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Hrncirik F, Roberts I, Sevgili I, Swords C, Bance M. Models of Cochlea Used in Cochlear Implant Research: A Review. Ann Biomed Eng 2023; 51:1390-1407. [PMID: 37087541 PMCID: PMC10264527 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-023-03192-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/24/2023]
Abstract
As the first clinically translated machine-neural interface, cochlear implants (CI) have demonstrated much success in providing hearing to those with severe to profound hearing loss. Despite their clinical effectiveness, key drawbacks such as hearing damage, partly from insertion forces that arise during implantation, and current spread, which limits focussing ability, prevent wider CI eligibility. In this review, we provide an overview of the anatomical and physical properties of the cochlea as a resource to aid the development of accurate models to improve future CI treatments. We highlight the advancements in the development of various physical, animal, tissue engineering, and computational models of the cochlea and the need for such models, challenges in their use, and a perspective on their future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filip Hrncirik
- Cambridge Hearing Group, Cambridge, UK.
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK.
| | - Iwan Roberts
- Cambridge Hearing Group, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Ilkem Sevgili
- Cambridge Hearing Group, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Chloe Swords
- Cambridge Hearing Group, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3DY, UK
| | - Manohar Bance
- Cambridge Hearing Group, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
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2
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Atalay B, Eser MB, Kalcioglu MT, Ankarali H. Comprehensive Analysis of Factors Affecting Cochlear Size: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Laryngoscope 2021; 132:188-197. [PMID: 33764541 DOI: 10.1002/lary.29532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine the cochlea's average size in humans and evaluate the relationships between certain covariates and cochlear size. METHODS A systematic search on articles on cochlear size and published in English was conducted using Cochrane, PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus databases up to September 15, 2020. Data were pooled using random-effects with three models. The effect of demographic, clinical, and measurement-related parameters was specifically analyzed. Meta-regression and subgroup analyses were conducted. The overall effect estimation was made for outcomes. RESULTS The meta-analysis included 4,708 cochleae from 56 studies. The overall length of the organ of Corti was 32.94 mm (95% confidence interval [CI]: 32.51-33.38). The first and second models revealed that age, gender, country, continent, measurement method (direct, indirect), measured structure ("A" value, cochlear lateral wall), origin (in vivo, in vitro), and type (histology specimens, plastic casts, imaging) of the cochlear material did not affect the cochlear size. However, study populations (general population, patients with a cochlear implant, and patients with congenital sensorineural hearing loss [CSNHL]) were found to affect the outcomes. Compared to the other populations, patients with CSNHL had shorter cochleae. Therefore, we developed a third model and found that the general population and patients with cochlear implants did not differ in cochlear size. CONCLUSION This meta-analysis investigated the factors that could affect the cochlear size and found that patients with CSNHL had significantly shorter cochleae, whereas other covariates had no significant effect. Laryngoscope, 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basak Atalay
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Radiology, Goztepe Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul Medeniyet University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Bilgin Eser
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Radiology, Goztepe Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul Medeniyet University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mahmut Tayyar Kalcioglu
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Goztepe Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul Medeniyet University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Handan Ankarali
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, Istanbul Medeniyet University, Istanbul, Turkey
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3
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Eisenhut F, Lang S, Taha L, Hoelter P, Wiesmueller M, Uder M, Iro H, Doerfler A, Hornung J. Identification of anatomic risk factors for scalar translocation in cochlear implant patients. Z Med Phys 2021; 31:254-264. [PMID: 33648794 DOI: 10.1016/j.zemedi.2021.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
