Predictive Value of Vestibular Evoked Myogenic Potentials in the Diagnosis of Menière's Disease and Vestibular Migraine

Proinflammatory Cytokine Profiles in Menière's Disease and Vestibular Migraine

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the levels of inflammatory cytokines and symptom survey scores in patients diagnosed with Menière's disease or vestibular migraine from a single center by a single neurotologist compared to control subjects with no history of dizziness or migraine.

STUDY DESIGN

Cross-sectional pilot study.

SETTING

Single-center tertiary referral center in Charleston, SC.

PATIENTS

Patients were recruited from the neurotology clinic at a tertiary referral center. Patients with definite Menière's disease or definite vestibular migraine as defined by the Barany consensus criteria were eligible. Control subjects presented to clinic without dizziness, vertigo, fluctuating hearing loss, or a history of migraine.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES

Questionnaire scores include DHI, SF-20, CFQ, PHQ-9, PSWQ, GAD-7, NVI, DCS, VM-PATHI, and MD-POSI. Circulating and in vitro levels of cytokines include ENA-78, GROα, IFN-α2a, IFN-γ, IL-10, IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-1RA, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, MCP-1, MCP-2, MDC, MIP-1α, MIP-1β, and TNF-α. Cytokine levels were compared with effect size analysis.

RESULTS

There were 20 Menière's disease, 20 vestibular migraine, and 10 control patients enrolled in this study. Episode frequencies ranged from three per week to two to five per year in the MD group and daily to 1 every 2 to 3 months in the VM group. When patient-derived PBMC samples were compared to vestibular migraine, TNF-α ( d = -0.427 [-0.879, 0.025]) and IFN-γ ( d = -0.818 [-1.313, -0.323]) were found to be higher in Menière's disease, whereas ENA-78 ( d = -0.652 [-1.361, 0.056]) was found to be lower. No differences were found when cytokines were measured following stimulation with LPS.

CONCLUSIONS

This pilot study suggests Menière's disease patients may have higher levels of TNF-α and IFN-γ and lower levels of ENA-78 than vestibular migraine patients when measured following in vitro release from patient-derived PBMC. Increased sample size, optimized blood draw timing, and more specific PBMC stimulation may help us further elucidate inflammatory pathways implicated in these disorders.

Assessment of Sacculocollic and Vestibulomasseteric Reflex Pathways in Individuals With Migraine and Vestibular Migraine

PURPOSE

The study's objective was to evaluate the functioning of sacculocollic and vestibulomasseteric reflex pathways in individuals with vestibular migraine and migraine.

METHOD

Seventy-five participants aged 18-50 years were selected for the study. Participants were divided into three groups. Group 1 consisted of 25 healthy individuals, Group 2 consisted of 25 migraine individuals, and Group 3 consisted of 25 individuals with vestibular migraine. Cervical vestibular-evoked myogenic potential (cVEMP) and masseter vestibular-evoked myogenic potential (mVEMP) were recorded using a 500-Hz tone burst stimulus presented at 125 dB peSPL for all participants.

RESULTS

The cVEMP test results showed a delayed p13 and n23 latency for both migraine and vestibular migraine individuals when compared to healthy individuals. Also, the amplitude of the p13-n23 peak was reduced compared to healthy individuals in both migraine and vestibular migraine. Similarly, the mVEMP test results showed a delayed p11 and n21 latency for both migraine and vestibular migraine individuals. No difference was observed in the amplitude of the p11-n21 peak complex between the three groups. Spearman's rho correlation revealed no significant (p > .05) correlation between cervical and masseter VEMP latency and amplitude parameters between healthy, migraine, and vestibular migraine individuals.

CONCLUSIONS

The results of the study are suggestive of the pathology of the sacullocollic and vestibulomasseteric reflex pathways in individuals with migraine and vestibular migraine. Individuals with migraine and vestibular migraine should undergo a detailed vestibular evaluation.

Item Level Psychometrics of the Dizziness Handicap Inventory in Vestibular Migraine and Meniere's Disease

OBJECTIVES

Evaluate the measurement properties of the Dizziness Handicap Inventory (DHI) using item response theory in patients diagnosed with vestibular migraine (VM) and Meniere's disease (MD).

