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Pan A, Truong TN, Su YH, Dao DY. Circulating Biomarkers for the Early Diagnosis and Management of Hepatocellular Carcinoma with Potential Application in Resource-Limited Settings. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:diagnostics13040676. [PMID: 36832164 PMCID: PMC9954913 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13040676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is among the world's third most lethal cancers. In resource-limited settings (RLS), up to 70% of HCCs are diagnosed with limited curative treatments at an advanced symptomatic stage. Even when HCC is detected early and resection surgery is offered, the post-operative recurrence rate after resection exceeds 70% in five years, of which about 50% occur within two years of surgery. There are no specific biomarkers addressing the surveillance of HCC recurrence due to the limited sensitivity of the available methods. The primary goal in the early diagnosis and management of HCC is to cure disease and improve survival, respectively. Circulating biomarkers can be used as screening, diagnostic, prognostic, and predictive biomarkers to achieve the primary goal of HCC. In this review, we highlighted key circulating blood- or urine-based HCC biomarkers and considered their potential applications in resource-limited settings, where the unmet medical needs of HCC are disproportionately highly significant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annabelle Pan
- School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Thai N. Truong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Campus in Thanh Hoa, Hanoi Medical University, Thanh Hoa 40000, Vietnam
| | - Ying-Hsiu Su
- Department of Translational Medical Science, The Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, Doylestown, PA 18902, USA
| | - Doan Y Dao
- School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Center of Excellence for Liver Disease in Vietnam, Johns Hopkins University of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Correspondence:
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Serum pentraxin 3 as a biomarker of hepatocellular carcinoma in chronic hepatitis B virus infection. Sci Rep 2020; 10:20276. [PMID: 33219288 PMCID: PMC7680106 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-77332-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Biomarkers for early diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) are needed in chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, a leading cause of HCC. We evaluated whether measurement of serum pentraxin 3 (PTX3) could improve diagnosis of HCC in chronic HBV infection. Data from patients with HBV-related chronic hepatitis (n = 159), cirrhosis (n = 99) and HCC (n = 107), and healthy controls (n = 151) were analyzed. Serum PTX3 concentration was measured by immunoassay. Area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) was applied to assess diagnostic accuracy. PTX3 levels were significantly higher in HBV patients than in healthy controls (P < 0.001) and in HCC than in chronic hepatitis (P < 0.001) or cirrhosis patients (P < 0.001). PTX3 was an independent risk factor of HCC [odds ratio (OR) 1.617, P < 0.001] and could distinguish HCC in chronic HBV infection [cutoff 9.231 ng/mL, AUC 0.929 with 95% confidence interval (CI) of 0.898-0.953], including α-fetoprotein (AFP) negative [cutoff 8.985 ng/mL, AUC (95%CI) 0.947 (0.908-0.973)] and early-stage HCC [cutoff 9.359 ng/mL, AUC (95%CI) 0.920 (0.885-0.947)]. Combination of PTX3 with AFP improved the discrimination of early HCC from chronic HBV infection [AUC (95%CI) 0.948 (0.918-0.970)]. In short, PTX3 measurement could identify HCC, including AFP-negative and early-stage HCC, in chronic HBV infection.