AIM Microanatomical evaluation of cochlear implant (CI) patients to identify anatomical risk factors for a scalar translocation. METHODS CI patients with both a regular scala tympani spiralization (group A) and a scalar translocation (group B) were identified via postoperative flat-detector computed tomography (FD-CT). Then, the corresponding preoperative multislice computed tomography (MS-CT) and postoperative FD-CT datasets were assessed: First, the cochleae were separated in 6 segments of 45° each. Next, quantitative (cochlea height, length, depth, cochlear duct diameter [CD] per segment; percentual tapering of the CD per segment named cochlear geometry index [CGI]) and qualitative (identifiability of the CI model; CI-integrity; intracochlear array position) parameters were evaluated and compared for both groups. Receiver-operating-characteristics (ROC) analysis was performed for the CGI. RESULTS In total, 40 preoperative MS-CT and postoperative FD-CT datasets (nA=20; nB=20) were analysed. Model "CI 512" was successfully identified and CI-integrity has been confirmed in all cases. Quantitative analysis showed a significant difference of both the CD at 0° (CDA0°= 2.06± 0.23mm; CDB0°= 2.19±0.18mm; p0°= 0.04) and the CGI of the first segment (CGIA0°-45°= 18.87±6.04%; CGIB0°-45°= 28.89±8.58%; p0°-45°= 0.0001). For all other 5 cochlear segments there was no significant difference of CD and CGI; there was no significant difference of external cochlea diameters. The area under the curve (AUC) of the CGI0-45° was 0.864 with 24.50° as the optimal cut-off value to discriminate patients with a scala tympani spiralization and a scalar translocation. CGI0-45° of> 24.50° allowed the correct identification of 85% of patients with a scalar translocation. CONCLUSION CI insertion trauma is associated with a significantly higher narrowing of the proximal basal cochlea turn (BCT). The CGI as percentual tapering of the BCT turned out as reliable, clinically applicable parameter for identification of patients with an increased risk for a scalar translocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Eisenhut
- Department of Neuroradiology, University Hospital Erlangen, Schwabachanlage 6, 91054, Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Stefan Lang
- Department of Neuroradiology, University Hospital Erlangen, Schwabachanlage 6, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Lava Taha
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Erlangen, Waldstraße 1, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Philip Hoelter
- Department of Neuroradiology, University Hospital Erlangen, Schwabachanlage 6, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Marco Wiesmueller
- Institute of Radiology, University Hospital Erlangen, Maximiliansplatz 3, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Michael Uder
- Institute of Radiology, University Hospital Erlangen, Maximiliansplatz 3, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Heinrich Iro
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Erlangen, Waldstraße 1, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Arnd Doerfler
- Department of Neuroradiology, University Hospital Erlangen, Schwabachanlage 6, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Joachim Hornung
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Erlangen, Waldstraße 1, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
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Practicable assessment of cochlear size and shape from clinical CT images. Sci Rep 2021; 11:3448. [PMID: 33568727 PMCID: PMC7876007 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-83059-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
There is considerable interpersonal variation in the size and shape of the human cochlea, with evident consequences for cochlear implantation. The ability to characterize a specific cochlea, from preoperative computed tomography (CT) images, would allow the clinician to personalize the choice of electrode, surgical approach and postoperative programming. In this study, we present a fast, practicable and freely available method for estimating cochlear size and shape from clinical CT. The approach taken is to fit a template surface to the CT data, using either a statistical shape model or a locally affine deformation (LAD). After fitting, we measure cochlear size, duct length and a novel measure of basal turn non-planarity, which we suggest might correlate with the risk of insertion trauma. Gold-standard measurements from a convenience sample of 18 micro-CT scans are compared with the same quantities estimated from low-resolution, noisy, pseudo-clinical data synthesized from the same micro-CT scans. The best results were obtained using the LAD method, with an expected error of 8-17% of the gold-standard sample range for non-planarity, cochlear size and duct length.