DESIGN

One hundred twenty-five patients diagnosed with VM and 169 patients diagnosed with MD by a vestibular neurotologist according to the Bárány Society criteria in two tertiary multidisciplinary vestibular clinics and who completed the DHI at their initial visit, were included in the study. The DHI (total score and individual items) was analyzed using the Rasch Rating Scale model for patients in each subgroup, VM and MD, and as a whole group. The following categories were assessed: rating-scale structure, unidimensionality, item and person fit, item difficulty hierarchy, person-item match, and separation index, standard error of measurement, and minimal detectable change (MDC).

RESULTS

Patients were predominantly female (80% of the VM subgroup and 68% of the MD subgroup) with a mean age of 49.9 ± 16.5 years and 54.1 ± 14.2 years, respectively. The mean total DHI score for the VM group was 51.9 ± 22.3 and for the MD group was 48.5 ± 26.6 ( p > 0.05). While neither all items nor the separate constructs met all criteria for unidimensionality (i.e., items measuring a single construct), post hoc analysis showed that the all-item analysis supported a single construct. All analyses met the criterion for showing a sound rating scale and acceptable Cronbach's alpha (≥0.69). The all-item analysis showed the most precision, separating the samples into three to four significant strata. The separate-construct analyses (physical, emotional, and functional) showed the least precision, separated the samples into less than three significant strata. Regarding MDC, the MDC remained consistent across the analyses of the different samples; approximately 18 points for the full analyses and approximately 10 points for the separate construct (physical, emotional, and functional).

CONCLUSIONS

Our evaluation of the DHI using item response theory shows that the instrument is psychometrically sound and reliable. The all-item instrument fulfills criteria for essential unidimensionality but does seem to measure multiple latent constructs in patients with VM and MD, which has been reported in other balance and mobility instruments. The current subscales did not show acceptable psychometrics, which is in line with multiple recent studies favoring the use of the total score. The study also shows that the DHI is adaptable to episodic recurrent vestibulopathies. The total score shows better precision and separation of subjects in up to four strata compared to the separate construct that separate subjects into less than three strata. The measurement error smallest detectable change was found in our analysis to be 18 points, which means any change in the DHI of less than 18 points is not likely to be clinically significant. The minimal clinically important difference remains indeterminate.

Meniere's disease is a manifestation of migraine

PURPOSE OF REVIEW

To discuss the theory that Meniere's disease (MD) is a variation of otologic migraine rather than an isolated inner ear condition.

RECENT FINDINGS

In contrast to the approximately 12% of the general population suffering from migraine headaches, 51-60% of patients with MD experience migraine headaches. While pathognomonic for MD, endolymphatic hydrops has also been identified in patients with vestibular migraine. Treatment with the integrative neurosensory rehabilitation approach (diet and lifestyle changes, magnesium and riboflavin supplementation, and when needed, prophylactic medication) to treat the underlying migraine process has been highly effective in patients with MD.

SUMMARY

MD can be understood as a manifestation of migraine such that patients with MD can be effectively treated with migraine therapies.

Comparison of clinical characteristics and vestibular function test results in patients with vestibular migraine and Menière's disease

OBJECTIVES

The differentiation between Vestibular Migraine (VM) and Meniere's Disease (MD) is difficult because of overlapping symptoms. The study aimed to compare the clinical characteristics and vestibular function test results between VM and MD patients.

METHODS

Seventy-one patients with definite VM and 31 patients with definite unilateral MD were included. All patients received Caloric Test (CT), Video Head Impulse Test (vHIT) and Vestibular Evoked Myogenic Potential (VEMP) test within 7 days after visiting the hospital. Results of these tests were compared between groups.

RESULTS

Most VM patients (64.0%) experienced spontaneous internal vertigo, while most MD patients (66.7%) experienced spontaneous external vertigo. MD patients had more severe vestibular symptoms and autonomic responses compared to VM patients during attacks (p =  0.03, p = 0.00, respectively). The nystagmus intensity of CT-induced was greater in VM patients than in MD patients (p = 0.003). More VM patients had CT intolerance and Central Positional Nystagmus (CPN) compared to MD patients (p = 0.002, p = 0.006, respectively). More MD patients had CT(+) and vHIT saccades wave compared to VM patients (p < 0.001, p = 0.002, respectively). The non-elicitation rate of cervical VEMP was higher, and the ocular VEMP amplitudes were lower in MD patients than in VM patients (p = 0.002, p = 0.018).

