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Benzaquen S, Matta A, Sultan S, Sarvottam K. Role of Bronchoscopy in Diagnosis of Sarcoidosis. Clin Chest Med 2024; 45:25-32. [PMID: 38245368 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccm.2023.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
Sarcoidosis is a multisystem inflammatory disorder with unclear etiology and can often pose a diagnostic challenge. A tissue diagnosis is often necessary to illustrate the non-caseating granulomas on histopathology. This review aims to synthesize current evidence related to tissue diagnosis of sarcoidosis using various bronchoscopic techniques. We start by discussing standard bronchoscopic techniques which have remained the cornerstone of diagnostic workup such as bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), endobronchial biopsy (EBB), conventional transbronchial needle aspiration (cTBNA) and transbronchial lung biopsy (TBLB) followed by newer modalities that incorporate real-time image guidance using endobronchial and endoscopic ultrasound. Although BAL, EBB, and TBLB have been employed as a diagnostic tool for several decades, their sensitivity and diagnostic yield is inferior to ultrasound-based endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration (EBUS-TBNA) and endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration (EUS-FNA). More recently, convincing evidence has also emerged to support the diagnostic accuracy and tissue yield of transbronchial lung cryobiopsy which will also be discussed in this review. These advances in bronchoscopic equipment and techniques over the last 2 decades have made it possible to obtain tissue samples using minimally invasive techniques thus avoiding invasive open lung biopsy and the risks that inherently follow. Up-to-date knowledge of these modalities is imperative for ensuring evidence-based medicine and improving patient-centric outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadia Benzaquen
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Einstein Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.
| | - Atul Matta
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Einstein Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Sahar Sultan
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Einstein Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Kumar Sarvottam
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Einstein Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
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Livi V, Sivokozov I, Annema JT, Candoli P, Vasilev I, Kramer T, Ferrari M, Madan K, Fielding D, Murgu S, Cancellieri A, Semyonova LA, Puci M, Sotgiu G, Trisolini R. High-Definition Videobronchoscopy for the Diagnosis of Airway Involvement in Sarcoidosis: The Enhance Sarcoidosis Multicenter Study. Chest 2023; 164:1243-1252. [PMID: 37121391 PMCID: PMC10635836 DOI: 10.1016/j.chest.2023.04.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ability of high-definition (HD) videobronchoscopy to detect airway involvement in sarcoidosis has not been evaluated previously. RESEARCH QUESTION What is the role of HD videobronchoscopy in the identification of sarcoidosis-associated airway abnormalities (AAs)? What are the patterns of AAs more commonly observed and more frequently associated with the detection of granulomas in endobronchial biopsy (EBB)? STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS In this prospective international multicenter cohort study, consecutive patients with suspected sarcoidosis underwent airway inspection with an HD videobronchoscope and EBB using a standardized workflow. AAs were classified according to six patterns defined a priori: nodularity, cobblestoning, thickening, plaque, increased vascularity, and miscellaneous. We assessed diagnostic yield of EBB, prevalence of AAs, and interobserver agreement for different patterns of AAs. RESULTS AAs were identified in 64 of 134 patients with sarcoidosis (47.8%), with nodularity (n = 23 [17.2%]), plaque (n = 19 [14.2%]), and increased vascularity (n = 19 [14.2%]) being the most prevalent. The diagnostic yield of EBB was 36.6%. AAs were significantly more prevalent in patients with than in those without nonnecrotizing granulomas on EBB (67.4% vs 36.5%; P = .001). Likewise, parenchymal disease on CT scan imaging was significantly more common in patients with than in those without nonnecrotizing granulomas on EBB (79.6% vs 54.1%; P = .003). On a per-lesion analysis, nonnecrotizing granulomas were seen especially in EBB samples obtained from areas of cobblestoning (9/10 [90%]) and nodularity (17/29 [58.6%]). The overall diagnostic yield of random EBB was low (31/134 [23.1%]). The interobserver agreement for the different patterns of AA was fair (Fleiss κ = 0.34). INTERPRETATION In a population with a large prevalence of White Europeans, HD videobronchoscopy detected AAs in approximately one-half of patients with sarcoidosis. The diagnostic yield of EBB was higher in patients with parenchymal involvement on CT scan imaging and in those with AAs, especially if manifesting as cobblestoning and nodularity. TRIAL REGISTRY ClinicalTrials.gov; No.: NCT4743596; URL: www. CLINICALTRIALS gov.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanina Livi
