoma. Oncol Lett 2019; 18:3463-3470. [PMID: 31516564 PMCID: PMC6732964 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2019.10678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC) exhibits a number of similarities with lung adenocarcinoma (LA) in terms of copy number alterations. However, compared with LA, the range of genetic alterations in LSCC is less understood. In the present study, a large-scale literature-based search of LA-associated genes and LSCC-associated genes was performed to identify the genetic basis in common with these two diseases. For each of the LA-associated genes, a mega-analysis was performed to test its expression variations in LSCC using 11 RNA expression datasets, with significant genes identified using statistical analysis. Subsequently, a functional pathway analysis was performed to identify a possible association between any of the significant genes identified from the mega-analysis and LSCC, followed by a co-expression analysis. A multiple linear regression (MLR) model was employed to investigate the possible influence of sample size, country of origin and study date on gene expression in patients with LSCC. Disease-gene association data analysis identified 1,178 genes involved in LA, 334 in LSCC, with a significant overlap of 187 genes (P<1.02×−161). Mega-analysis revealed that three LA-associated genes, such as solute carrier family 2 member 1 (SLC2A1), endothelial PAS domain protein 1 (EPAS1) and cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (CDK4), were significantly associated with LSCC (P<1.60×10−8), with multiple potential pathways identified by functional pathway analysis, which were further validated by co-expression analysis. The present MLR analysis suggested that the country of origin was a significant factor for the levels of expression of all three genes in patients with LSCC (P<4.0×10−3). Collectively, the present results suggested that genes associated with LA should be further investigated for their association with LSCC. In addition, SLC2A1, EPAS1 and CDK4 may be novel risk genes associated with LA and LSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanghui Zhang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Ningbo Fourth Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315037, P.R. China
| | - Weijie Wang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Ningbo Fourth Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315037, P.R. China
| | - Weiyang Huang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Ningbo Fourth Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315037, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoli Xie
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Ningbo Fourth Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315037, P.R. China
| | - Zhigang Liang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Ningbo First Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315000, P.R. China
| | - Hongbao Cao
- Statistical Genomics and Data Analysis Core, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20852, USA
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Gebauer F, Gelis S, Zander H, Meyer KF, Wolters-Eisfeld G, Izbicki JR, Bockhorn M, Tachezy M. Tenascin-C serum levels and its prognostic power in non-small cell lung cancer. Oncotarget 2018; 7:20945-52. [PMID: 26967391 PMCID: PMC4991503 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 01/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Tenascin-C is overexpressed in the stroma of most solid malignancies and may function as a diagnostic tumor marker. This study was conducted to evaluate the potential significance of Tenascin-C as a predictive marker for tumor progression in the sera of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. Results Serum concentration of Tenascin-C is significantly elevated in NSCLC patients compared to healthy controls (p=0.013). The sensitivity of Tenascin-C in detecting NSCLC was 74% at a specificity of 57%. Elevated Tenascin-C serum values are associated with larger tumor size and lymph node involvement (p=0.022 and p=0.036, respectively). The Kaplan-Meyer-curves showed a significant association of Tenascin-C with the patient's overall survival (p=0.004), but not with the recurrence-free survival (p=0.328). Methods We quantified Tenascin-C in the sera of 103 NSCLC patients and 76 healthy blood donors by enzyme-linked immune-absorbance assay tests. Prognostic significance was determined by area under the curve analysis and Youden-index. The results were correlated with clinical, histopathological, and patient survival data (Chi-square test, Kaplan-Meier analysis, log-rank test, multivariate Cox-regression analysis). Conclusion Although significantly elevated in patients with NSCLC, the sensitivity and specificity of the Tenascin-C serum quantification test was low. However, although failing to be an independent prognosticator in multivariate analysis, the results implicate Tenascin-C as a predictive prognostic marker for NSCLC patients. The data must be further validated in future prospective trials with larger patient cohorts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Gebauer
- Department of General, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Suyin Gelis
- Department of General, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Hilke Zander
