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Calzuola ST, Newman G, Feaugas T, Perrault CM, Blondé JB, Roy E, Porrini C, Stojanovic GM, Vidic J. Membrane-based microfluidic systems for medical and biological applications. LAB ON A CHIP 2024. [PMID: 38954466 DOI: 10.1039/d4lc00251b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
Microfluidic devices with integrated membranes that enable control of mass transport in constrained environments have shown considerable growth over the last decade. Membranes are a key component in several industrial processes such as chemical, pharmaceutical, biotechnological, food, and metallurgy separation processes as well as waste management applications, allowing for modular and compact systems. Moreover, the miniaturization of a process through microfluidic devices leads to process intensification together with reagents, waste and cost reduction, and energy and space savings. The combination of membrane technology and microfluidic devices allows therefore magnification of their respective advantages, providing more valuable solutions not only for industrial processes but also for reproducing biological processes. This review focuses on membrane-based microfluidic devices for biomedical science with an emphasis on microfluidic artificial organs and organs-on-chip. We provide the basic concepts of membrane technology and the laws governing mass transport. The role of the membrane in biomedical microfluidic devices, along with the required properties, available materials, and current challenges are summarized. We believe that the present review may be a starting point and a resource for researchers who aim to replicate a biological phenomenon on-chip by applying membrane technology, for moving forward the biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Tea Calzuola
- UMR7646 Laboratoire d'hydrodynamique (LadHyX), Ecole Polytechnique, Palaiseau, France.
- Eden Tech, Paris, France
| | - Gwenyth Newman
- Eden Tech, Paris, France
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Thomas Feaugas
- Eden Tech, Paris, France
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | - Goran M Stojanovic
- Faculty of Technical Sciences, University of Novi Sad, T. D. Obradovića 6, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Jasmina Vidic
- Micalis Institute, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
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Roberts TR, Persello A, Harea GT, Vedula EM, Isenberg BC, Zang Y, Santos J, Borenstein JT, Batchinsky AI. First 24-Hour-Long Intensive Care Unit Testing of a Clinical-Scale Microfluidic Oxygenator in Swine: A Safety and Feasibility Study. ASAIO J 2024; 70:535-544. [PMID: 38165978 DOI: 10.1097/mat.0000000000002127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Microfluidic membrane oxygenators are designed to mimic branching vasculature of the native lung during extracorporeal lung support. To date, scaling of such devices to achieve clinically relevant blood flow and lung support has been a limitation. We evaluated a novel multilayer microfluidic blood oxygenator (BLOx) capable of supporting 750-800 ml/min blood flow versus a standard hollow fiber membrane oxygenator (HFMO) in vivo during veno-venous extracorporeal life support for 24 hours in anesthetized, mechanically ventilated uninjured swine (n = 3/group). The objective was to assess feasibility, safety, and biocompatibility. Circuits remained patent and operated with stable pressures throughout 24 hours. No group differences in vital signs or evidence of end-organ damage occurred. No change in plasma free hemoglobin and von Willebrand factor multimer size distribution were observed. Platelet count decreased in BLOx at 6 hours (37% dec, P = 0.03), but not in HFMO; however, thrombin generation potential was elevated in HFMO (596 ± 81 nM·min) versus BLOx (323 ± 39 nM·min) at 24 hours ( P = 0.04). Other coagulation and inflammatory mediator results were unremarkable. BLOx required higher mechanical ventilator settings and showed lower gas transfer efficiency versus HFMO, but the stable device performance indicates that this technology is ready for further performance scaling and testing in lung injury models and during longer use conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teryn R Roberts
- From the Autonomous Reanimation and Evacuation Research Program, The Geneva Foundation, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Antoine Persello
- From the Autonomous Reanimation and Evacuation Research Program, The Geneva Foundation, San Antonio, Texas
| | - George T Harea
- From the Autonomous Reanimation and Evacuation Research Program, The Geneva Foundation, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Else M Vedula
- Bioengineering Division, Draper, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | | | - Yanyi Zang
- From the Autonomous Reanimation and Evacuation Research Program, The Geneva Foundation, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Jose Santos