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Anschuetz L, Alicandri-Ciufelli M, Wimmer W, Bonali M, Caversaccio M, Presutti L. The endoscopic anatomy of the cochlear hook region and fustis: surgical implications. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 39:353-357. [PMID: 31708582 PMCID: PMC6843579 DOI: 10.14639/0392-100x-2388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The cochlear hook region can be considered as the interface between the middle and inner ear. The identification of surgically-relevant endoscopic landmarks of this anatomical entity and assessment of their clinical value is still lacking in the literature. Procedures like cholesteatoma surgery and minimal invasive endoscopic approaches to the lateral skull base may particularly benefit from these considerations. We hypothesize that the spatial orientation of anatomical landmarks in the cochlear hook can be expressed in angles and are reproducibly identifiable by transcanal otoendoscopy. Therefore, endoscopic dissection of the cochlear hook region was performed in 32 temporal bone specimens. Topographic anatomy was documented and analysed. We performed computed tomography of 28 specimens to assess the region in three-dimensional reconstructions. The mean angle between the round window and the basal scala tympani was assessed 25.9° in endoscopic and 28.2° in three-dimensionally reconstructed models. The fustis was recognised as a reliable landmark for the basal turn. A mean angle of 155.4° to the basal scala tympani was assessed. A slight bulging without obstruction of the basal turn was observed in 5 cases. The utility of the revealed anatomical details was assessed in minimal invasive endoscopic lateral skull base approaches. In conclusion, we described the angles between anatomical landmarks of the cochlear hook region. Moreover, the angle as recorded through an endoscope was found to be reliable compared to three-dimensional reconstructions from computed tomography.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Anschuetz
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital of Modena, Italy.,Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Inselspital, University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - M Alicandri-Ciufelli
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital of Modena, Italy.,Neurosurgery Department, New Civil Hospital Sant'Agostino-Estense, Baggiovara (MO), Italy
| | - W Wimmer
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Inselspital, University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland.,Artificial Hearing Research, ARTORG Center for Biomedical Engineering, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - M Bonali
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital of Modena, Italy
| | - M Caversaccio
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Inselspital, University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland.,Artificial Hearing Research, ARTORG Center for Biomedical Engineering, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - L Presutti
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital of Modena, Italy
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Singal A, Sahni D, Gupta T, Aggarwal A, Gupta AK. Anatomic variability of oval window as pertaining to stapes surgery. Surg Radiol Anat 2019; 42:329-335. [PMID: 31549199 DOI: 10.1007/s00276-019-02347-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of the study is to study the details of dimensions and shape of oval window in different age groups, sides and genders and their clinical implications. The oval window is a key structure while performing surgeries in relation to stapes. An intricate knowledge of the shape and size of the oval window is important for the reconstruction and fitting of cartilage compatible with the native shape of the oval window. METHODS Sixty normal wet cadaveric temporal bones of known age; gender and side were micro-dissected. The maximum height and width of the oval window was measured. The shape of the oval window was noticed. RESULTS The mean value for maximum height and width of the oval window was 1.31 ± 0.28 mm and 2.67 ± 0.42 mm, respectively. The height and width of the oval window ranged between 1 mm and 1.5 mm and 2 mm and 3 mm in majority of the cases. he oval window was found to be oval shaped in 53.3% cases, other shapes such as kidney, D shape, rectangular or trapezoidal were also observed. CONCLUSIONS The refined morphometric information of the oval window will help in preoperative assessment and surgical planning of various oval window-related surgical procedures. The knowledge may also help in designing and selecting proper cartilage shoe for the best outcome. Narrow oval window may cause procedural complications and surgeon discomfort in various stapes surgeries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjali Singal
- Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Daisy Sahni
- Department of Anatomy, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Tulika Gupta
- Department of Anatomy, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160012, India.