- Department of General, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Karl-Frederick Meyer
- Department of General, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Gerrit Wolters-Eisfeld
- Department of General, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jakob R Izbicki
- Department of General, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Maximilian Bockhorn
- Department of General, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Michael Tachezy
- Department of General, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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Napsin A levels in epithelial lining fluid as a diagnostic biomarker of primary lung adenocarcinoma. BMC Pulm Med 2017; 17:195. [PMID: 29233112 PMCID: PMC5727880 DOI: 10.1186/s12890-017-0534-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is crucial to develop novel diagnostic approaches for determining if peripheral lung nodules are malignant, as such nodules are frequently detected due to the increased use of chest computed tomography scans. To this end, we evaluated levels of napsin A in epithelial lining fluid (ELF), since napsin A has been reported to be an immunohistochemical biomarker for histological diagnosis of primary lung adenocarcinoma. METHODS In consecutive patients with indeterminate peripheral lung nodules, ELF samples were obtained using a bronchoscopic microsampling (BMS) technique. The levels of napsin A and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) in ELF at the nodule site were compared with those at the contralateral site. A final diagnosis of primary lung adenocarcinoma was established by surgical resection. RESULTS We performed BMS in 43 consecutive patients. Among patients with primary lung adenocarcinoma, the napsin A levels in ELF at the nodule site were markedly higher than those at the contralateral site, while there were no significant differences in CEA levels. Furthermore, in 18 patients who were undiagnosed by bronchoscopy and finally diagnosed by surgery, the napsin A levels in ELF at the nodule site were identically significantly higher than those at the contralateral site. In patients with non-adenocarcinoma, there were no differences in napsin A levels in ELF. The area under the receiver operator characteristic curve for identifying primary lung adenocarcinoma was 0.840 for napsin A and 0.542 for CEA. CONCLUSION Evaluation of napsin A levels in ELF may be useful for distinguishing primary lung adenocarcinoma.
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Bilan R, Ametzazurra A, Brazhnik K, Escorza S, Fernández D, Uríbarri M, Nabiev I, Sukhanova A. Quantum-dot-based suspension microarray for multiplex detection of lung cancer markers: preclinical validation and comparison with the Luminex xMAP ® system. Sci Rep 2017; 7:44668. [PMID: 28300171 PMCID: PMC5353738 DOI: 10.1038/srep44668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel suspension multiplex immunoassay for the simultaneous specific detection of lung cancer markers in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) clinical samples based on fluorescent microspheres having different size and spectrally encoded with quantum dots (QDEM) was developed. The designed suspension immunoassay was validated for the quantitative detection of three lung cancer markers in BALF samples from 42 lung cancer patients and 10 control subjects. Tumor markers were detected through simultaneous formation of specific immune complexes consisting of a capture molecule, the target antigen, and biotinylated recognition molecule on the surface of the different QDEM in a mixture. The immune complexes were visualized by fluorescently labeled streptavidin and simultaneously analyzed using a flow cytometer. Preclinical validation of the immunoassay was performed and results were compared with those obtained using an alternative 3-plex immunoassay based on Luminex xMAP® technology, developed on classical organic fluorophores. The comparison showed that the QDEM and xMAP® assays yielded almost identical results, with clear discrimination between control and clinical samples. Thus, developed QDEM technology can become a good alternative to xMAP® assays permitting analysis of multiple protein biomarkers using conventional flow cytometers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina Bilan
- Laboratory of Nano-Bioengineering, National Research Nuclear University MEPhI (Moscow Engineering Physics Institute), 115409 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Amagoia Ametzazurra
- Department of Research and Development, Progenika Biopharma S.A., Derio, 48160 Spain
| | - Kristina Brazhnik
- Laboratory of Nano-Bioengineering, National Research Nuclear University MEPhI (Moscow Engineering Physics Institute), 115409 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Sergio Escorza
- Department of Research and Development, Progenika Biopharma S.A., Derio, 48160 Spain
| | - David Fernández
- Department of Research and Development, Progenika Biopharma S.A., Derio, 48160 Spain
| | - María Uríbarri
- Department of Research and Development, Progenika Biopharma S.A., Derio, 48160 Spain
| | - Igor Nabiev
- Laboratory of Nano-Bioengineering, National Research Nuclear University MEPhI (Moscow Engineering Physics Institute), 115409 Moscow, Russian Federation.,Laboratoire de Recherche en Nanosciences, LRN - EA4682, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51096 Reims, France
