1
|
Temporal Bone Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Molecular Markers Involved in Carcinogenesis, Behavior, and Prognosis: A Systematic Review. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23094536. [PMID: 35562926 PMCID: PMC9100168 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 04/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Temporal bone squamous cell carcinoma (TBSCC) is an uncommon malignancy with a poor prognosis in advanced cases. The dismal outcome of advanced TBSSC cases is largely due to the cancer’s local aggressiveness and the complex anatomy of this region, as well as to persistent pitfalls in diagnosis and treatment. Molecular changes occur in malignancies before any morphological changes become visible, and are responsible for the disease’s clinical behavior. The main purpose of this critical systematic review is to assess the level of knowledge on the molecular markers involved in the biology, behavior, and prognosis of TBSCC. A search (updated to March 2022) was run in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science electronic databases without publication date limits for studies investigating molecular markers in cohorts of patients with primary TBSCC. The search terms used were: “temporal bone” OR “external auditory canal” OR “ear”, AND “cancer” OR “carcinoma” OR “malignancy”. We preliminarily decided not to consider series with less than five cases. Twenty-four case series of TBSCC were found in which different analytical techniques had been used to study the role of several biomarkers. In conclusion, only very limited information on the prognostic role of molecular markers in TBSCC are currently available; prospective, multi-institutional, international prognostic studies should be planned to identify the molecular markers involved in the clinical behavior and prognosis of TBSCC. A further, more ambitious goal would be to find targets for therapeutic agents able to improve disease-specific survival in patients with advanced TBSCC.
Collapse
|
2
|
Lovin BD, Gidley PW. Squamous cell carcinoma of the temporal bone: A current review. Laryngoscope Investig Otolaryngol 2019; 4:684-692. [PMID: 31890889 PMCID: PMC6929568 DOI: 10.1002/lio2.330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The rarity of temporal bone squamous cell carcinoma (TBSCC) precludes a clear understanding of the disease and approach to its management. This review provides general background on the disease and discusses the current and emerging oncologic and rehabilitative management options. DATA SOURCES PubMed literature review. METHODS A review of the current literature was conducted to assess and collate up-to-date information regarding TBSCC management. RESULTS TBSCC is a rare and aggressive disease arising in the ear canal, temporal bone, or extratemporal sites. Prior radiation, chronic ear disease, or habitual ear picking may contribute to primary disease development. Because the symptoms of TBSCC and benign otologic disease are similar, TBSCC diagnosis may be delayed, allowing the tumor time to spread throughout the anatomically intricate temporal bone. The extent of the disease is determined based on imaging and is usually staged with the Pittsburgh Staging System. Temporal bone resection with parotidectomy and neck dissection is the current standard of care. Survival is generally good for early disease and poor for advanced disease, but chemotherapy is emerging as a promising treatment option. Auditory rehabilitation with osseointegrated hearing aids is recommended at initial oncologic resection. CONCLUSIONS The knowledge of and outcomes for TBSCC have improved with time, but because of the aggressive nature of the disease and the anatomic intricacy of the temporal bone, TBSCC treatment is complex and should be delivered by a multidisciplinary team. Inter-institutional collaboration may accelerate research for this rare disease. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 5.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin D. Lovin
- Bobby R. Alford Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck SurgeryBaylor College of MedicineHoustonTexas
| | - Paul W. Gidley
- Department of Head and Neck SurgeryThe University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonTexas
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Marioni G, Cappellesso R, Ottaviano G, Fasanaro E, Marchese-Ragona R, Favaretto N, Giacomelli L, Guzzardo V, Martini A, Fassina A, Blandamura S. Nuclear nonmetastatic protein 23-H1 expression and epithelial-mesenchymal transition in laryngeal carcinoma: A pilot investigation. Head Neck 2018; 40:2020-2028. [DOI: 10.1002/hed.25188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2017] [Revised: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Gino Marioni
- Department of Neuroscience DNS, Otolaryngology Section; University of Padova; Padova Italy
| | | | - Giancarlo Ottaviano
- Department of Neuroscience DNS, Otolaryngology Section; University of Padova; Padova Italy
| | - Elena Fasanaro
- Department of Radiotherapy; Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV-IRCCS; Padova Italy
| | | | - Niccolò Favaretto