- Division of Interventional Pulmonology, Department of Neurosciences, Sense Organs and Thorax, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome
| | - Ilya Sivokozov
- Endoscopy Department, Central TB Research Institute, Moscow, Russia
| | - Jouke T Annema
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Piero Candoli
- Interventional Pulmonology Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna
| | - Igor Vasilev
- State Research Institute of Phtisiopulmonology, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Tess Kramer
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marco Ferrari
- Interventional Pulmonology Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna
| | - Karan Madan
- Department of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - David Fielding
- Department of Thoracic Medicine, The Royal Brisbane & Women's Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Septimiu Murgu
- Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine/Interventional Pulmonology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | | | - Lyudmila A Semyonova
- Department of Pathomorphology, Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Central TB Research Institute, Moscow, Russia
| | - Mariangela Puci
- Clinical Epidemiology and Medical Statistics Unit, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Giovanni Sotgiu
- Clinical Epidemiology and Medical Statistics Unit, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Rocco Trisolini
- Division of Interventional Pulmonology, Department of Neurosciences, Sense Organs and Thorax, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome; Department of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Sciences, Catholic University of the Sacred Hearth, Rome.
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Dhooria S, Sehgal IS, Bal A, Muthu V, Prasad KT, Gupta N, Ram B, Aggarwal AN, Agarwal R. Utility of Narrow-band Imaging Bronchoscopy in the Diagnosis of Endobronchial Sarcoidosis. J Bronchology Interv Pulmonol 2023; 30:346-353. [PMID: 35959899 DOI: 10.1097/lbr.0000000000000885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are few reports on the utility of bronchoscopic narrow-band imaging (NBI) for visualizing endobronchial abnormalities in sarcoidosis. Our primary objective was to compare the sensitivity of finding endobronchial abnormality using NBI versus white light bronchoscopy (WLB) in patients with sarcoidosis. The secondary aim was to evaluate the sensitivity of NBI in diagnosing endobronchial sarcoidosis against a reference standard of positive endobronchial biopsy (EBB). METHODS We retrospectively included subjects with sarcoidosis, where we sequentially recorded WLB and NBI videos to visualize the endobronchial mucosa. We collected data on the demographic findings, sarcoidosis stage, and the histopathological findings of transbronchial needle aspiration, EBB, and transbronchial lung biopsy. Three experienced bronchoscopists viewed the video recordings and noted the abnormalities of the airway mucosa separately on WLB and NBI. RESULTS We included 28 subjects (mean age, 42.9 y; 53.6% men; 14 each, stages 1 and 2) with a final diagnosis of sarcoidosis. Granulomas were detected on EBB in 11 (39.3%) subjects. We identified endobronchial nodules in 10 and 15 subjects on WLB and NBI. The sensitivity of finding endobronchial abnormality using WLB and NBI was 35.7% (10/28) and 53.6% (15/28), respectively (χ 2 =1.77, df=1, P =0.18). The sensitivity of NBI in diagnosing endobronchial sarcoidosis against a positive EBB was 63.6% (7/11 subjects). There was excellent agreement (Κ=0.86) for detecting nodules on NBI among the 3 observers. CONCLUSION NBI might allow the identification of additional abnormalities not detected on WLB in sarcoidosis. Larger studies are required to confirm our observations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Nalini Gupta
- Department of Cytology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| | - Babu Ram
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine
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