| | - Alyona Sukhanova
- Laboratory of Nano-Bioengineering, National Research Nuclear University MEPhI (Moscow Engineering Physics Institute), 115409 Moscow, Russian Federation.,Laboratoire de Recherche en Nanosciences, LRN - EA4682, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51096 Reims, France
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Alterations in Tumor DNA Are Related to Short Postoperative Survival in Patients Resected for Pancreatic Carcinoma Aimed at Cure. Pancreas 2016; 45:900-7. [PMID: 26684859 DOI: 10.1097/mpa.0000000000000566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas (PDACs) are found in more than 85% of patients with pancreatic cancer and with 5-year survival of less than 10%. Effective treatment may be radical surgery, which is hampered by rapid relapse. Therefore, our aim was to compare DNA sequence alterations in patients with short and long survival to evaluate if confirmed DNA alterations predict short postoperative survival. METHODS DNA was extracted from tumor tissue from 59 PDAC patients, analyzed for KRAS mutations, and hybridized to 180 K CGH + SNP microarrays and 450 K methylation arrays. Analyses were based on postoperative survival where less than 12 months was considered to be short survival and more than 18 months was considered long survival. RESULTS Ninety-three percent of the patients had KRAS mutations in tumor DNA. Great heterogeneity of whole genome DNA sequence alterations were observed among chromosomes within the patient materials. Specific DNA sequence alterations did not directly predict postoperative survival, although short survivors had significantly more and larger DNA amplifications (P < 0.006). Amplifications on chromosome 11 and 21 and deletions on chromosome 2 predicted short postoperative survival (P < 0.03). DNA methylation was not related to survival. CONCLUSIONS Highly variable genetic differences among DNA regions in PDAC tumors were demonstrated. Postoperative short survival was related to tumor sequence DNA alterations on chromosome 2, 11, and 21.
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Bezel P, Tischler V, Robinson C, Baumueller S, Bode-Lesniewska B, Kohler M, Freitag L, Franzen D. Diagnostic Value of Bronchoalveolar Lavage for Diagnosis of Suspected Peripheral Lung Cancer. Clin Lung Cancer 2016; 17:e151-e156. [PMID: 26831835 DOI: 10.1016/j.cllc.2015.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Revised: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a paucity of data concerning the benefit of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) for the diagnosis of suspected peripheral lung cancer (PLC). The aim of this study was to investigate the diagnostic value of BAL for the diagnosis of suspected PLC. PATIENTS AND METHODS All flexible bronchoscopies that included BAL among other modalities (brush, forceps, washing) for the diagnosis of a suspected PLC performed between 2009 and 2013 were analyzed in this retrospective study. RESULTS A total of 260 patients were included. Malignancy was present in 61%. BAL's sensitivity for the diagnosis of malignancy was 29%, and overall diagnostic yield of BAL was 46%. However, only 1% of cancer diagnoses would have been missed in the absence of BAL. In the multivariable analysis, the size of lesion (odds ratio [OR], 1.17; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.02-1.33; P = .023), the presence of bronchus sign (OR, 4.73; 95% CI, 1.06-21.08; P = .042), and the presence of mediastinal/hilar lymphadenopathy (OR, 3.37; 95% CI, 1.53-7.41; P = .002) were associated with improved BAL true-positive ratio relating to diagnosis of malignancy. However, the effect of lesion size on sensitivity was small (area under the curve, 0.31; 95% CI, 0.23-0.40; P < .001). Ground-glass lesions were not associated with improved BAL diagnostic value. The number needed to test for BAL for the diagnosis of malignancy or pulmonary infection was 37. CONCLUSION Conventional BAL has a low diagnostic value for the diagnosis of suspected PLC, and the low number needed to test does not qualify BAL as a recommended routine investigation for the diagnosis of suspected PLC for either solid or ground-glass lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Bezel
- Division of Pulmonology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Verena Tischler
- Institute for Surgical Pathology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Cecile Robinson
- Division of Pulmonology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Stephan Baumueller
- Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Malcolm Kohler
- Division of Pulmonology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lutz Freitag
- Division of Pulmonology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Franzen