CONCLUSIONS

Vestibular symptoms during attacks combined with the results of vestibular function tests may be used to differentiate between VM and MD. The diverse nature of vestibular symptoms (especially internal vertigo), history of motion sickness and CT intolerance may provide clues to the diagnosis of VM, whereas spontaneous external vertigo, CT(+) with vHIT(-), and the presence of saccades may provide clues to the diagnosis of MD.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 4

Vestibular test results in patients with vestibular migraine and Meniere's Disease

BACKGROUND

Vestibular migraine (VM) and Meniere's Disease (MD) are episodic vestibular disorders, sometimes difficult to differentiate from each other on clinical grounds.

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate vestibular test results of the two groups that may help in the differential diagnosis.

METHODS

Twenty-two patients with VM, 21 patients with definite MD and 21 healthy volunteers (HC) were studied. Pure tone hearing thresholds (PTHT), cervical vestibular evoked myogenic potentials (cVEMPs), video head impulse test (vHIT) and functional head impulse test (fHIT) were performed.

RESULTS

PTHT of the MD-affected ears were significantly higher than VM and HC groups (p < .001 for both) when cVEMP amplitudes were lower (p = .005 for HC), (p = .006 for VM). Lateral canal vHIT gain of the MD-affected ears were lower than VM patients (p = .003) and the HC (p < .001). The percentage of correctly identified optotypes (CA%) on fHIT was low for both patient groups when compared with the HC (p < .001).

CONCLUSION

In addition to hearing loss, low cVEMP amplitudes on the affected side with decreased gain on vHIT indicate disturbed saccular and lateral semicircular canal functions in MD patients differentiating them from VM. A functional deficit in gaze stabilization detected by fHIT is the only abnormality found in patients with VM.

Vestibular migraine or Meniere's disease: a diagnostic dilemma

Meniere's disease (MD) represents one of the vertigo disorders characterized by triad symptoms (recurrent vertigo, fluctuating hearing loss, tinnitus or ear fullness). The diagnosis of MD relies on the accurate and detailed taking of medical history, and the differentiation between MD and vestibular migraine (VM) is of critical importance from the perspective of the treatment efficacy. VM is a highly prevalent vertigo condition and its typical symptoms (headache, vestibular symptoms, cochlear symptoms) mimic those of MD. Furthermore, the misdiagnosis in MD and VM could lead to VM patients mistakenly receiving the traumatic treatment protocol designed for MD, and sustaining unnecessary damage to the inner ear. Fortunately, thanks to the advances in examination technologies, the barriers to their differentiation are being gradually removed. These advances enhance the diagnostic accuracy of vertigo diseases, especially VM and MD. This review focused on the differentiation of VM and MD, with an attempt to synthesize existing data on the relevant battery of differentiation diagnosis (covering core symptoms, auxiliary tests [audiometry, vestibular tests, endolymphatic hydrops tests]) and longitudinal follow-up. Since the two illnesses are overlapped in all aspects, no single test is sufficiently specific on its own, however, patterns containing all or at least some features boost specificity.

Functional and Molecular Markers for Hearing Loss and Vertigo Attacks in Meniere's Disease

Meniere's disease (MD) is one of the most complicated diseases in the otologic clinic. The complexity of MD is partially due to the multifactorial etiological mechanisms and the heterogenous symptoms, including episodic vertigo, hearing loss, aural fullness and tinnitus. As a result, the diagnosis of MD and differentiating MD from other diseases with similar symptoms, such as vestibular migraine (VM), is challenging. In addition, it is difficult to predict the progression of hearing loss and the frequency of vertigo attacks. Detailed studies have revealed that functional markers, such as pure tone audiometry (PTA), electrocochleography (ECochG), vestibular evoked myogenic potential (VEMP), caloric test, video head impulse test (vHIT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) could help to evaluate MD with different hearing levels and frequency of vertigo attacks. Investigations of molecular markers such as autoimmunity, inflammation, protein signatures, vasopressin and circadian clock genes in MD are still underway. This review will summarize these functional and molecular markers, address how these markers are associated with hearing loss and vertigo attacks in MD, and analyze the results of the markers between MD and VM.