- Bioengineering Division, Draper, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | | | - Andriy I Batchinsky
- From the Autonomous Reanimation and Evacuation Research Program, The Geneva Foundation, San Antonio, Texas
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Setty AA, Chiang TY, Santos JA, Isenberg BC, Vedula EM, Keating RA, Sutherland DW, Borenstein JT. Toward microfluidic integration of respiratory and renal organ support in a single cartridge. Artif Organs 2023; 47:1442-1451. [PMID: 37376726 DOI: 10.1111/aor.14603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extracorporeal organ assist devices provide lifesaving functions for acutely and chronically ill patients suffering from respiratory and renal failure, but their availability and use is severely limited by an extremely high level of operational complexity. While current hollow fiber-based devices provide high-efficiency blood gas transfer and waste removal in extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) and hemodialysis, respectively, their impact on blood health is often highly deleterious and difficult to control. Further challenges are encountered when integrating multiple organ support functions, as is often required when ECMO and ultrafiltration (UF) are combined to deal with fluid overload in critically ill patients, necessitating an unwieldy circuit containing two separate cartridges. METHODS We report the first laboratory demonstration of simultaneous blood gas oxygenation and fluid removal in single microfluidic circuit, an achievement enabled by the microchannel-based blood flow configuration of the device. Porcine blood is flowed through a stack of two microfluidic layers, one with a non-porous, gas-permeable silicone membrane separating blood and oxygen chambers, and the other containing a porous dialysis membrane separating blood and filtrate compartments. RESULTS High levels of oxygen transfer are measured across the oxygenator, while tunable rates of fluid removal, governed by the transmembrane pressure (TMP), are achieved across the UF layer. Key parameters including the blood flow rate, TMP and hematocrit are monitored and compared with computationally predicted performance metrics. CONCLUSIONS These results represent a model demonstration of a potential future clinical therapy where respiratory support and fluid removal are both realized through a single monolithic cartridge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aakash A Setty
- Bioengineering Division, Draper, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Tzu Y Chiang
- Bioengineering Division, Draper, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jose A Santos
- Bioengineering Division, Draper, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Else M Vedula
- Bioengineering Division, Draper, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Rose A Keating
- Bioengineering Division, Draper, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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Isenberg BC, Vedula EM, Santos J, Lewis DJ, Roberts TR, Harea G, Sutherland D, Landis B, Blumenstiel S, Urban J, Lang D, Teece B, Lai W, Keating R, Chiang D, Batchinsky AI, Borenstein JT. A Clinical-Scale Microfluidic Respiratory Assist Device with 3D Branching Vascular Networks. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2207455. [PMID: 37092588 PMCID: PMC10288269 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202207455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Recent global events such as COVID-19 pandemic amid rising rates of chronic lung diseases highlight the need for safer, simpler, and more available treatments for respiratory failure, with increasing interest in extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). A key factor limiting use of this technology is the complexity of the blood circuit, resulting in clotting and bleeding and necessitating treatment in specialized care centers. Microfluidic oxygenators represent a promising potential solution, but have not reached the scale or performance required for comparison with conventional hollow fiber membrane oxygenators (HFMOs). Here the development and demonstration of the first microfluidic respiratory assist device at a clinical scale is reported, demonstrating efficient oxygen transfer at blood flow rates of 750 mL min⁻1 , the highest ever reported for a microfluidic device. The central innovation of this technology is a fully 3D branching network of blood channels mimicking key features of the physiological microcirculation by avoiding anomalous blood flows that lead to thrombus formation and blood damage in conventional oxygenators. Low, stable blood pressure drop, low hemolysis, and consistent oxygen transfer, in 24-hour pilot large animal experiments are demonstrated - a key step toward translation of this technology to the clinic for treatment of a range of lung diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jose Santos