| | - Anjali Aggarwal
- Department of Anatomy, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Ashok Kumar Gupta
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head-Neck Surgery, Fortis Hospital, Sahibzada Ajit Singh Nagar, India
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Vu TH, Perazzini C, Puechmaille M, Bachy A, Mulliez A, Boyer L, Mom T, Gabrillargues J. CT-scan contouring technique allows for direct and reliable measurements of the cochlear duct length: implication in cochlear implantation with straight electrode-arrays. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2019; 276:2135-2140. [PMID: 31011800 DOI: 10.1007/s00405-019-05432-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The advent of hybrid electro-acoustic implants requires precise positioning of the electrode-array (EA) within the cochlea. The cochlea size, that is, the length of the cochlear scala tympani, is often indirectly estimated from distance A by Escudé's method. This technique has been confirmed by anatomical studies, in a bunch of cadaveric specimens, but it is not yet widely established in the field of computed tomography (CT). We compared cochlear duct length obtained by Escudé's method to those directly acquired on CT images. MATERIALS AND METHODS The lengths of cochlear scala tympani were directly measured on CT scans by contouring the external cochlear wall (contouring technique-CoT). In fifteen patients implanted with a straight EA, the length of the EA and the measured length of the cochlea by the CoT were compared, to check the reliability of the CoT. Then, in 200 CT-scans, the length of the cochlear duct was measured by the CoT then compared to Escudé's method. RESULTS In the 200 CT-scans which served for cochlear length measurements, a significant variability between the cochleae were observed, as expected. At 360°, the correlation between the measurements of the length of the cochlear scala tympani between the two techniques differed, with a difference of 0.2 ± 0.7 mm at 360° (extreme: 2 mm; p < 0.001) and 2.2 ± 1.2 mm at 540° (extreme: 5.6 mm; p < 0.001). CONCLUSION The CoT can predict with accuracy the length of EA-insertion depth, more precisely than estimation methods such as Escudé's.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thi Hau Vu
- Department of Radiology, Hôpital Bach Mai, Université de Médecine de Ha Noi, 78 Giai Phong, Dong Da, Ha Noi, Viet Nam.,Department of Radiology, CHU Gabriel Montpied, Université Clermont Auvergne, 58 Rue Montalembert, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Chiara Perazzini
- Department of Radiology, CHU Gabriel Montpied, Université Clermont Auvergne, 58 Rue Montalembert, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Mathilde Puechmaille
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, CHU Gabriel Montpied, Université Clermont Auvergne, 58 Rue Montalembert, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France.,Unité Mixte de Recherche de l'Institut National des Sciences et de la Recherche en Médecine (UMR-INSERM, 1107), Laboratory of Neurosensory Biophysics, Université Clermont Auvergne, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Aurélie Bachy
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, CHU Gabriel Montpied, Université Clermont Auvergne, 58 Rue Montalembert, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Aurélien Mulliez
- Délégation à la Recherche Clinique et aux Innovations, CHU Gabriel Montpied, Université Clermont Auvergne, 58 Rue Montalembert, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Louis Boyer
- Department of Radiology, CHU Gabriel Montpied, Université Clermont Auvergne, 58 Rue Montalembert, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France.,Cardiovascular Interventional Therapy and Imaging (CaVITI Team), Therapy Guided By Imaging Institute (TGI-Institut Pascal), Unité Mixte de Recherche 6602 du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (UMR-CNRS), Université Clermont Auvergne, UCA/CNRS/SIGMA, Campus Universitaire des Cézeaux, 4 Avenue Blaise Pascal, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Thierry Mom
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, CHU Gabriel Montpied, Université Clermont Auvergne, 58 Rue Montalembert, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France. .,Unité Mixte de Recherche de l'Institut National des Sciences et de la Recherche en Médecine (UMR-INSERM, 1107), Laboratory of Neurosensory Biophysics, Université Clermont Auvergne, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France.