Subjective Visual Vertical and Vestibular Evoked Myogenic Potential in Meniere's disease

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate otolith function by comparing the findings of the Subjective Visual Vertical, the cervical Vestibular Evoked Myogenic Potential and the ocular Vestibular Evoked Myogenic Potential tests in patients in the inter-crisis period of unilateral definite Meniere's disease.

METHODS

The sample consisted of an experimental group (n=22; 10 men and 12 women, mean age 47.32±12.82 years) with definite unilateral Meniere's disease and a control group (n=14; 5 men and 9 women, with a mean age of 41.64±13.45 years). They all underwent vestibular evaluation by means of Subjective Visual Vertical with the bucket method and, cervical and ocular Vestibular Evoked Myogenic Potential tests. The data were collected and subjected to statistical analysis.

RESULTS

The results of the comparison of the Subjective Visual Vertical, the cervical Vestibular Evoked Myogenic Potential, the ocular Vestibular Evoked Myogenic Potential and, the association of cervical Vestibular Evoked Myogenic Potential with the ocular Vestibular Evoked Myogenic Potential showed no significant difference, indicating concordance among the tests.

CONCLUSION

The identified abnormalities and the concordance between the combined proportion of the Subjective Visual Vertical, the cervical Vestibular Evoked Myogenic Potential and the ocular Vestibular Evoked Myogenic Potential findings indicate that the association of these three tests contributes to the identification of sustained and transient otolith dysfunction in the inter-crisis of unilateral definite Meniere's disease.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 2

Vestibular Migraine

PURPOSE OF REVIEW

To explore recent developments in vestibular migraine (VM).

RECENT FINDINGS

This review discusses the current diagnostic criteria for VM in the adult and pediatric populations, as proposed by the International Headache Society and Bárány Society. Recent VM studies confirm the prior findings and reveal new insights, including the wide range of vestibular symptoms, symptoms in the attack-free period, and triggers. Many patients experience persistent vestibular symptoms, even in the absence of acute attacks, which often significantly impact patients' quality of life. The syndrome of benign recurrent vertigo and its relationship to migraine, VM, and Meniere's disease is also discussed. There is a dearth of randomized controlled trials in VM treatment. Prospective and retrospective studies support the benefit of many migraine treatments are effective in VM, including neuromodulation, and calcitonin gene-related peptide monoclonal antibodies. VM affects almost 3% of the population, but remains under-diagnosed. Recent diagnostic criteria can help clinicians diagnose VM in adults and children.

[Characteristics of wideband tympanometry in patients with Ménière's disease based on neutral network]

Objective:To construct a prediction model for Ménière's disease based on neural network and evaluate its prediction ability. Methods:Sixty-four patients with Ménière's disease underwent gadolinium enhanced magnetic resonance imaging of inner ear which showed endolymphatic hydrops. Meanwhile, 40 healthy adults were enrolled as controls. The database of wideband tympanometry of patients and control subjects was analyzed, and the neural network model was established by MATLAB 2021a software. The prediction ability of the model was evaluated by accuracy, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, the Youden index, sensitivity, specificity, receiver operating characteristic curve and area under curve （AUC）. Results:A feedforward network model was built with a single hidden layer to predict Ménière's disease with wideband tympanometry. There were 104 features in the input layer, 13 neuron nodes in the hidden layer and 1 output neuron in the output layer. The accuracy of the model was 83.2%, the positive predictive value was 80.7%, the negative predictive value was 84.3%, the sensitivity was 76.5%, the specificity was 83.7%, the Youden index was 0.602, and the AUC was 0.855. Conclusion:Based on neural network, the prediction model of Ménière's disease with high accuracy was constructed according to the results of wideband tympanometry, which provided reference for the diagnose of Ménière's disease.

