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Gaspari V, Cinotti E, Puviani M, Trovato E, Campoli M, Milani M. Assessment of sinecatechins 10% ointment used as proactive sequential therapy in recurrence rate of genital warts lesions after cryotherapy. The PACT-II Trial (postablation immunomodulator treatment of condylomata with sinecatechins): a prospective assessor-blinded, multicenter, pilot trial. Ital J Dermatol Venerol 2022; 157:72-77. [PMID: 35176844 DOI: 10.23736/s2784-8671.21.06894-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cryotherapy is commonly used as ablative treatment of external genital warts (EGW). However, after cryotherapy recurrence of lesions affects on average 45% (42-70%) of subjects in the 6 months after the treatment. Sinecatechins 10% are an effective topical treatment of EGW. A low recurrence rate (<6%) was observed in pivotal phase 3 trials conducted with this product. Topical sinecatechins have demonstrated to significantly reduce the recurrence rate of EGW in subjects treated with laser therapy (The PACT-I trial). So far, no prospective data are available regarding the efficacy of sinecathechins as immunomodulator sequential therapy after cryotherapy in EGW subjects. The purpose of this study was to assess the rate of recurrence lesions after the use of topical sinecatechins 10%, as sequential proactive immunomodulation treatment after cryotherapy in subjects with EGW (The PACT-II Trial: the postablation immunomodulator treatment of condylomata with sinecatechins trial) (Trial Registration number: ISRCTN44037479). METHODS In a prospective, assessor-blinded, multicenter trial a total of 55 subjects with a diagnosis of multiple EGW (36 men and 19 women, mean age 47±10 years) and a mean lesion number of 9±7, after their informed consent, were enrolled in the study. All subjects were treated with cryotherapy (an average of 2 sessions). After the ablative treatment, all subjects were instructed to apply sinecatechin 10% ointment 3 times daily for 4 consecutive months. The primary study endpoint was the evaluation (assessor-blinded) of recurrent lesions after 6 months (2 month of follow-up after the conclusion of topical treatment). The secondary study endpoints were the appearance of new EGW lesions (lesions affecting area not treated by cryotherapy) and the local tolerability. RESULTS At baseline, the mean number of EGW lesions were 9±7. After cryotherapy, the mean lesions number were reduced to 1.6±1.8. At month 4, EGW mean lesion number were 0.2±0.4 (P=0.0001 vs. after cryotherapy). At month 6, recurrence of lesions was detected in 10 subjects (18%; 95% CI: 9-30%) with an average of 1.4 lesions. Of these recurrent lesions, 6 occurred in completely healed lesions site after cryotherapy and 8 in partially healed ones. New lesions (outside the cryotherapy treated area) were observed in 10 subjects. The product was very well tolerated. No serious side effects were reported. Three subjects reported moderate skin irritation on the application site. CONCLUSIONS The PACT-II Trial has shown that the recurrence rate of EGW lesions after successful cryotherapy using sinecatechins as immunomodulator sequential therapy is lower in comparison with the percentage documented in the literature without sequential therapy (20 vs. 45%). These results are in line with already published data evaluating the role of sinecatechins after laser therapy (PACT-I trial). Future comparative, double-blind controlled trials assessing the efficacy of different proactive strategies are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Gaspari
- Clinic of Dermatology, Sant'Orsola Hospital, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Elisa Cinotti
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Mario Puviani
- Clinic of Dermatology, Medica Plus Modena, Modena, Italy
| | - Emanuele Trovato
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Marco Campoli
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Massimo Milani
- Department of Medicine, Cantabria Labs Difa Cooper, Caronno Pertusella, Varese, Italy -
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Diţescu D, Istrate-Ofiţeru AM, Roşu GC, Iovan L, Liliac IM, Zorilă GL, Bălăşoiu M, Cercelaru L. Clinical and pathological aspects of condyloma acuminatum - review of literature and case presentation. ROMANIAN JOURNAL OF MORPHOLOGY AND EMBRYOLOGY = REVUE ROUMAINE DE MORPHOLOGIE ET EMBRYOLOGIE 2021; 62:369-383. [PMID: 35024725 PMCID: PMC8848243 DOI: 10.47162/rjme.62.2.03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Condyloma acuminatum (CA) is a pathology caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV). It is manifested by the appearance of warts in the vulvar, pubic, and anorectal regions, but can occur in other areas. It is a common disease that can be prevented by using measures such as condoms or vaccine. Topical, local, pharmacological, surgical, and excisional therapy options are available for this pathology. Macroscopically, it appears as a vegetative tumor, with a single implantation base that branches towards the periphery, with a cauliflower appearance. CA is defined microscopically by acanthosis, parakeratosis, papillomatosis and koilocytosis. Immunohistochemical studies can detect the presence of various HPV strains or viral antigens and can emphasize certain specific characteristics; e.g., in the case presented in this study, we observed that the tumor had a fulminant evolution due to a strong vascular base identified with anti-cluster of differentiation (CD) 34 antibody, by the existence of epithelial cells with a high degree of cell proliferation, as evidenced by the