| | - Jean Gabrillargues
- Department of Radiology, CHU Gabriel Montpied, Université Clermont Auvergne, 58 Rue Montalembert, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
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Assessing Cochlear Length Using Cone Beam Computed Tomography in Adults With Cochlear Implants. Otol Neurotol 2018; 39:e757-e764. [DOI: 10.1097/mao.0000000000001934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Kumar R, Singh A, Sagar P, Behera C, Kumar R. Access to Round Window Niche via Posterior Tympanotomy and Impact of Drilling Its Overhangs: A Cadaveric Descriptive Study. Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2018; 70:510-514. [PMID: 30464907 DOI: 10.1007/s12070-018-1469-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We intended to study the morphological parameters of round window region and assess the gain in exposure achieved by drilling the round window niche overhang. The Exposure of the round window membrane (RWM) is of prime importance to carry out atraumatic electrode insertion for cochlear implantation. The anatomy of round window has been a subject of considerable debate in literature. Fifty-one Formalin preserved adult cadaveric temporal bones were micro-dissected to carry out an 'optimal' posterior tympanotomy to expose the round window region. The bony overhangs of round window niche (RWN) were next drilled to achieve maximal possible exposure the RWM without violating the annulus of the same. The exposure was classified as per St Thomas' Hospital classification. The round window could not be visualized in 3 bones (5.9%). The commonest morphology of RWN was dome shaped, found in 18 (37.5%) and that of the RWM was oval shaped, found in 14 (29.2%) bones. Pre drilling 41 bones had a > 50% exposure of RWM while post drilling > 50% exposure could be achieved in all the bones except the 3 bones in which RWN could not be visualized to begin with. The drilling of the RWN overhangs exposed RWM in entirety in 91.7% of bones with a visible morphology of RWN pre drilling. RWN and RWM exhibit varied morphology. Drilling of the round window niche overhangs can considerably enhance the exposure of RWM.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Kumar
- 1Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Room No.-4057, 4th Floor, Teaching Block, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029 India
| | - A Singh
- 1Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Room No.-4057, 4th Floor, Teaching Block, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029 India
| | - P Sagar
- 1Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Room No.-4057, 4th Floor, Teaching Block, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029 India
| | - C Behera
- 2Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - R Kumar
- 1Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Room No.-4057, 4th Floor, Teaching Block, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029 India
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Vashishth A, Fulcheri A, Guida M, Caruso A, Sanna M. Incomplete and false tract insertions in cochlear implantation: retrospective review of surgical and auditory outcomes. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2018; 275:1059-1068. [PMID: 29504040 DOI: 10.1007/s00405-018-4924-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate incidence, demographics, surgical, and radiological correlates of incomplete and false tract electrode array insertions during cochlear implantation (CI). To evaluate outcomes in patients with incomplete electrode insertion (IEI). STUDY DESIGN Retrospective analysis. SETTING Otology and skull base center. PATIENTS AND METHODS Charts of 18 patients (19 ears) with incomplete or false tract insertions of the electrode array were evaluated who underwent CI, with at least 1 year follow-up (from 470 cases). Demographic findings, etiologies, pre-operative radiologic findings, operative records, post-operative plain radiographic assessment for extent of electrode insertion, and switch-on mapping were evaluated. Audiological outcomes were evaluated using maximum and last recorded vowel, word, sentence, and comprehension scores for patients with IEI. RESULTS Incidence of insertional abnormalities was 4.25% with 17 instances of incomplete and 2 cases of insertion into superior semicircular canal. Mean age and duration of deafness were 55.18 ± 4.62 and 22.12 ± 5.71 years. Etiologies in the IEI group were idiopathic, otosclerosis, meningitis, chronic otitis media (COM), temporal bone fractures, and Neurofibromatosis-2. 29.4% cases had cochlear luminal obstruction. Mean radiological and active electrophysiological length of insertion was 20.49 ± 0.66 and 19.49 ± 0.88 mm, respectively. No significant correlation was observed between audiological outcomes and insertional length except in time to achieve maximum word scores (p = 0.04). Age at implantation had significant correlations with last recorded word and comprehension scores at mean follow-up of 42.9 months, and with time to achieve maximum auditory scores. CONCLUSIONS IEI during cochlear implantation using straight electrodes can occur with or without cochlear luminal obstruction. Age plays an important role in the auditory rehabilitation in this patient subset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish Vashishth
- Department of Otology and Skull Base Surgery, Gruppo Otologico, Piacenza, Rome, Italy.
