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Ding N, Fu X, Gui Q, Wu M, Niu Z, Du A, Liu J, Wu H, Wang Y, Yue X, Zhu L. Biomimetic Structure Hydrogel Loaded with Long-Term Storage Platelet-Rich Plasma in Diabetic Wound Repair. Adv Healthc Mater 2024; 13:e2303192. [PMID: 38011625 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202303192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Exploring the preparation of multifunctional hydrogels from a bionic perspective is an appealing strategy. Here, a multifunctional hydrogel dressing inspired by the characteristics of porous extracellular matrix produced during Acomys wound healing is prepared. These dressings are printed by digital light processing printing of hydrogels composed of gelatin methacrylate, hyaluronic acid methacrylate, and pretreated platelet-rich plasma (PRP) to shape out triply periodic minimal surface structures, which are freeze-dried for long-term storage. These dressings mimic the porous extracellular matrix of Acomys, while the freeze-drying technique effectively extends the storage duration of PRP viability. Through in vivo and in vitro experiments, the biomimetic dressings developed in this study modulate cell behavior and facilitate wound healing. Consequently, this research offers a novel approach for the advancement of regenerative wound dressings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neng Ding
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University (Shanghai Changzheng Hospital), 415 Fengyang Road, Shanghai, 200003, China
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, The 74th Group Army Hospital of the PLA Army, 468 Xingang Zhong Road, Guangzhou, 510315, China
| | - Xinxin Fu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, 516 Jungong Road, Shanghai, 200082, China
| | - Qixiang Gui
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University (Shanghai Changzheng Hospital), 415 Fengyang Road, Shanghai, 200003, China
- Stem Cell and Regeneration Medicine Institute, Research Center of Translational Medicine, Naval Medical University, 800 Xiangyin Road, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Minjuan Wu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Basic Medicine College, Naval Medical University, 800 Xiangyin Road, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Zhongpu Niu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, 516 Jungong Road, Shanghai, 200082, China
| | - Antong Du
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University (Shanghai Changzheng Hospital), 415 Fengyang Road, Shanghai, 200003, China
| | - Jinyue Liu
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University (Shanghai Changzheng Hospital), 415 Fengyang Road, Shanghai, 200003, China
| | - Haimei Wu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, 516 Jungong Road, Shanghai, 200082, China
| | - Yue Wang
- Stem Cell and Regeneration Medicine Institute, Research Center of Translational Medicine, Naval Medical University, 800 Xiangyin Road, Shanghai, 200433, China
- Department of stem cell engneering, Shanghai Institute of Stem Cell Research and Clinical Translation, 551 Pudong Nan Road, Shanghai, 200120, China
- Department of stem cell engneering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Cell Engineering, 800 Xiangyin Road, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Xuezheng Yue
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, 516 Jungong Road, Shanghai, 200082, China
| | - Lie Zhu
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University (Shanghai Changzheng Hospital), 415 Fengyang Road, Shanghai, 200003, China
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Sun J, Han L, Liu C, Ma J, Li X, Sun S, Wang Z. Effect of autologous lyophilized platelet‑rich fibrin on the reconstruction of osteochondral defects in rabbits. Exp Ther Med 2023; 26:569. [PMID: 37954116 PMCID: PMC10632968 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2023.12268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteochondral defects caused by degenerative diseases of joints, traumas and inflammation are important issues in clinical practice. Different types of autologous platelet concentrate (PCs) are used in bone and cartilage regeneration. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of lyophilized platelet-rich fibrin (L-PRF) on the repair of osteochondral defects in rabbits. L-PRF was first prepared from fresh PRF (F-PRF) through freeze-drying, and histological and microstructural observations were performed to compare the characteristics of L-PRF and F-PRF. Thereafter, these bioactive scaffolds were implanted into osteochondral defects surgically created in rabbits to assess their effects on tissue repair using micro-CT scanning, histological observations and the evaluation scoring method for cartilage repair established by the International Cartilage Repair Society (ICRS). L-PRF had a histological structure similar to F-PRF. At 16 weeks after implantation surgery, full-thickness osteochondral defects with a diameter of 5 mm and a depth of 4 mm were well-filled with newly regenerated tissues, exhibiting the simultaneous regeneration of avascular articular cartilage and well-vascularized subchondral bone, as proven through macroscopic and microscopic observations in PRF-treated groups compared with that in the untreated group. The application of L-PRF and F-PRF for osteochondral defects in rabbits contributed to massive host remodeling and reconstruction of osteochondral tissues, thus offering a prospective bioactive scaffold for the simultaneous reconstruction of articular cartilage and subchondral bone tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianwei Sun
- The Fourth Recuperate Area, Guangzhou Special Service Recuperation Center of People's Liberation Army (PLA) of China Rocket Force, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Leng Han
- Department of Pathology, General Hospital of Southern Theater Command of PLA, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510010, P.R. China
| | - Chundong Liu
- Department of Stomatology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510280, P.R. China
| | - Junli Ma
- Department of Stomatology, General Hospital of Southern Theater Command of PLA, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510010, P.R. China
| | - Xiao Li
- Department of Stomatology, General Hospital of Southern Theater Command of PLA, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510010, P.R. China
| | - Shuohui Sun
- Department of Stomatology, General Hospital of Southern Theater Command of PLA, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510010, P.R. China
| | - Zhifa Wang
- Department of Stomatology, General Hospital of Southern Theater Command of PLA, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510010, P.R. China
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Farshidfar N, Amiri MA, Jafarpour D, Hamedani S, Niknezhad SV, Tayebi L. The feasibility of injectable PRF (I-PRF) for bone tissue engineering and its application in oral and maxillofacial reconstruction: From bench to chairside. BIOMATERIALS ADVANCES 2022; 134:112557. [DOI: https:/doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2021.112557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023]
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Farshidfar N, Amiri MA, Jafarpour D, Hamedani S, Niknezhad SV, Tayebi L. The feasibility of injectable PRF (I-PRF) for bone tissue engineering and its application in oral and maxillofacial reconstruction: From bench to chairside. BIOMATERIALS ADVANCES 2022; 134:112557. [PMID: 35527147 PMCID: PMC9295636 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2021.112557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Among all the biomaterials introduced in the field of bone tissue engineering, injectable platelet-rich fibrin (I-PRF) has recently gained considerable attention. I-PRF, as a rich source of biologically active molecules, is a potential candidate which can be easily obtained in bedside and constitutes several biological factors which can result in higher anti-bacterial, anti-inflammatory and regenerative capabilities. According to the studies evaluating the osteogenic efficacy of I-PRF, this biomaterial has exhibited favorable outcomes in terms of adhesion, differentiation, migration, proliferation and mineralization potential of stem cells. In addition, the injectability and ease-of-applicability of this biomaterial has led to its various clinical applications in the oral and maxillofacial bone regeneration such as ridge augmentation, sinus floor elevation, cleft palate reconstruction and so on. Furthermore, to enhance the clinical performance of I-PRF, albumin gel-PRF as a long-lasting material for long-term utilization has been recently introduced with a gradual increase in growth factor release pattern. This review provides a comprehensive approach to better evaluate the applicability of I-PRF by separately appraising its performance in in-vitro, in-vivo and clinical situations. The critical approach of this review toward the different production protocols and different physical and biological aspects of I-PRF can pave the way for future studies to better assess the efficacy of I-PRF in bone regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nima Farshidfar
- Orthodontic Research Center, School of Dentistry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Amin Amiri
- Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Dana Jafarpour
- Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Shahram Hamedani
- Oral and Dental Disease Research Center, School of Dentistry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Seyyed Vahid Niknezhad
- Burn and Wound Healing Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Lobat Tayebi
- Marquette University School of Dentistry, Milwaukee, WI, USA.