Exploring Vestibular Assessment in Patients with Headache and Dizziness

Patients often report symptoms of headache and dizziness concomitantly. Symptoms of dizziness can be explored with a comprehensive vestibular assessment, allowing for the investigation of central and peripheral vestibular system contributions to symptoms of dizziness. Patients who report both symptoms of headache and dizziness demonstrate abnormalities of the vestibular system which can be measured quantitatively. Completion of comprehensive vestibular testing can help to guide diagnosis and strategies for intervention.

Pathogenesis and Etiology of Ménière Disease: A Scoping Review of a Century of Evidence

Importance

Ménière disease is a rare chronic benign disorder of the inner ear with a natural history of multiple clinical phenotypes of variable severity and a tendency to burnout with time. Although multiple treatment modalities have been shown to improve the disease process-some adversely affecting cochleovestibular function-it remains uncertain whether one, several separate, or a combination of pathophysiologic mechanisms affect the disease process. A scoping review of the evidence underlying proposed pathophysiologic mechanisms of Ménière disease is needed to determine which processes are most likely to be etiopathogenic factors.

Observations

Of the 4602 relevant articles found through Embase, Ovid, and PubMed, 444 met inclusion criteria. The most common reported causes of Ménière disease were autoimmune or immune-mediated, genetic, or structural dysfunction of the inner ear. During the study period from inception to March 2021, etiologic theories shifted from structural dysfunction to autoimmune and genetic causes of Ménière disease.

Conclusions and Relevance

This scoping review found that Ménière disease is a multifactorial disease with lifelong comorbidities and loss of quality-associated life-years whose most commonly reported causes were structural dysfunction, immunologic damage, and genetic susceptibility. Recent studies have examined how autoinflammatory processes and vestibular migraine may be associated with Ménière disease. Large heterogeneity among studies may be explained by historical differences in the clinical understanding of the disease, as well as evolving intervention methodologies and practitioner expertise. Ménière disease is a multifactorial disease with lifelong comorbidities and loss of quality-associated life-years; therefore, future studies of reliable biomarkers of endolymphatic hydrops and real-time imaging are warranted to improve understanding and treatment.

Vestibular function testing in the 21st century: video head impulse test, vestibular evoked myogenic potential, video nystagmography; which tests will provide answers?

PURPOSE OF REVIEW

To most neurologists, assessing the patient with vertigo is an unpleasant and worrisome task. A structured history and focused examination can be complemented by carefully selected laboratory tests, to reach an early and accurate diagnosis. We provide evidence-based recommendations for vestibular test selection.

RECENT FINDINGS

The video head impulse test (vHIT), cervical and ocular vestibular evoked myogenic potential (VEMP) and home-video nystagmography are four modern, noninvasive methods of assessing vestibular function, which are equally applicable in the hospital and office-practice. Collectively, they enable assessment of all five vestibular end-organs. The prevalence and patterns of test abnormalities are distinct for each vestibular disorder. We summarize typical abnormalities encountered in four common vestibular syndromes.

SUMMARY

In the context of acute vestibular syndrome, an abnormal vHIT with low gain and large amplitude refixation saccades and an asymmetric oVEMP separates innocuous vestibular neuritis from stroke. In episodic spontaneous vertigo, high-velocity ictal nystagmus and asymmetric cVEMP help separate Ménière's disease from vestibular migraine. In chronic imbalance, all three tests help detect unilateral or bilateral vestibular loss as the root cause. Recurrent positional vertigo requires no laboratory test and can be diagnosed and treated at the bedside, guided by video nystagmography.

Care Gaps and Recommendations in Vestibular Migraine: An Expert Panel Summit

Vestibular migraine (VM) is an increasingly recognized pathology yet remains as an underdiagnosed cause of vestibular disorders. While current diagnostic criteria are codified in the 2012 Barany Society document and included in the third edition of the international classification of headache disorders, the pathophysiology of this disorder is still elusive. The Association for Migraine Disorders hosted a multidisciplinary, international expert workshop in October 2020 and identified seven current care gaps that the scientific community needs to resolve, including a better understanding of the range of symptoms and phenotypes of VM, the lack of a diagnostic marker, a better understanding of pathophysiologic mechanisms, as well as the lack of clear recommendations for interventions (nonpharmacologic and pharmacologic) and finally, the need for specific outcome measures that will guide clinicians as well as research into the efficacy of interventions. The expert group issued several recommendations to address those areas including establishing a global VM registry, creating an improved diagnostic algorithm using available vestibular tests as well as others that are in development, conducting appropriate trials of high quality to validate current clinically available treatment and fostering collaborative efforts to elucidate the pathophysiologic mechanisms underlying VM, specifically the role of the trigemino-vascular pathways.