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Harris PS, Hansen RM, Gray ME, Massoud OI, McGuire BM, Shoreibah MG. Hepatocellular carcinoma surveillance: An evidence-based approach. World J Gastroenterol 2019; 25:1550-1559. [PMID: 30983815 PMCID: PMC6452232 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v25.i13.1550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 03/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) makes up 75%-85% of all primary liver cancers and is the fourth most common cause of cancer related death worldwide. Chronic liver disease is the most significant risk factor for HCC with 80%-90% of new cases occurring in the background of cirrhosis. Studies have shown that early diagnosis of HCC through surveillance programs improve prognosis and availability of curative therapies. All patients with cirrhosis and high-risk hepatitis B patients are at risk for HCC and should undergo surveillance. The recommended surveillance modality is abdominal ultrasound (US) given that it is cost effective and noninvasive with good sensitivity. However, US is limited in obese patients and those with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). With the current obesity epidemic and rise in the prevalence of NAFLD, abdominal computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging may be indicated as the primary screening modality in these patients. The addition of alpha-fetoprotein to a surveillance regimen is thought to improve the sensitivity of HCC detection. Further investigation of serum biomarkers is needed. Semiannual screening is the suggested surveillance interval. Surveillance for HCC is underutilized and low adherence disproportionately affects certain demographics such as non-Caucasian race and low socioeconomic status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick S Harris
- Tinsley Harrison Internal Medicine Residency Program, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, United States
| | - Ross M Hansen
- Tinsley Harrison Internal Medicine Residency Program, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, United States
| | - Meagan E Gray
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, United States
| | - Omar I Massoud
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, United States
| | - Brendan M McGuire
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, United States
| | - Mohamed G Shoreibah
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, United States
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Wang Y, Yu W, He M, Huang Y, Wang M, Zhu J. Serum cytoskeleton-associated protein 4 as a biomarker for the diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma. Onco Targets Ther 2018; 12:359-364. [PMID: 30643433 PMCID: PMC6317466 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s189425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) is the most commonly applied biomarker for diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), but the low sensitivity and specificity limit its clinical application. Cytoskeleton-associated protein 4 (CKAP4) is a novel oncogenic protein involved in the development and progression of HCC. This study aimed to evaluate whether measurement of circulating CKAP4 could improve diagnostic accuracy for HCC. Methods We analyzed data for patients with HCC, chronic hepatitis B infection, and cirrhosis and healthy controls (n=100 in each group), recruited from two centers between July 2013 and December 2015. Circulating levels of CKAP4 were measured with commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits. Receiver operating characteristics were used to evaluate diagnostic accuracy. Results Serum concentrations of CKAP4 were significantly elevated in the HCC group, in comparison with the three control groups (all P<0.001). The combined biomarker panel (AFP and CKAP4), created by binary logistic regression, presented better performance (area under the curve [AUC] 0.936, 95% CI [0.908–0.965], sensitivity 0.800, specificity 0.963) than AFP (AUC 0.875 [0.835–0.914], sensitivity 0.930, specificity 0.430, P=0.001) or CKAP4 (AUC 0.821 [0.776–0.866], sensitivity 0.790, specificity 0.670, P<0.001) alone to identify HCC, even though CKAP4 alone was not better than AFP (P=0.093). Furthermore, the combined panel also presented a better performance even in identifying early HCC (AUC 0.922 [0.833–0.961]). Conclusion Serum CKAP4 is a novel biomarker for HCC, and it could complement AFP in improving diagnostic accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Jintan Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Changzhou, China
| | - Weixin Yu
- Department of General Surgery, Jintan Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Changzhou, China
| | - Mingqing He
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yan Huang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Mingyue Wang
- Department of Ultrasonography, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China,
| | - Jinzhou Zhu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China,