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Farshidfar N, Amiri MA, Jafarpour D, Hamedani S, Niknezhad SV, Tayebi L. The feasibility of injectable PRF (I-PRF) for bone tissue engineering and its application in oral and maxillofacial reconstruction: From bench to chairside. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2021. [DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2021.112557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Whitney KE, Dornan GJ, King J, Chahla J, Evans TA, Philippon MJ, LaPrade RF, Huard J. The Effect of a Single Freeze-Thaw Cycle on Matrix Metalloproteinases in Different Human Platelet-Rich Plasma Formulations. Biomedicines 2021; 9:1403. [PMID: 34680520 PMCID: PMC8533272 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9101403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Storing platelet-rich plasma (PRP) for future use is a compelling approach, presuming the retention of biological properties is maintained. However, certain factors in PRP preparations have deleterious effects for the treatment of certain musculoskeletal conditions. The purpose of this study was to measure and compare matrix metalloproteinase protein (MMP) concentrations between fresh and freeze-thawed leukocyte-rich PRP (LR-PRP) inactivated (LR-I) and activated (LR-A) preparations, and leukocyte-poor PRP (LP-PRP) inactivated (LP-I) and activated (LP-A) preparations. A volume of 60 mL of whole blood was drawn from 19 healthy donors. LP-I and LR-I samples were processed using a manual extraction and centrifugation methodology. LP-A and LR-A products were activated with 10% CaCl2 and recombinant thrombin. Blood fractions were either immediately assayed and analyzed or stored at -80 °C for 24, 72 and 160 h. Multiplex immunoassay was used to measure MMP-1, MMP-2, MMP-3, MMP-9, MMP-10, and MMP-12. MMP-1 concentrations increased in LR-A (p < 0.05) and MMP-9 significantly increased in LR-I (p < 0.05), while MMP-2 significantly decreased in LR-I (p < 0.05) and MMP-3 concentrations significantly decreased in LR-A (p < 0.05). MMP-12 concentrations also significantly decreased in LR-I (p < 0.05) from baseline concentrations. There were no significant differences between LP-A and LP-I preparations and MMP concentrations. MMP-10 concentrations in all PRP samples compared to each freezing time point were also not significantly different. MMPs regulate components of the extracellular matrix (ECM) in the remodeling phase of musculoskeletal injury. In this study, we observed a significant increase and decrease in MMP concentrations in response to a single freeze-thaw cycle in inactivated PRP and activated PRP preparations. This evidence contributes to the growing body of literature on the optimization of PRP preparation and storage strategies prior to delivery. Our findings suggest that specific PRP preparations after a single freeze-thaw may be more advantageous for certain musculoskeletal applications based on the presence of MMP concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlyn E. Whitney
- Steadman Philippon Research Institute, Vail, CO 81657, USA; (K.E.W.); (G.J.D.); (J.K.)
| | - Grant J. Dornan
- Steadman Philippon Research Institute, Vail, CO 81657, USA; (K.E.W.); (G.J.D.); (J.K.)
| | - Jillian King
- Steadman Philippon Research Institute, Vail, CO 81657, USA; (K.E.W.); (G.J.D.); (J.K.)
| | - Jorge Chahla
- Rush University Medical Center, Midwest Orthopaedics at Rush, Chicago, IL 60612, USA;
| | - Thos A. Evans
- The Steadman Clinic, Vail, CO 81657, USA; (T.A.E.); (M.J.P.)
| | | | | | - Johnny Huard
- Steadman Philippon Research Institute, Vail, CO 81657, USA; (K.E.W.); (G.J.D.); (J.K.)