- Department of Neuroscience DNS, Otolaryngology Section; University of Padova; Padova Italy
| | | | | | - Alessandro Martini
- Department of Neuroscience DNS, Otolaryngology Section; University of Padova; Padova Italy
| | - Ambrogio Fassina
- Department of Medicine DIMED; University of Padova; Padova Italy
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zanoletti E, Marioni G, Franchella S, Munari S, Pareschi R, Mazzoni A, Martini A. Temporal bone carcinoma: Classical prognostic variables revisited and modern clinico-pathological evidence. Rep Pract Oncol Radiother 2016; 21:386-90. [PMID: 27330424 PMCID: PMC4899418 DOI: 10.1016/j.rpor.2015.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Revised: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Prognostic factors, rational management, and the ongoing investigations regarding temporal bone squamous cell carcinoma (TBSCC) have been critically reviewed. BACKGROUND TBSCC is an uncommon, aggressive malignancy. Although some progress has been made in treating this aggressive tumor, the prognosis in advanced cases remains poor. MATERIALS AND METHODS A systematic search of the literature for articles published between 2009 and October 2014 was performed using the PubMed (http://www.pubmed.gov) electronic database. RESULTS Given the particular anatomical site of TBSCC, its prognosis is significantly influenced by any direct involvement of nearby structures. The extent of the primary tumor is generally considered one of the most important prognostic factors and it is frequently related to prognosis even more strongly than N stage. For TBSCC, biomarker investigations in surgical specimens are only just beginning to appear in the oncological literature. CONCLUSION Given the particular features of TBSCC, the sub-specialty of otologic oncology seems to be emerging as a defined area of practice involving multidisciplinary team comprising oto-neurosurgeons, head and neck surgeons, plastic surgeons, oncologists, radiotherapists, dedicated radiologists, and pathologists.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Zanoletti
- Department of Neurosciences, Otolaryngology Section, Padova University, Padova, Italy
| | - Gino Marioni
- Department of Neurosciences, Otolaryngology Section, Padova University, Padova, Italy
| | - Sebastiano Franchella
- Department of Neurosciences, Otolaryngology Section, Padova University, Padova, Italy
| | - Sara Munari
- Department of Neurosciences, Otolaryngology Section, Padova University, Padova, Italy
| | | | - Antonio Mazzoni
- Department of Neurosciences, Otolaryngology Section, Padova University, Padova, Italy
| | - Alessandro Martini
- Department of Neurosciences, Otolaryngology Section, Padova University, Padova, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Marioni G, Martini A, Favaretto N, Franchella S, Cappellesso R, Marino F, Blandamura S, Mazzoni A, Zanoletti E. Temporal bone carcinoma: a first glance beyond the conventional clinical and pathological prognostic factors. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2015; 273:2903-10. [PMID: 26518208 DOI: 10.1007/s00405-015-3811-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Temporal bone squamous cell carcinoma (TBSCC) is an uncommon, aggressive malignancy with a poor prognosis in advanced cases. The dismal outcome is partially related to: the lack of reliable clinical or pathological prognostic factors and the largely unstandardized surgical and integrated treatments adopted. There is an undeniable need for novel diagnostic/therapeutic strategies to improve the prognosis. The purpose of this critical review was to explore the level of available knowledge concerning the molecular markers involved in the biology of TBSCC that have a prognostic potential. The Pub-Med and Scopus electronic databases were searched without publication date limits for studies investigating molecular markers in cohorts of patients with primary TBSCC. The search terms used were: "temporal bone cancer", "temporal bone carcinoma", "temporal bone malignancy", "ear cancer", "ear carcinoma", and "ear malignancy". We decided preliminarily not to consider series with less than five cases. Nine retrospective case series of TBSCC were found in which different analytical techniques had been used to study the role of several biomarkers (HPV, vimentin, transforming growth factor β, CD105, RECK, matrix metalloproteinase-9, MASPIN, EBV, p16, TP53 mutation, pSTAT3, relaxin-2). CD105 expression (in tumor vessel endothelial cells) and MASPIN cytoplasmic expression (in carcinoma cells) were, respectively, found directly and inversely related with the neoplasm's recurrence rate. CD105 expression was also inversely related with disease-free survival in TBSCC. A future goal of such analyses should be to ascertain the radio- and chemo-sensitivity profiles of individual TBSCCs, enabling truly personalized therapies. A further, more ambitious goal will be to find targets for therapeutic agents that might prove crucial in improving the disease-specific survival for patients with advanced TBSCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gino Marioni
- Otolaryngology Section, Department of Neurosciences DNS, Padova University, Via Giustiniani 2, 35128, Padova, Italy.