| | - Andrea Fulcheri
- Department of Otology and Skull Base Surgery, Gruppo Otologico, Piacenza, Rome, Italy
| | - Maurizio Guida
- Department of Otology and Skull Base Surgery, Gruppo Otologico, Piacenza, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Caruso
- Department of Otology and Skull Base Surgery, Gruppo Otologico, Piacenza, Rome, Italy
| | - Mario Sanna
- Department of Otology and Skull Base Surgery, Gruppo Otologico, Piacenza, Rome, Italy
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Cisneros Lesser JC, de Brito R, Queiroz Martins GDS, Gebrim EMMS, Bento RF. Evaluating Intracochlear Trauma after Cochlear Implant Electrode Insertion through Middle Fossa Approach in Temporal Bones. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2017; 158:350-357. [DOI: 10.1177/0194599817739837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Objective To evaluate cochlear trauma after cochlear implant insertion through a middle fossa approach by means of histologic and imaging studies in temporal bones. Study Design Prospective cadaveric study. Setting University-based temporal bone laboratory. Subjects and Methods Twenty fresh-frozen temporal bones were implanted through a middle cranial fossa basal turn cochleostomy. Ten received a straight electrode and 10 a perimodiolar electrode. Samples were fixed in epoxy resin. Computed tomography (CT) scans determined direction, depth of insertion, and the cochleostomy to round window distance. The samples were polished by a microgrinding technique and microscopically visualized to evaluate intracochlear trauma. Descriptive and analytic statistics were performed to compare both groups. Results The CT scan showed intracochlear insertions in every bone, 10 directed to the middle/apical turn and 10 to the basal turn. In the straight electrode group, the average number of inserted electrodes was 12.3 vs 15.1 for the perimodiolar group ( U = 78, P = .0001). The median insertion depth was larger for the perimodiolar group (14.4 mm vs 12.5 mm, U = 66, P = .021). Only 1 nontraumatic insertion was achieved and 14 samples (70%) had important trauma (Eshraghi grades 3 and 4). No differences were identified comparing position or trauma grades for the 2 electrode models or when comparing trauma depending on the direction of insertion. Conclusion The surgical technique allows a proper intracochlear insertion, but it does not guarantee a correct scala tympani position and carries the risk of important trauma to cochlear microstructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Carlos Cisneros Lesser
- Otorhinolaryngology Department, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Otorhinolaryngology Department, National Institute of Rehabilitation, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rubens de Brito
- Otorhinolaryngology Department, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Ricardo Ferreira Bento
- Otorhinolaryngology Department, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Surgical Anatomy of the Human Round Window Region: Implication for Cochlear Endoscopy Through the External Auditory Canal. Otol Neurotol 2017; 37:1189-94. [PMID: 27228017 DOI: 10.1097/mao.0000000000001074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To enable development of an endoscope for cellular-level optical imaging of the inner ear. STUDY DESIGN A prospective study of 50 cadaveric human temporal bones to define detailed surgical anatomy of the round window (RW) region and the range of angles necessary to reach the RW membrane perpendicularly via the external ear canal. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE The transcanal angle to the RW membrane was surgically measured in 3D intact specimens, and correlated with the angle calculated from temporal bone computed tomography (CT) scans of the same specimens obtained before and after measurements in situ. RESULTS Surgically measured transcanal angles to the RW membrane correlated well with the radiographically measured angles. The angles ranged from 110 to 127 degrees, with the median of 115 degrees and the middle 50% ranging from 109 to 119 degrees. Four temporal bones were excluded because of pathology. The opening of the RW niche was located posteriorly in six bones (13%), inferiorly in 18 bones (39%), and postero-inferiorly in 22 bones (48%). The angles were not statistically different among the three orientations of the RW niche. CONCLUSIONS By correlating measurement from cadaveric human temporal bones and their CT scans, we defined key parameters necessary for designing an endoscope for intracochlear imaging using a minimally invasive approach through the external auditory canal. The excellent correlation between the measurement on the CT scan and the actual shape of the probe that was able to reach the RW through the ear canal enables selection of the probe using the CT data.