anti-Ki67 antibody, the inactivation of the tumor suppressor gene and the appearance of immunolabeling for the anti-p53 antibody, by the strong immunoreactivity for p63 which reveals the existence of cells with dysplastic and neoplastic transformation potential, but also by detecting the immunolabeling for p16INK4a that is associated with the existence of HPV. Also, the tumor was immunoreactive for cytokeratin (CK) AE1/AE3, partially immunoreactive for CK5/6 in the basal layer and negative for CK7, which demonstrates the squamous epithelial origin of the described tumor. Subepithelial cells of the inflammatory system have been identified, such as macrophages immunolabeled with anti-CD68 antibody, T-lymphocytes immunolabeled with anti-CD3 antibody and rare B-lymphocytes immunolabeled with anti-CD20 antibody, which demonstrates the strong cellular response to remove the virus from the structure. Surgical and excisional treatment was helpful for the patient, because she was able to resume normal sexual activity and defecation, and on the other hand, microscopic studies showed the potential for malignant transformation of CA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damian Diţescu
- Department of Histology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Romania; ,
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A clinical study of efficacy of garlic extract versus cryotherapy in the treatment of male genital wart. DERMATOL SIN 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dsi.2018.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Yuan J, Ni G, Wang T, Mounsey K, Cavezza S, Pan X, Liu X. Genital warts treatment: Beyond imiquimod. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2018; 14:1815-1819. [PMID: 29505317 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2018.1445947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Genital warts are one of the most common sexually transmitted diseases worldwide. The disease is a result of infection with low-risk types of human papillomaviruses, mostly type 6 and 11. Current therapies for genital warts are mainly ablative, or alternatively topical application of imiquimod cream and sinecatechin (polyphenon E) ointment to the warts. However, low patient compliance and high recurrence rate are significant problems for the treatment of genital warts by imiquimod and ablative therapies. We summarise recent literature in this area and propose combining imiquimod with other therapies to increase the efficacy of imiquimod.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianwei Yuan
- a Institute of Molecular Diagnosis and Target Therapy, First Affiliated Hospital , Guangdong Pharmaceutical University , Guangzhou , Guangdong , China
| | - Guoying Ni
- c Inflammation and Healing research cluster, Faculty of Science, Health , Education and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast , Maroochydore DC , Australia
| | - Tianfang Wang
- b Genecology Research Centre, Faculty of Science, Health, Education and Engineering , University of the Sunshine Coast , Maroochydore DC , Australia
| | - Kate Mounsey
- c Inflammation and Healing research cluster, Faculty of Science, Health , Education and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast , Maroochydore DC , Australia
| | - Shelley Cavezza
- c Inflammation and Healing research cluster, Faculty of Science, Health , Education and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast , Maroochydore DC , Australia
| | - Xuan Pan
- a Institute of Molecular Diagnosis and Target Therapy, First Affiliated Hospital , Guangdong Pharmaceutical University , Guangzhou , Guangdong , China
| | - Xiaosong Liu
- a Institute of Molecular Diagnosis and Target Therapy, First Affiliated Hospital , Guangdong Pharmaceutical University , Guangzhou , Guangdong , China.,c Inflammation and Healing research cluster, Faculty of Science, Health , Education and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast , Maroochydore DC , Australia
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Mohamed EEM, Tawfik KM, Mahmoud AM. The Clinical Effectiveness of Intralesional Injection of 2% Zinc Sulfate Solution in the Treatment of Common Warts. SCIENTIFICA 2016; 2016:1082979. [PMID: 27123361 PMCID: PMC4830730 DOI: 10.1155/2016/1082979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Revised: 03/20/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Objective. To investigate the clinical efficacy and safety of intralesional injection of 2% zinc sulfate solution in the treatment of common warts. Patients and Methods. One hundred and twenty patients (78 females and 42 males) aged 5-55 years with 225 common warts participated in this prospective monocentric randomized study. All lesions were treated with intralesional injection of 2% zinc sulfate. Results. From 225 warts injected, 135 warts (60%) cured from the first session, 51 warts (22.67%) cured from the second session, and 12 warts (5.33%) cured from the third session. There is no significant relation between improvement and patient's ages, duration, or number of warts (P > 0.05). All patients complained from pain during injection, and all treated lesions showed redness, tenderness, and swelling in the first 3 days after injection. Late complications were postinflammatory hyperpigmentation in 90 patients (75%), scaring in 9 patients (7.5%), and ulceration in 3 patients (2.5%). Recurrence occurred in 3 lesions (1.33%). Conclusion. The clinical data indicate that intralesional injection of 2% zinc sulfate is an effective maneuver in the treatment of common warts; however, its associated complications limit its use.