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Morimoto S, Iseki T, Nakayama H, Shimomura K, Nishikawa T, Nakamura N, Tachibana T. Return to the original sport at only 3 months after an Achilles tendon rupture by a combination of intra-tissue injection of freeze-dried platelet-derived factor concentrate and excessively early rehabilitation after operative treatment in a male basketball player: A case report. Regen Ther 2021; 18:112-116. [PMID: 34141835 PMCID: PMC8178092 DOI: 10.1016/j.reth.2021.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Achilles tendon rupture is one of the most common serious injuries in athletes. Various studies to accelerate the healing process of the Achilles tendon have been performed as it takes a longer time to repair the tissue compared to other tendons. Here, we report a case of an acute Achilles tendon rupture in a male basketball player treated by a combination of an intra-tissue injection of freeze-dried platelet-derived factor concentrate, which included a platelet-derived growth factor with an early rehabilitation protocol after the operative treatment to facilitate the biological healing of the injured tendon tissue. To the best of our knowledge, this case is the first instance that enabled the athlete to return to original sport activity at only 3-months after the injury. Case report A 23-year-old male basketball player who belonged to a university basketball team sustained an Achilles tendon rupture during running in a training match. The remaining time period until the final tournament of the university league as a senior player was only 3 months. The patient received a combination of an intra-tissue injection of freeze-dried platelet-derived factor concentrate and early rehabilitation protocol after operative treatment. Surgery was performed 4 days after the injury and the early rehabilitation protocols were applied postoperatively. A freeze-dried platelet-derived factor concentrate was injected into the ruptured site of the Achilles tendon under ultrasound guide at 4 weeks postoperatively. The patient could return to play at the pre-injury level without any symptoms and disfunctions at 3 months after surgery. At two years postoperatively, the patient could play basketball without symptoms or rerupture. Conclusions We reported a case of an Achilles tendon rupture which was treated by a combination of intra-tissue injection of freeze-dried platelet-derived factor concentrate and an early rehabilitation protocol after the operative treatment. The patient could return to play basketball at the pre-injury activity level at only 3-months after the injury, suggesting that the role of applying excessively early rehabilitation of mechanical loading could facilitate tendon tissue healing when combined with an intra-tissue injection of freeze-dried platelet-derived factor concentrate. FD-PFC has rich growth factors such as PDGF-BB, which is a part of the PDGF growth family. An achilles tendon rupture was treated by a combination of injection of FD-PFC and excessively postoperative rehabilitation. The patient could return to play basketball at the pre-injury activity level at only 3-months after the injury.
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Key Words
- ATRs, Achilles tendon ruptures
- Achilles tendon rupture
- Early rehabilitation
- FD-PFC, Freeze-dried platelet-derived factor concentrate
- Freeze-dried platelet-derived factor concentrate
- IGF, Insulin growth factor
- MRI, Magnetic resonance imaging
- Operative treatment
- PDGF, Platelet-derived growth factor
- PRP, Plate-rich plasma
- Platelet-derived growth factor
- Platelet-rich plasma
- T2-STIR, T2 weighted short tau inversion recovery
- TGF-β, Transforming growth factor-β
- VEGF, Vascular endothelial growth factor
- b-FGF, Basic fibroblastic growth factor
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Affiliation(s)
- Shota Morimoto
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hyogo College of Medicine, 1-1, Mukogawa-cho, Nishinomiya City, Hyogo, 663-8501, Japan
| | - Tomoya Iseki
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hyogo College of Medicine, 1-1, Mukogawa-cho, Nishinomiya City, Hyogo, 663-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nakayama
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hyogo College of Medicine, 1-1, Mukogawa-cho, Nishinomiya City, Hyogo, 663-8501, Japan
| | - Kazunori Shimomura
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Nishikawa
- Nishikawa Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation Clinic, 1-1-4, Souhon-machi, Amagasaki City, Hyogo, 661-0031, Japan
| | - Norimasa Nakamura
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.,Institute for Medical Science in Sports, Osaka Health Science University, 1-9-27, Tenma, Kita-ku, Osaka City, Osaka, 530-0043, Japan.,Global Centre for Medical Engineering and Informatics, Osaka University, 2-2, Yamadaoka, Suita City, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Toshiya Tachibana
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hyogo College of Medicine, 1-1, Mukogawa-cho, Nishinomiya City, Hyogo, 663-8501, Japan