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Singla A, Gupta T, Sahni D, Gupta AK, Aggarwal A. Topography of neurovascular structures in relation to round window and how it relates to cochlear implantation. Surg Radiol Anat 2017; 39:1309-1316. [PMID: 28597033 DOI: 10.1007/s00276-017-1884-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the distances and angles on basal turn of cochlea in relation to round window at which the jugular bulb, internal carotid artery and facial nerve are at maximal risk and their implications in cochlear implantation (CI). METHODS Fifty-four cadaveric temporal bones were microdissected to expose the basal turn of cochlea, the carotid canal, the facial canal and the jugular fossa. The points were marked on the basal turn of cochlea, where there was minimum distance of basal turn of cochlea from the roof of the jugular fossa (point a), carotid canal (point b) and facial canal (point c). The distances and angles of these points from the round window were measured. RESULTS The points a, b and c were at mean (range) distances of 2.8 mm (1.3-4.1 mm), 8.4 mm (6.5-10.4 mm) and 16.4 mm (12.5-20.5 mm) and at mean angles of 30° (15°-45°), 111° (71°-136°) and 284° (255°-315°), respectively, from the round window. CONCLUSIONS This study highlights that 2.8 ± 0.5 mm (30 ± 5.40), 8.4 ± 1 mm (111 ± 12.70) and 16.4 ± 1.7 mm (284 ± 13.5) from the round window are the high-risk points on the basal turn of the cochlea for the jugular bulb, internal carotid artery and facial nerve, respectively. A wide range found for each parameter indicates that it is mandatory to evaluate these distances in each CI patient on preoperative radiographs to avoid intraoperative injury to these vital structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjali Singla
- Department of Anatomy, Bhojia Dental College and Hospital, Baddi, Himachal Pradesh, India.
| | - Tulika Gupta
- Department of Anatomy, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Daisy Sahni
- Department of Anatomy, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Ashok Kumar Gupta
- Department of Otolaryngology and Head Neck Surgery, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Anjali Aggarwal
- Department of Anatomy, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
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Mosnier I, Célérier C, Bensimon JL, de Seta D, Sterkers O, Nguyen Y, Bernardeschi D. Cone beam computed tomography and histological evaluations of a straight electrode array positioning in temporal bones. Acta Otolaryngol 2017; 137:229-234. [PMID: 28225319 DOI: 10.1080/00016489.2016.1227477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
CONCLUSION CBCT allows a precise evaluation of the dimensions and of the shape of the cochlear duct that is of primary importance for the choice of the length and the design of the electrode array. This radio-histological study confirms that CBCT is a reliable tool to be used in clinical studies to evaluate the position of straight electrode arrays within the cochlear scala. OBJECTIVE To validate the reliability of cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) in the evaluation of cochlear anatomy and positioning of a straight electrode array, by comparing radiological images to histological analysis of cochlear implanted temporal bones. METHODS Eight temporal bones for four subjects were analysed before and after cochlear implantation with a straight electrode array. The size of the cochlea, the dimensions, and shape of the cochlear duct at 180° and 360° were evaluated on CBCT performed before implantation. Temporal bones then underwent histological analysis to determine the position of the electrode array. Scalar localization of the electrode array was assessed on CBCT performed after implantation, and compared with histological study. RESULTS CBCT is a reliable radiological technique to differentiate variability not only of cochlear dimensions, but also of size and shape of the cochlea. Histological analysis confirmed the scalar position of the electrode array assessed by the CBCT in 7/8 temporal bones, but soft tissue trauma such as dissection of the spiral ligament was not identified by the CBCT.