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Yoon JH, Park JW, Lee JM. Noninvasive Diagnosis of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Elaboration on Korean Liver Cancer Study Group-National Cancer Center Korea Practice Guidelines Compared with Other Guidelines and Remaining Issues. Korean J Radiol 2016; 17:7-24. [PMID: 26798212 PMCID: PMC4720815 DOI: 10.3348/kjr.2016.17.1.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) can be diagnosed based on characteristic findings of arterial-phase enhancement and portal/delayed "washout" in cirrhotic patients. Several countries and major academic societies have proposed varying specific diagnostic criteria for HCC, largely reflecting the variable HCC prevalence in different regions and ethnic groups, as well as different practice patterns. In 2014, a new version of Korean practice guidelines for management of HCC was released by the Korean Liver Cancer Study Group (KLCSG) and the National Cancer Center (NCC). According to the KLCSG-NCC Korea practice guidelines, if the typical hallmark of HCC (i.e., hypervascularity in the arterial phase with washout in the portal or 3 min-delayed phases) is identified in a nodule ≥ 1 cm in diameter on either dynamic CT, dynamic MRI, or MRI using hepatocyte-specific contrast agent in high-risk groups, a diagnosis of HCC is established. In addition, the KLCSG-NCC Korea practice guidelines provide criteria to diagnose HCC for subcentimeter hepatic nodules according to imaging findings and tumor marker, which has not been addressed in other guidelines such as Association for the Study of Liver Diseases and European Association for the Study of the Liver. In this review, we briefly review the new HCC diagnostic criteria endorsed by the 2014 KLCSG-NCC Korea practice guidelines, in comparison with other recent guidelines; we furthermore address several remaining issues in noninvasive diagnosis of HCC, including prerequisite of sonographic demonstration of nodules, discrepancy between transitional phase and delayed phase, and implementation of ancillary features for HCC diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Hee Yoon
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Korea
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Joong-Won Park
- Center for Liver Cancer, National Cancer Center, Goyang 10408, Korea
| | - Jeong Min Lee
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Korea
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul 03080, Korea
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Zhang H, Yao M, Wu W, Qiu L, Sai W, Yang J, Zheng W, Huang J, Yao D. Up-regulation of annexin A2 expression predicates advanced clinicopathological features and poor prognosis in hepatocellular carcinoma. Tumour Biol 2015; 36:9373-83. [PMID: 26109000 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-3678-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatic annexin A2 (ANXA2) orchestrates multiple biologic processes and clinical symptoms and plays a key role in development, metastasis, and drug resistance of lethal hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, the prognostic significance of ANXA2 for HCC has not been elucidated up to now. In this study, ANXA2 was frequently found to be up-regulated in HCC tissues compared with benign liver disease (BLD) tissues, which was consistent with the results in serum samples and tissue specimens of patients with HCC. Furthermore, ANXA2 expression was significantly correlated with differentiated degree, intrahepatic metastasis, portal vein thrombus, and tumor node metastasis (TNM) staging. More importantly, increased ANXA2 level was first confirmed to be closely associated with shortened overall survival of HCC (χ (2) = 12.872, P = 0.005) and identified as an independent prognostic factor (hazard ratio 1.338, 95 % confidence interval (CI) 1.013 ~ 1.766, P = 0.040), suggesting that ANXA2 up-regulation might represent an acquired metastasis phenotype of HCC, help to screen out high-risk population for HCC, or more effectively treat a subset of postsurgical HCC patients positive for ANXA2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haijian Zhang
- Research Center of Clinical Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, 20 West Temple Road, Jiangsu, 226001, China
| | - Min Yao
- Department of Immunology, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Wei Wu
- Research Center of Clinical Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, 20 West Temple Road, Jiangsu, 226001, China
| | - Liwei Qiu
- Research Center of Clinical Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, 20 West Temple Road, Jiangsu, 226001, China
| | - Wenli Sai
- Research Center of Clinical Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, 20 West Temple Road, Jiangsu, 226001, China
| | - Junling Yang
- Research Center of Clinical Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, 20 West Temple Road, Jiangsu, 226001, China
| | - Wenjie Zheng
- Research Center of Clinical Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, 20 West Temple Road, Jiangsu, 226001, China
| | - Jianfei Huang
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China.
| | - Dengfu Yao
- Research Center of Clinical Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, 20 West Temple Road, Jiangsu, 226001, China.
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Lozada ME, Chaiteerakij R, Roberts LR. Screening for hepatocellular carcinoma and cholangiocarcinoma: Can biomarkers replace imaging? CURRENT HEPATOLOGY REPORTS 2015; 14:128-138. [PMID: 26328266 PMCID: PMC4551404 DOI: 10.1007/s11901-015-0261-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria E. Lozada
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905
| | - Roongruedee Chaiteerakij
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905 and Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University and King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Lewis R. Roberts
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905
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