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Schmuch J, Beckert S, Brandt S, Löhr G, Hermann F, Schmidt TJ, Beikler T, Hensel A. Extract from Rumex acetosa L. for prophylaxis of periodontitis: inhibition of bacterial in vitro adhesion and of gingipains of Porphyromonas gingivalis by epicatechin-3-O-(4β→8)-epicatechin-3-O-gallate (procyanidin-B2-Di-gallate). PLoS One 2015; 10:e0120130. [PMID: 25803708 PMCID: PMC4372542 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0120130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aerial parts of Rumex acetosa L. have been used in traditional European medicine for inflammatory diseases of the mouth epithelial tissue. The following study aimed to investigate the influence of a proanthocyanidin-enriched extract from R. acetosa extract against the adhesion of Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis), a pathogen strongly involved in chronic and aggressive periodontitis. A further goal was to define the bioactive lead structures responsible for a potential antiadhesive activity and to characterize the underlying molecular mechanisms of the antiadhesive effects. METHODOLOGY An extract of R. acetosa (RA1) with a defined mixture of flavan-3-ols, oligomeric proanthocyanidins and flavonoids, was used. Its impact on P. gingivalis adhesion to KB cells was studied by flow cytometry, confocal laser scanning microscopy and in situ adhesion assay using murine buccal tissue. RA1 and its compounds 1 to 15 were further investigated for additional effects on gingipain activity, hemagglutination and gene expression by RT-PCR. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS RA1 (5 to 15 μg/mL) reduced P. gingivalis adhesion in a dose-dependent manner to about 90%. Galloylated proanthocyanidins were confirmed to be responsible for this antiadhesive effect with epicatechin-3-O-gallate-(4β,8)-epicatechin-3'-O-gallate (syn. procyanidin B2-di-gallate) being the lead compound. Ungalloylated flavan-3-ols and oligomeric proanthocyanidins were inactive. RA1 and the galloylated proanthocyanidins strongly interact with the bacterial virulence factor Arg-gingipain, while the corresponding Lys-gingipain was hardly influenced. RA1 inhibited also hemagglutination. In silico docking studies indicated that epicatechin-3-O-gallate-(4β,8)-epicatechin-3'-O-gallate interacts with the active side of Arg-gingipain and hemaglutinin from P. gingivalis; the galloylation of the molecule seems to be responsible for fixation of the ligand to the protein. In conclusion, the proanthocyanidin-enriched extract RA1 and its main active constituent procyanidin B2-di-gallate protect cells from P. gingivalis infection by inhibiting bacterial adhesion to the host cell. RA1 and procyanidin B2-di-gallate appear to be promising candidates for future cytoprotective preparations for oral mouth care products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Schmuch
- University of Münster, Institute for Pharmaceutical Biology and Phytochemistry, Münster, Germany
| | - Sabine Beckert
- University of Münster, Institute for Pharmaceutical Biology and Phytochemistry, Münster, Germany
| | - Simone Brandt
- University of Münster, Institute for Pharmaceutical Biology and Phytochemistry, Münster, Germany
| | - Gesine Löhr
- University of Münster, Institute for Pharmaceutical Biology and Phytochemistry, Münster, Germany
| | - Fabian Hermann
- University of Münster, Institute for Pharmaceutical Biology and Phytochemistry, Münster, Germany
| | - Thomas J. Schmidt
- University of Münster, Institute for Pharmaceutical Biology and Phytochemistry, Münster, Germany
| | - Thomas Beikler
- Heinrich-Heine-University, Department of Operative Dentistry, Periodontics and Endodontics, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Andreas Hensel
- University of Münster, Institute for Pharmaceutical Biology and Phytochemistry, Münster, Germany
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Grillo‐Ardila CF, Angel‐Müller E, Salazar‐Díaz LC, Gaitán HG, Ruiz‐Parra AI, Lethaby A. Imiquimod for anogenital warts in non-immunocompromised adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2014; 2014:CD010389. [PMID: 25362229 PMCID: PMC10777270 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd010389.