- Division of Pulmonology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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Fang WB, Yao M, Cheng N. Priming cancer cells for drug resistance: role of the fibroblast niche. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 9:114-126. [PMID: 25045348 DOI: 10.1007/s11515-014-1300-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Conventional and targeted chemotherapies remain integral strategies to treat solid tumors. Despite the large number of anti-cancer drugs available, chemotherapy does not completely eradicate disease. Disease recurrence and the growth of drug resistant tumors remain significant problems in anti-cancer treatment. To develop more effective treatment strategies, it is important to understand the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms of drug resistance. It is generally accepted that cancer cells do not function alone, but evolve through interactions with the surrounding tumor microenvironment. As key cellular components of the tumor microenvironment, fibroblasts regulate the growth and progression of many solid tumors. Emerging studies demonstrate that fibroblasts secrete a multitude of factors that enable cancer cells to become drug resistant. This review will explore how fibroblast secretion of soluble factors act on cancer cells to enhance cancer cell survival and cancer stem cell renewal, contributing to the development of drug resistant cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Bin Fang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Min Yao
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Nikki Cheng
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
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Kuner R. Lung Cancer Gene Signatures and Clinical Perspectives. MICROARRAYS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2013; 2:318-39. [PMID: 27605195 PMCID: PMC5003440 DOI: 10.3390/microarrays2040318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2013] [Revised: 11/19/2013] [Accepted: 12/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Microarrays have been used for more than two decades in preclinical research. The tumor transcriptional profiles were analyzed to select cancer-associated genes for in-deep functional characterization, to stratify tumor subgroups according to the histopathology or diverse clinical courses, and to assess biological and cellular functions behind these gene sets. In lung cancer-the main type of cancer causing mortality worldwide-biomarker research focuses on different objectives: the early diagnosis of curable tumor diseases, the stratification of patients with prognostic unfavorable operable tumors to assess the need for further therapy regimens, or the selection of patients for the most efficient therapies at early and late stages. In non-small cell lung cancer, gene and miRNA signatures are valuable to differentiate between the two main subtypes' squamous and non-squamous tumors, a discrimination which has further implications for therapeutic schemes. Further subclassification within adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma has been done to correlate histopathological phenotype with disease outcome. Those tumor subgroups were assigned by diverse transcriptional patterns including potential biomarkers and therapy targets for future diagnostic and clinical applications. In lung cancer, none of these signatures have entered clinical routine for testing so far. In this review, the status quo of lung cancer gene signatures in preclinical and clinical research will be presented in the context of future clinical perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruprecht Kuner
- Unit Cancer Genome Research, German Cancer Research Center and National Center for Tumor Diseases, Heidelberg 69120, Germany.
- Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg (TLRC-H), German Center for Lung Research, Heidelberg 69120, Germany .
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Li QK, Shah P, Li Y, Aiyetan PO, Chen J, Yung R, Molena D, Gabrielson E, Askin F, Chan DW, Zhang H. Glycoproteomic analysis of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid identifies tumor-associated glycoproteins from lung adenocarcinoma. J Proteome Res 2013; 12:3689-96. [PMID: 23802180 DOI: 10.1021/pr400274w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Cytological examination of cells from bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) is commonly used for the diagnosis of lung cancer. Proteins released from lung cancer cells into BAL may serve as biomarkers for cancer detection. In this study, N-glycoproteins in eight cases of BAL fluid, as well as eight lung adenocarcinoma tissues and eight tumor-matched normal lung tissues, were analyzed using the solid-phase extraction of N-glycoprotein (SPEG), iTRAQ labeling, and liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Of 80 glycoproteins found in BAL specimens, 32 were identified in both cancer BAL and cancer tissues, with levels of 25 glycoproteins showing at least a 2-fold difference between cancer and benign BAL. Among them, eight glycoproteins showed greater than 2-fold elevations in cancer BAL, including Neutrophil elastase (NE), Integrin alpha-M, Cullin-4B, Napsin A, lysosome-associated membrane protein 2 (LAMP2), Cathepsin D, BPI fold-containing family B member 2, and Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin. The levels of Napsin A in cancer BAL were further verified in independently collected 39 BAL specimens using an ELISA assay. Our study demonstrates that potential protein biomarkers in BAL fluid can be detected and quantified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Kay Li
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, USA.
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