| | - Alessandro Martini
- Otolaryngology Section, Department of Neurosciences DNS, Padova University, Via Giustiniani 2, 35128, Padova, Italy
| | - Niccolò Favaretto
- Otolaryngology Section, Department of Neurosciences DNS, Padova University, Via Giustiniani 2, 35128, Padova, Italy
| | - Sebastiano Franchella
- Otolaryngology Section, Department of Neurosciences DNS, Padova University, Via Giustiniani 2, 35128, Padova, Italy
| | | | - Filippo Marino
- Department of Medicine DIMED, Padova University, Padova, Italy
| | | | - Antonio Mazzoni
- Otolaryngology Section, Department of Neurosciences DNS, Padova University, Via Giustiniani 2, 35128, Padova, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Zanoletti
- Otolaryngology Section, Department of Neurosciences DNS, Padova University, Via Giustiniani 2, 35128, Padova, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Prognostic Significance of Serine-Phosphorylated STAT3 Expression in pT1-T2 Oral Tongue Carcinoma. Clin Exp Otorhinolaryngol 2015; 8:275-80. [PMID: 26330924 PMCID: PMC4553360 DOI: 10.3342/ceo.2015.8.3.275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Revised: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Phosphorylated (activated) STAT3 (pSTAT3) is a regulator of numerous genes that play an essential part in the onset, development and progression of cancer; it is involved in cell proliferation and preventing apoptosis, and in invasion, angiogenesis, and the evasion of immune surveillance. This study aimed mainly to investigate the potential prognostic role of pSTAT3 expression in oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Methods Phospho-ser727 STAT3 immunolabeling was correlated with prognostic parameters in 34 consecutive cases of pT1-T2 tongue SCCs undergoing primary surgery. Computer-based image analysis was used for the immunohistochemical reactions analysis. Results Statistical analysis showed a difference in disease-free survival (DFS) when patients were stratified by pN status (P=0.031). Most tumors had variable degrees (mean±SD, 80.7%±23.8%) of intense nuclear immunoreaction to pSTAT3. Our findings rule out any significant association of serine-phosphorylated nuclear STAT3 expression with tumor stage, grade, lymph node metastasis, recurrence rate, or DFS. Conclusion In spite of these results, it is worth further investigating the role of pSTAT3 (serine- and tyrosine-pSTAT3) in oral tongue SCC in larger series because preclinical models are increasingly showing that several anticancer strategies would benefit from STAT3 phosphorylation inhibition.