Do we need to reconsider the classification of vestibular migraine?

Introduction: Vestibular migraine (VM) is a complex disease characterized by recurrent episodes of migraine associated with vertigo attacks that are observed in 1-3% of the general population. Given its high prevalence and the impact on the health system, it is important to characterize these patients, in order to offer an accurate diagnosis and a proper treatment. As the diagnosis of VM is based on clinical features, the study of potential biomarkers has gained more interest in the last years, to improve the precision in the diagnosis of this disease. The aim of this review is to summarize the main tests available for the diagnosis of VM, including the accuracy of biomarkers for the diagnosis of VM.Areas covered: This review summarizes the main information on VM, including all diagnosis records published in the field in the last 10 years, and focusing on candidate biomarkers for the diagnosis of VM patients.Expert opinion: There is a limited knowledge in the pathophysiology of VM. The search of biomarkers for diagnosis of VM is needed to improve the precision in the diagnosis promoting clinical and translational research. The potential reclassification of VM will depend upon the discovery and validation of these biomarkers.

Endolymphatic Hydrops in Patients With Vestibular Migraine and Concurrent Meniere's Disease

Objective: Intravenous contrast agent enhanced, high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging of the inner ear (iMRI) confirmed that patients with Menière's disease (MD) and vestibular migraine (VM) could present with endolymphatic hydrops (EH). The present study aimed to investigate EH characteristics and their interrelation to neurotologic testing in patients with VM, MD, or VM with concurrent MD (VM-MD).

Methods: Sixty–two patients (45 females, aged 23–81 years) with definite or probable VM (n = 25, 19 definite), MD (n = 29, 17 definite), or showing characteristics of both diseases (n = 8) were included in this study. Diagnostic workup included neurotologic assessments including video-oculography (VOG) during caloric stimulation and head-impulse test (HIT), ocular and cervical vestibular evoked myogenic potentials (o/cVEMP), pure tone audiometry (PTA), as well as iMRI. EH's degree was assessed visually and via volumetric quantification using a probabilistic atlas-based segmentation of the bony labyrinth and volumetric local thresholding (VOLT).

Results: Although a relevant number of VM patients reported varying auditory symptoms (13 of 25, 52.0%), EH in VM was only observed twice. In contrast, EH in VM-MD was prevalent (2/8, 25%) and in MD frequent [23/29, 79.3%; χ²(2) = 29.1, p < 0.001, φ = 0.7]. Location and laterality of EH and neurophysiological testing classifications were highly associated (Fisher exact test, p < 0.005). In MD, visual semi-quantitative grading and volumetric quantification correlated highly to each other (r_S = 0.8, p < 0.005, two-sided) and to side differences in VOG during caloric irrigation (vestibular EH ipsilateral: r_S = 0.6, p < 0.05, two-sided). In VM, correlations were less pronounced. VM-MD assumed an intermediate position between VM and MD.

Conclusion: Cochlear and vestibular hydrops can occur in MD and VM patients with auditory symptoms; this suggests inner ear damage irrespective of the diagnosis of MD or VM. The EH grades often correlated with auditory symptoms such as hearing impairment and tinnitus. Further research is required to uncover whether migraine is one causative factor of EH or whether EH in VM patients with auditory symptoms suggests an additional pathology due to MD.

Diagnosing vestibular hypofunction: an update

Unilateral or bilateral vestibular hypofunction presents most commonly with symptoms of dizziness or postural imbalance and affects a large population. However, it is often missed because no quantitative testing of vestibular function is performed, or misdiagnosed due to a lack of standardization of vestibular testing. Therefore, this article reviews the current status of the most frequently used vestibular tests for canal and otolith function. This information can also be used to reach a consensus about the systematic diagnosis of vestibular hypofunction.