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND 30% of people with anogenital warts (AGW) have spontaneous regression of lesions but there is no way to determine whether a specific lesion will remain. There are a wide range of options available for treating people with AGW and selection is based on clinician's experience, patient preferences and adverse effects. The imiquimod could offer the advantages of patient-applied therapies without incurring the limitations of provider-administered treatments. OBJECTIVES To assess the effectiveness and safety of imiquimod for the treatment of AGW in non-immunocompromised adults. SEARCH METHODS We searched the Cochrane Sexually Transmitted Infections Group Specialized Register (15 April 2014), CENTRAL (1991 to 15 April 2014), MEDLINE (1946 to 15 April 2014), EMBASE (1947 to 15 April 2014), LILACS (1982 to 15 April 2014), World Health Organization International Clinical Trials Registry (ICTRP) (15 April 2014), ClinicalTrials.gov (15 April 2014), Web of Science (2001 to 15 April 2014) and OpenGrey (15 April 2014). We also handsearched conference proceedings, contacted trial authors and reviewed the reference lists of retrieved studies. SELECTION CRITERIA Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing the use of imiquimod with placebo, any other patient-applied or any other provider-administered treatment (excluding interferon and 5-fluorouracil which are assessed in other Cochrane Reviews) for the treatment of AGW in non-immunocompromised adults. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Three review authors independently assessed trials for inclusion, extracted data and assessed risk of bias. We resolved any disagreements through consensus. The quality of the evidence was assessed using the GRADE approach. MAIN RESULTS Ten RCTs (1734 participants) met our inclusion criteria of which six were funded by industry. We judged the risk of bias of the included trials as high. Six trials (1294 participants) compared the use of imiquimod versus placebo. There was very low quality evidence that imiquimod was superior to placebo in achieving complete and partial regression (RR 4.03, 95% CI 2.03 to 7.99; RR 2.56, 95% CI 2.05 to 3.20, respectively). When compared with placebo, the effects of imiquimod on recurrence (RR 2.76, 95% CI 0.70 to 10.91), appearance of new warts (RR 0.76, 95% CI 0.58 to 1.00) and frequency of systemic adverse reactions (RR 0.91, 95% CI 0.63 to 1.32) were imprecise. We downgraded the quality of evidence to low or very low. There was low quality evidence that imiquimod led to more local adverse reactions (RR 1.73, 95% CI 1.18 to 2.53) and pain (RR 11.84, 95% CI 3.36 to 41.63).Two trials (105 participants) compared the use of imiquimod versus any other patient-applied treatment (podophyllotoxin and podophyllin). The estimated effects of imiquimod on complete regression (RR 1.09, 95% CI 0.80 to 1.48), partial regression (RR 0.77, 95% CI 0.40 to 1.47), recurrence (RR 0.49, 95% CI 0.21 to 1.11) or the presence of local adverse reactions (RR 1.24, 95% CI 1.00 to 1.54) were imprecise (very low quality evidence). There was low quality evidence that systemic adverse reactions were less frequent with imiquimod (RR 0.30, 95% CI 0.09 to 0.98).Finally, two trials (335 participants) compared imiquimod with any other provider-administered treatment (ablative methods and cryotherapy). There was very low quality of evidence that imiquimod did not have a lower frequency of complete regression (RR 0.84, 95% CI 0.56 to 1.28). There was very low quality evidence that imiquimod led to a lower rate of recurrence during six-month follow-up (RR 0.24, 95% CI 0.10 to 0.56) but this did not translate in to a lower recurrence from six to 12 months (RR 0.71, 95% CI 0.40 to 1.25; very low quality evidence). There was very low quality evidence that imiquimod was associated with less pain (RR 0.30, 95% CI 0.17 to 0.54) and fewer local reactions (RR 0.55, 95% CI 0.40 to 0.74). AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS The benefits and harms of imiquimod compared with placebo should be regarded with caution due to the risk of bias, imprecision and inconsistency for many of the outcomes we assessed in this Cochrane Review. The evidence for many of the outcomes that show imiquimod and patient-applied treatment (podophyllotoxin or podophyllin) confer similar benefits but fewer systematic reactions with the Imiquimod, is of low or very low quality. The quality of evidence for the outcomes assessing imiquimod and other provider-administered treatment were of very low quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos F Grillo‐Ardila
- Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Nacional de ColombiaDepartment of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Clinical Research InstituteCarrera 30 No 45‐03BogotaColombia
| | - Edith Angel‐Müller
- Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Nacional de ColombiaDepartment of Obstetrics & GynecologyCra 30 # 45‐03BogotaColombia
| | - Luis C Salazar‐Díaz
- Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Nacional de ColombiaClinical Research InstituteBogotaColombia
| | - Hernando G Gaitán
- Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Nacional de ColombiaDepartment of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Clinical Research InstituteCarrera 30 No 45‐03BogotaColombia
| | - Ariel I Ruiz‐Parra
- Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Nacional de ColombiaDepartment of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Clinical Research InstituteCarrera 30 No 45‐03BogotaColombia
| | - Anne Lethaby
- University of AucklandDepartment of Obstetrics and GynaecologyPrivate Bag 92019AucklandNew Zealand1142
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Akhavan S, Mohammadi SR, Modarres Gillani M, Mousavi AS, Shirazi M. Efficacy of combination therapy of oral zinc sulfate with imiquimod, podophyllin or cryotherapy in the treatment of vulvar warts. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2014; 40:2110-3. [PMID: 25132143 DOI: 10.1111/jog.12457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2013] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIM Zinc sulfate is beneficial in the treatment of epithelial warts. We conducted this study to compare the efficacy of combination therapy of oral zinc sulfate with conventional treatments in the treatment of vulvar warts. MATERIAL AND METHODS This study was a randomized controlled trial. The sample size was 42 in each group. Women aged 20-50 years were placed by the block randomized method into six groups: the podophyllin-, imiquimod- and cryotherapy-treated groups, and another three groups receiving 8-week combination therapy of 400 mg oral zinc sulfate with one of the above-mentioned treatments. Data were analyzed using anova and Fischer's exact test with spss16. RESULTS A total of 228 patients were recruited and completed the study in six treatment groups. No significant difference was observed in the response to treatment among these groups. Relapse after 6 months was significantly higher in the podophyllin-, imiquimod- and cryotherapy-treated patients compared to patients receiving these treatments in combination with oral zinc sulfate (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS Combined therapy of oral zinc sulfate with conventional treatments of vulvar warts appears to reduce the relapse rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Setareh Akhavan
- Gynecology and Obstetrics Department, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Men who have sex with men have increased prevalence of both human papillomavirus and anogenital condyloma. OBJECTIVE Risk factors for multiple treatment and recurrence of anal condyloma were examined. DESIGN This is a retrospective study of HIV-negative men who have sex with men who were treated for anal condyloma. SETTINGS This study was conducted in a private surgical practice. PATIENTS The patients were HIV-negative men who have sex with men, aged 18 years or older. INTERVENTION(S) Ablation with electrocautery or CO2 laser was performed, as well as excision and topical imiquimod condyloma treatment adjuvant. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Primary clearance, defined as 4 months of condyloma-free survival posttreatment, and recurrence, defined as any anal condyloma diagnosis after primary clearance. RESULTS Of 231 participants, 207 achieved primary clearance (median age, 32.0 years) and were followed (median, 18.2 months) after primary treatment. Most had intra-anal and perianal condyloma (56%), were treated with electrocautery ablation (79.2%), and required 1 treatment (range, 1-6) for clearance. There were 57 recurrences (median, 12 months). One-third each had minimal, moderate, or extensive disease. Forty-six percent of patients received imiquimod posttreatment adjuvant. High-grade dysplasia was found in 31% at presentation and 43% during follow-up. Factors associated with requiring multiple treatments for clearance were participants having moderate disease (adjusted odds ratio, 6.0 (1.7-21.4)) and receiving imiquimod adjuvant (adjusted odds ratio, 4.7 (2.0-10.6)). No single factor predicted recurrence, but those with moderate disease experienced recurrences significantly sooner (median, 25 months of follow-up). LIMITATIONS This was a retrospective chart review, it was limited to a single practice, and it excluded those who did not achieve primary clearance. CONCLUSIONS Most men who have sex with men have intra-anal and perianal condyloma and concomitant high-grade dysplasia is common. Most achieved clearance with 1 treatment. Having both intra-anal and perianal condyloma, increased severity of disease, and imiquimod adjuvant were significant predictors of requiring multiple treatments for clearance. No identified risk factors proved a significant predictor of recurrence.