Collapse
|
7
|
Lumican is overexpressed in lung adenocarcinoma pleural effusions. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0126458. [PMID: 25961303 PMCID: PMC4427354 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0126458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 04/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenocarcinoma (AdC) is the most common lung cancer subtype and is often associated with pleural effusion (PE). Its poor prognosis is attributable to diagnostic delay and lack of effective treatments and there is a pressing need in discovering new biomarkers for early diagnosis or targeted therapies. To date, little is known about lung AdC proteome. We investigated protein expression of lung AdC in PE using the isobaric Tags for Relative and Absolute Quantification (iTRAQ) approach to identify possible novel diagnostic/prognostic biomarkers. This provided the identification of 109 of lung AdC-related proteins. We further analyzed lumican, one of the overexpressed proteins, in 88 resected lung AdCs and in 23 malignant PE cell-blocks (13 lung AdCs and 10 non-lung cancers) using immunohistochemistry. In AdC surgical samples, lumican expression was low in cancer cells, whereas it was strong and diffuse in the stroma surrounding the tumor. However, lumican expression was not associated with tumor grade, stage, and vascular/pleural invasion. None of the lung cancer cell-blocks showed lumican immunoreaction, whereas those of all the other tumors were strongly positive. Finally, immunoblotting analysis showed lumican expression in both cell lysate and conditioned medium of a fibroblast culture but not in those of A549 lung cancer cell line. PE is a valid source of information for proteomic analysis without many of the restrictions of plasma. The high lumican levels characterizing AdC PEs are probably due to its release by the fibroblasts surrounding the tumor. Despite the role of lumican in lung AdC is still elusive, it could be of diagnostic value.
Collapse
|
8
|
Cappellesso R, Marioni G, Crescenzi M, Giacomelli L, Guzzardo V, Mussato A, Staffieri A, Martini A, Blandamura S, Fassina A. The prognostic role of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition markers E-cadherin and Slug in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma. Histopathology 2015; 67:491-500. [DOI: 10.1111/his.12668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rocco Cappellesso
- Surgical Pathology and Cytopathology Unit; Department of Medicine; University of Padova; Padova Italy
| | - Gino Marioni
- Otolaryngology Section; Department of Neurosciences; University of Padova; Padova Italy
| | - Marika Crescenzi
- Radiotherapy Unit; Istituto Oncologico Veneto IOV; IRCCS; Padova Italy
| | - Luciano Giacomelli
- Surgical Pathology and Cytopathology Unit; Department of Medicine; University of Padova; Padova Italy
| | - Vincenza Guzzardo
- Surgical Pathology and Cytopathology Unit; Department of Medicine; University of Padova; Padova Italy
| | - Alessio Mussato
- Surgical Pathology and Cytopathology Unit; Department of Medicine; University of Padova; Padova Italy
| | - Alberto Staffieri
- Otolaryngology Section; Department of Neurosciences; University of Padova; Padova Italy
| | - Alessandro Martini
- Otolaryngology Section; Department of Neurosciences; University of Padova; Padova Italy
| | - Stella Blandamura
- Surgical Pathology and Cytopathology Unit; Department of Medicine; University of Padova; Padova Italy
| | - Ambrogio Fassina
- Surgical Pathology and Cytopathology Unit; Department of Medicine; University of Padova; Padova Italy
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Marioni G, Zanoletti E, Lovato A, Franchella S, Giacomelli L, Gianatti A, Mazzoni A, Blandamura S, Martini A. Relaxin-2 expression in temporal bone carcinoma. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2014; 272:3225-32. [PMID: 25388992 DOI: 10.1007/s00405-014-3383-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Temporal bone squamous cell carcinoma (TBSCC) is an uncommon, aggressive malignancy with a significant local recurrence rate even in patients with postoperative pathology reports of free surgical margins. This raises the question of how "free" negative margins should be to be oncologically safe, especially in bone tissue. A potential role for relaxin-2 hormone in tumor-driven osteolysis has recently been reported. The aim of this study was to assess the prognostic role of relaxin-2 expression in TBSCC tissue specimens and pathologically negative bone margins. Relaxin-2 immunohistochemical expression was assessed in 25 consecutively operated TBSCC patients. Several pathological variables correlated with recurrence rate (pT stage, dura mater involvement), disease-free survival (DFS) (pT stage, pN status, grade, and dura mater involvement), and disease-specific survival (DSS) (pT stage, pN status, grade, and dura mater involvement). The recurrence rate, DFS, and DSS did not correlate with relaxin-2 expression in TBSCC specimens or pathologically negative bone margins. Although local recurrence in TBSCC could relate to neoplastic bone invasion not apparent on conventional pathological investigations, the present preliminary findings seem to rule out any role of relaxin-2 in mediating this local aggressiveness. Molecular mechanisms of TBSCC recurrence after curative treatment should be further investigated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gino Marioni
- Department of Neurosciences, Otolaryngology Section, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani 2, 35128, Padova, Italy.