- Bioengineering DivisionDraperCambridgeMA02139USA
| | | | - Teryn R. Roberts
- Autonomous Reanimation and Evacuation (AREVA) Research ProgramThe Geneva FoundationSan AntonioTX78234USA
| | - George Harea
- Autonomous Reanimation and Evacuation (AREVA) Research ProgramThe Geneva FoundationSan AntonioTX78234USA
| | | | - Beau Landis
- Bioengineering DivisionDraperCambridgeMA02139USA
| | | | - Joseph Urban
- Bioengineering DivisionDraperCambridgeMA02139USA
| | - Daniel Lang
- Bioengineering DivisionDraperCambridgeMA02139USA
| | - Bryan Teece
- Bioengineering DivisionDraperCambridgeMA02139USA
| | - WeiXuan Lai
- Bioengineering DivisionDraperCambridgeMA02139USA
| | - Rose Keating
- Bioengineering DivisionDraperCambridgeMA02139USA
| | - Diana Chiang
- Bioengineering DivisionDraperCambridgeMA02139USA
| | - Andriy I. Batchinsky
- Autonomous Reanimation and Evacuation (AREVA) Research ProgramThe Geneva FoundationSan AntonioTX78234USA
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A Parametric Analysis of Capillary Height in Single-Layer, Small-Scale Microfluidic Artificial Lungs. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:mi13060822. [PMID: 35744436 PMCID: PMC9229210 DOI: 10.3390/mi13060822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidic artificial lungs (μALs) are being investigated for their ability to closely mimic the size scale and cellular environment of natural lungs. Researchers have developed μALs with small artificial capillary diameters (10–50 µm; to increase gas exchange efficiency) and with large capillary diameters (~100 µm; to simplify design and construction). However, no study has directly investigated the impact of capillary height on μAL properties. Here, we use Murray’s law and the Hagen-Poiseuille equation to design single-layer, small-scale μALs with capillary heights between 10 and 100 µm. Each µAL contained two blood channel types: capillaries for gas exchange; and distribution channels for delivering blood to/from capillaries. Three designs with capillary heights of 30, 60, and 100 µm were chosen for further modeling, implementation and testing with blood. Flow simulations were used to validate and ensure equal pressures. Designs were fabricated using soft lithography. Gas exchange and pressure drop were tested using whole bovine blood. All three designs exhibited similar pressure drops and gas exchange; however, the μAL with 60 µm tall capillaries had a significantly higher wall shear rate (although physiologic), smaller priming volume and smaller total blood contacting surface area than the 30 and 100 µm designs. Future μAL designs may need to consider the impact of capillary height when optimizing performance.
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Astor TL, Borenstein JT. The microfluidic artificial lung: Mimicking nature's blood path design to solve the biocompatibility paradox. Artif Organs 2022; 46:1227-1239. [PMID: 35514275 DOI: 10.1111/aor.14266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The increasing prevalence of chronic lung disease worldwide, combined with the emergence of multiple pandemics arising from respiratory viruses over the past century, highlights the need for safer and efficacious means for providing artificial lung support. Mechanical ventilation is currently used for the vast majority of patients suffering from acute and chronic lung failure, but risks further injury or infection to the patient's already compromised lung function. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) has emerged as a means of providing direct gas exchange with the blood, but limited access to the technology and the complexity of the blood circuit have prevented the broader expansion of its use. A promising avenue toward simplifying and minimizing complications arising from the blood circuit, microfluidics-based artificial organ support, has emerged over the past decade as an opportunity to overcome many of the fundamental limitations of the current standard for ECMO cartridges, hollow fiber membrane oxygenators. The power of microfluidics technology for this application stems from its ability to recapitulate key aspects of physiological microcirculation, including the small dimensions of blood vessel structures and gas transfer membranes. An even greater advantage of microfluidics, the ability to configure blood flow patterns that mimic the smooth, branching nature of vascular networks, holds the potential to reduce the incidence of clotting and bleeding and to minimize reliance on anticoagulants. Here, we summarize recent progress and address future directions and goals for this potentially transformative approach to artificial lung support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd L Astor
- Biomembretics, Inc., Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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