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Ding ZY, Tan Y, Peng Q, Zuo J, Li N. Novel applications of platelet concentrates in tissue regeneration (Review). Exp Ther Med 2021; 21:226. [PMID: 33603835 PMCID: PMC7851614 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2021.9657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies have explored the suitability of biocompatible materials in regenerative medicine. Platelet concentrates are derived from centrifuged blood and are named according to their biological characteristics, such as platelet-rich plasma, platelet-rich fibrin and concentrated growth factor. Platelet concentrates have gained considerable attention in soft and hard tissue engineering. Indeed, multiple components of autologous platelet concentrates, such as growth factors, fibrin matrix and platelets, serve essential roles in wound healing. Current studies are focused on cutting-edge strategies to meet the requirements for tissue restoration by improving the properties of autologous platelet concentrates. In the present review, applications of platelet concentrates for tissue engineering are discussed, presenting a selection of recent advances and novel protocols. In addition, several aspects of these strategies, such as the advantages of lyophilized platelet concentrates and the combination of platelet concentrates with biomaterials, stem cells or drugs are discussed. The present review aims to summarize novel strategies using platelet concentrates to improve the outcomes of wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Yu Ding
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Oral Health Research, Hunan 3D Printing Engineering Research Center of Oral Care, Hunan Clinical Research Center of Oral Major Diseases and Oral Health, Xiangya Stomatological Hospital, Xiangya School of Stomatology, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Ying Tan
- Department of Blood Transfusion, Xiangya Hospital, Clinical Transfusion Research Center, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Qian Peng
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Oral Health Research, Hunan 3D Printing Engineering Research Center of Oral Care, Hunan Clinical Research Center of Oral Major Diseases and Oral Health, Xiangya Stomatological Hospital, Xiangya School of Stomatology, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Jun Zuo
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Oral Health Research, Hunan 3D Printing Engineering Research Center of Oral Care, Hunan Clinical Research Center of Oral Major Diseases and Oral Health, Xiangya Stomatological Hospital, Xiangya School of Stomatology, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Ning Li
- Department of Blood Transfusion, Xiangya Hospital, Clinical Transfusion Research Center, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
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Wang Z, Han L, Sun T, Wang W, Li X, Wu B. Preparation and effect of lyophilized platelet-rich fibrin on the osteogenic potential of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells in vitro and in vivo. Heliyon 2019; 5:e02739. [PMID: 31720476 PMCID: PMC6838904 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 10/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives The goal of this study was to prepare lyophilized platelet-rich fibrin (L-PRF) and analyze the combined use of L-PRF and osteogenic bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell (BMSC) sheet fragments for bone tissue engineering via in vivo injection. Methods First, fresh PRF (F-PRF) was lyophilized to prepare L-PRF, the characteristics of which were examined through gross morphological, and histological and microstructural observations. In addition, the kinetics of growth factor release from L-PRF and F-PRF were also determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Subsequently, after assessing the proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs exposed to L-PRF or F-PRF in vitro, we subcutaneously injected BMSC sheet fragments with L-PRF or F-PRF into nude mice and assessed bone formation through microcomputed tomography and histological analyses. Results We observed that L-PRF released growth factors that favored BMSC proliferation and osteogenic differentiation in vitro. The combined use of L-PRF and osteogenic BMSC sheet fragments enabled bone tissue regeneration in vivo, and no significant difference between the F-PRF and L-PRF groups was observed (P = 0.24). Conclusions The results of this study demonstrate that the combined use of L-PRF and osteogenic BMSC sheets may have potential in the fabrication of engineered bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhifa Wang
- School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, PR China.,Department of Stomatology, General Hospital of Southern Theater of PLA, Guangzhou, 510010, China
| | - Leng Han
- Department of Pathology, General Hospital of Southern Theater of PLA, Guangzhou, 510010, China
| | - Tianyu Sun
- School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, PR China
| | - Weijian Wang
- Department of Stomatology, General Hospital of Southern Theater of PLA, Guangzhou, 510010, China
| | - Xiao Li
- Department of Stomatology, General Hospital of Southern Theater of PLA, Guangzhou, 510010, China
| | - Buling Wu
- School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, PR China
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