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Deep NL, Howard BE, Holbert SO, Hoxworth JM, Barrs DM. Measurement of cochlear length using the ‘A' value for cochlea basal diameter: A feasibility study. Cochlear Implants Int 2017; 18:226-229. [DOI: 10.1080/14670100.2017.1292689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas L. Deep
- Department of Otolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery, Mayo Clinic, 5777 East Mayo Boulevard, Phoenix, AZ 85054, USA
| | - Brittany E. Howard
- Department of Otolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery, Mayo Clinic, 5777 East Mayo Boulevard, Phoenix, AZ 85054, USA
| | - Sarah O. Holbert
- Department of Otolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery, Mayo Clinic, 5777 East Mayo Boulevard, Phoenix, AZ 85054, USA
| | | | - David M. Barrs
- Department of Otolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery, Mayo Clinic, 5777 East Mayo Boulevard, Phoenix, AZ 85054, USA
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Three-Dimensional Force Profile During Cochlear Implantation Depends on Individual Geometry and Insertion Trauma. Ear Hear 2017; 38:e168-e179. [DOI: 10.1097/aud.0000000000000394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Cochlear Size and Shape Variability and Implications in Cochlear Implantation Surgery. Otol Neurotol 2016; 37:1307-13. [DOI: 10.1097/mao.0000000000001189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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De Seta D, Nguyen Y, Bonnard D, Ferrary E, Godey B, Bakhos D, Mondain M, Deguine O, Sterkers O, Bernardeschi D, Mosnier I. The Role of Electrode Placement in Bilateral Simultaneously Cochlear-Implanted Adult Patients. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2016; 155:485-93. [DOI: 10.1177/0194599816645774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Objective To evaluate the influence of the electrode placement on hearing performance in adult patients who were simultaneously and bilaterally cochlear implanted. Study Design Case series with planned data collection. Setting Tertiary referral university centers. Subjects and Methods The postoperative computed tomography scan was studied for 19 patients who were simultaneously and bilaterally implanted with a long straight electrode array. The size of the cochlea was measured in consideration of the major cochlear diameter and cochlear height. The electrode-to-modiolus distance for the electrodes positioned at 180 and 360 degrees and the angular depth of insertion of the array were also measured. Speech perception was assessed at 1 and 5 years postimplantation with disyllabic word lists in quiet and in noise, with the speech coming from the front and a background noise (cocktail party) coming from 5 loudspeakers. Results At 1 year postimplantation, the electrode-to-modiolus distance at 180 degrees was correlated with the speech perception scores in both quiet and noise. In patients with a full electrode insertion, no correlation was found between the angular depth of insertion and hearing performance. The speech perception scores in noise gradually declined as a function of the number of inserted and active electrodes. No relationship between electrode position and speech perception scores was found at 5 years postimplantation. Conclusion In adult patients who were simultaneously and bilaterally implanted, the use of a long straight array, the full electrode array insertion, and the proximity to the modiolus might be determining factors to obtain the best speech performance at 1 year, without influence on the speech perception scores after long-term use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele De Seta
- AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Unité Otologie, Implants auditifs et Chirurgie de la base du crâne, 75013, Paris, France
- Sensory Organs Department, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Yann Nguyen
- AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Unité Otologie, Implants auditifs et Chirurgie de la base du crâne, 75013, Paris, France
- UMR-S 1159 Inserm / Université Paris 6 Pierre et Marie Curie, France
| | | | - Evelyne Ferrary
- AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Unité Otologie, Implants auditifs et Chirurgie de la base du crâne, 75013, Paris, France
- UMR-S 1159 Inserm / Université Paris 6 Pierre et Marie Curie, France
| | - Benoit Godey
- Service ORL, Hôpital Pontchailloux, Rennes, France
| | | | - Michel Mondain
- Service ORL, Hôpital Gui de Chauliac, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Olivier Sterkers
- AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Unité Otologie, Implants auditifs et Chirurgie de la base du crâne, 75013, Paris, France
- UMR-S 1159 Inserm / Université Paris 6 Pierre et Marie Curie, France
| | - Daniele Bernardeschi
- AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Unité Otologie, Implants auditifs et Chirurgie de la base du crâne, 75013, Paris, France
- UMR-S 1159 Inserm / Université Paris 6 Pierre et Marie Curie, France
| | - Isabelle Mosnier
- AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Unité Otologie, Implants auditifs et Chirurgie de la base du crâne, 75013, Paris, France
- UMR-S 1159 Inserm / Université Paris 6 Pierre et Marie Curie, France
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Visualization, measurement and modelling of the cochlea using rotating midmodiolar slice planes. Int J Comput Assist Radiol Surg 2016; 11:1855-69. [DOI: 10.1007/s11548-016-1374-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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