| | - Elisabetta Zanoletti
- Department of Neurosciences, Otolaryngology Section, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani 2, 35128, Padova, Italy
| | - Andrea Lovato
- Department of Neurosciences, Otolaryngology Section, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani 2, 35128, Padova, Italy
| | - Sebastiano Franchella
- Department of Neurosciences, Otolaryngology Section, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani 2, 35128, Padova, Italy
| | | | - Andrea Gianatti
- Anatomic Pathology Unit, Ospedali Riuniti Bergamo, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Antonio Mazzoni
- Department of Neurosciences, Otolaryngology Section, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani 2, 35128, Padova, Italy
| | | | - Alessandro Martini
- Department of Neurosciences, Otolaryngology Section, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani 2, 35128, Padova, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Atallah I, Karkas A, Righini CA, Lantuejoul S, Schmerber S. Rare case study of a primary carcinoma of the petrous bone and a brief literature review. Head Neck 2014; 37:E45-8. [PMID: 24986131 DOI: 10.1002/hed.23819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Revised: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 06/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Temporal bone carcinoma is an aggressive tumor with multiple unconfirmed risk factors. METHODS AND RESULTS Herein, we present a rare case of a primary petrous bone carcinoma in a female patient (65 years old) with an irrelevant medical history. She presented a postauricular swelling that revealed a multilocular osteolytic cystic lesion of the mastoid portion of the temporal bone on the CT scan. The patient underwent resection of the lesion and pathological analysis revealed moderately to well-differentiated squamous cell carcinoma. Postoperative radiotherapy was carried out. Until the present time, the patient shows complete remission on regular clinical and radiological follow-up. CONCLUSION Although no widely accepted strategy for managing temporal bone tumors exists, a review of the literature showed that surgery with or without radiotherapy is the treatment of choice. Preoperative assessment and accurate staging are vital in ensuring that the treatment is adequate for each disease stage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ihab Atallah
- Department of Otolaryngology, Grenoble University Hospital, Grenoble Cedex, France; Joseph Fourrier University, Grenoble, France
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Lionello M, Stritoni P, Facciolo M, Staffieri A, Martini A, Mazzoni A, Zanoletti E, Marioni G. Temporal bone carcinoma. Current diagnostic, therapeutic, and prognostic concepts. J Surg Oncol 2014; 110:383-92. [DOI: 10.1002/jso.23660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Lionello
- Department of Neurosciences; Otolaryngology Section; University of Padova; Padova Italy
| | - P. Stritoni
- Department of Neurosciences; Otosurgery Unit, Padova Hospital; Padova Italy
- Visiting Doctor at Department of Surgery; Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center; New York New York, USA
| | - M.C. Facciolo
- Department of Neurosciences; Otolaryngology Section; University of Padova; Padova Italy
| | - A. Staffieri
- Department of Neurosciences; Otolaryngology Section; University of Padova; Padova Italy
| | - A. Martini
- Department of Neurosciences; Otosurgery Unit, Padova Hospital; Padova Italy
| | - A. Mazzoni
- Department of Neurosciences; Otosurgery Unit, Padova Hospital; Padova Italy
| | - E. Zanoletti
- Department of Neurosciences; Otosurgery Unit, Padova Hospital; Padova Italy
| | - G. Marioni
- Department of Neurosciences; Otolaryngology Section; University of Padova; Padova Italy
| |
Collapse
|