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Grillo-Ardila CF, Gaitán HG, Angel-Müller E, Ruiz-Parra AI, Lethaby A. Imiquimod for anogenital warts in non-immunocompromised adults. THE COCHRANE DATABASE OF SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd010389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Leval A, Herweijer E, Arnheim-Dahlstrom L, Walum H, Frans E, Sparen P, Simard JF. Incidence of Genital Warts in Sweden Before and After Quadrivalent Human Papillomavirus Vaccine Availability. J Infect Dis 2012; 206:860-6. [DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jis405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Thornsberry L, English JC. Evidence-based treatment and prevention of external genital warts in female pediatric and adolescent patients. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol 2012; 25:150-4. [PMID: 22530225 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpag.2011.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
External anogenital warts, or condylomata acuminata, are caused by the proliferation of squamous epithelial cells secondary to human papillomavirus infection. In sexually active adults and adolescents, anogenital warts are a common sexually transmitted disease, but in children they may be a sign of sexual abuse. There are several treatment options available for anogenital warts, but no treatment has been proven to be the most efficacious, and recurrence after clinical clearance is common. Evidence-based treatment of genital warts is challenging because of the lack of controlled trials comparing treatments, especially in pediatric and adolescent populations. This paper discusses various treatment modalities such as physical destruction, cytotoxic agents, and immunomodulating therapies. Many variables influence the selection of a treatment, such as the size, quantity, and location of the warts; and the patient and provider preference, and its availability and cost. All treatments can cause local side effects, and patient tolerability must also be factored into treatment selection. Many treatments have similar clearance and recurrence rates, and none of the treatments completely eliminates the virus. With the numerous challenges surrounding the treatment of anogenital warts, the primary prevention of HPV infection through vaccination is a key component in decreasing the incidence of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Thornsberry
- University of Pittsburgh Department of Dermatology, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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Baker DA, Ferris DG, Martens MG, Fife KH, Tyring SK, Edwards L, Nelson A, Ault K, Trofatter KF, Liu T, Levy S, Wu J. Imiquimod 3.75% cream applied daily to treat anogenital warts: combined results from women in two randomized, placebo-controlled studies. Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol 2011; 2011:806105. [PMID: 21876641 PMCID: PMC3162968 DOI: 10.1155/2011/806105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2011] [Revised: 04/26/2011] [Accepted: 05/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate if new imiquimod formulations using a shorter treatment duration are safe and efficacious to treat anogenital warts. METHODS In two studies 534 women ≥12 years of age (mean 33.4) with 2-30 warts (mean 7.9) and total wart area ≥10 mm(2) (mean 166.3) were randomized (1:2:2) to placebo (106), imiquimod 2.5% (212) or 3.75% (216) creams applied once daily until complete clearance or a maximum of 8 weeks. RESULTS For placebo, imiquimod 2.5% and 3.75%, respectively, complete clearance of all warts was achieved in 14.2%, 28.3%, and 36.6% of women (intent-to-treat, P = 0.008 imiquimod 2.5%, and P < 0.001 3.75% versus placebo). Mean changes in wart counts were -10.7%, -50.9%, and -63.5% (per-protocol, P < 0.001 each active versus placebo) and safety-related discontinuation rates 0.9%, 1.4%, and 2.3%. CONCLUSIONS Imiquimod 3.75% applied daily for up to 8 weeks was well tolerated and superior to placebo in treating women with external anogenital warts.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Baker
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Medicine, Stony Brook Health Science Center, Stony Brook University Medical Center, Stony Brook, NY 11794-8091, USA.
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Scarbrough Lefebvre C, Van Kriekinge G, Gonçalves M, de Sanjose S. Appraisal of the burden of genital warts from a healthcare and individual patient perspective. Public Health 2011; 125:464-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2011.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2010] [Revised: 12/20/2010] [Accepted: 01/27/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Serafini M, Rio D, N’Dri Y, Bettuzzi S, Peluso I. Health Benefits of Tea. OXIDATIVE STRESS AND DISEASE 2011. [DOI: 10.1201/b10787-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Ataullakhanov R, Tishchenko AL, Bauer HW, Grigoryan V, Shpot E, Esche UVD, Zgaga-Griesz A, Bessler WG. Immunomax ®therapy to obtain relief in papilloma virus infections, prostatitis, and prostate carcinoma. JOURNAL OF MEN'S HEALTH 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jomh.2010.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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