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Wu QQ, Wang XY, Wu WX, Chen YX, Wang J, Zhang X, Qian Y, Du SS, Sun J, Zeng ZC. Molecular mechanisms investigation for liver metastasis of colorectal cancer by combined bioinformatic gene expression profile analysis. Cancer Treat Res Commun 2023; 35:100694. [PMID: 36868002 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctarc.2023.100694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common cancers worldwide. As the molecular mechanism for liver metastasis of CRC has not yet been completely discovered, identification of hub genes and pathways of this disease is of importance for revealing potential molecular mechanism of colorectal cancer progression. This study aimed to identify potential biomarkers and survival analysis of hub genes for CRC treatment. METHODS The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between colorectal cancer liver metastasis and primary tumor were screened using microarray data from two datasets GSE179979, GSE144259 obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. Gene ontology (GO) and KEGG pathway enrichment analyses were performed for DEGs using DAVID database, the protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed using the Cytoscape software, and module analysis was performed using MCODE. Then, overall survival (OS), progression free interval (PFI) and disease specific survival (DSS) analysis of hub genes was performed by using TCGA database. The correlations between hub genes and clinical values were validated through CRN and immunohistochemistry (IHC) stain. RESULTS A total of 64 DEGs were obtained, KEGG pathway analysis showed that the significant pathways included PPAR signaling pathway, Complement and coagulation cascades. Four hub genes (ITIH2, ALB, CPB2, HGFAC) and two biomarkers (CPB2, HGFAC) with significantly prognostic values were verified by Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) and The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) cohort. CONCLUSIONS CPB2 and HGFAC may serve as new biomarkers in diagnosing liver metastasis of CRC or potential drug target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi-Qiao Wu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fudan University Zhongshan Hospital, Xiamen Branch, Jinhu Road 668, Xiamen, 361006, China
| | - Xing-Yue Wang
- Department of Nutrition, Fudan University Zhongshan Hospital, Xiamen Branch, Jinhu Road 668, Xiamen, 361006, China
| | - Wei-Xun Wu
- Department of General Surgery, Fudan University Zhongshan Hospital, Xiamen Branch, Jinhu Road 668, Xiamen, 361006, China
| | - Yi-Xing Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fudan University Zhongshan Hospital, Fenglin Road 188, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fudan University Zhongshan Hospital, Fenglin Road 188, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Xian Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fudan University Zhongshan Hospital, Fenglin Road 188, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Yang Qian
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fudan University Zhongshan Hospital, Fenglin Road 188, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Shi-Suo Du
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fudan University Zhongshan Hospital, Fenglin Road 188, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Jing Sun
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fudan University Zhongshan Hospital, Fenglin Road 188, Shanghai, 200030, China.
| | - Zhao-Chong Zeng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fudan University Zhongshan Hospital, Fenglin Road 188, Shanghai, 200030, China.
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Mohamed HT, El-Husseiny N, El-Ghonaimy EA, Ibrahim SA, Bazzi ZA, Cavallo-Medved D, Boffa MB, El-Shinawi M, Mohamed MM. IL-10 correlates with the expression of carboxypeptidase B2 and lymphovascular invasion in inflammatory breast cancer: The potential role of tumor infiltrated macrophages. Curr Probl Cancer 2018; 42:215-230. [PMID: 29459177 DOI: 10.1016/j.currproblcancer.2018.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Revised: 11/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Pro-carboxypeptidase B2 (pro-CPB2) or thrombin-activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor (TAFI) is a glycoprotein encoded by the CPB2 gene and deregulated in several cancer types, including breast cancer. Thrombin binding to thrombomodulin (TM), encoded by THBD, is important for TAFI activation. CPB2 gene expression is influenced by genetic polymorphism and cytokines such as interleukin 10 (IL-10). Our previous results showed that tumor infiltrating monocytes/macrophages (CD14+/CD16+) isolated from inflammatory breast cancer (IBC) patients' secrete high levels of IL-10. The aim of the present study is to test genetic polymorphism and expression of CPB2 in healthy breast tissues and carcinoma tissues of non-IBC and IBC patients. Furthermore, to investigate whether IL-10 modulates the expression of CPB2 and THBD in vivo and in-vitro. We tested CPB2 Thr325Ile polymorphism using restriction fragment length polymorphism, (RFLP) technique in healthy and carcinoma breast tissues. The mRNA expression of CPB2, THBD and IL10 were assessed by RT-qPCR. Infiltration of CD14+ cells was assessed by immunohistochemistry. In addition, we investigated the correlation between infiltration of CD14+ cells and expression of IL10 and CPB2. Furthermore, we correlated IL10 expression with the expression of both CPB2 and THBD in breast carcinoma tissues. Finally, we validated the role of recombinant IL-10 in regulating the expression of CPB2 and THBD using different breast cancer cell lines. Our results showed that CPB2 genotypes carrying the high-risk allele [Thr/Ile (CT) and Ile/Ile (TT)] were more frequent in both IBC and non-IBC patients compared to control group. CPB2 genotypes did not show any statistical correlation with CPB2 mRNA expression levels or patients' clinical pathological properties. Interestingly, CPB2 and IL10 expression were significantly higher and positively correlated with the incidence of CD14+ cells in carcinoma tissues of IBC as compared to non-IBC. On the other hand, THBD expression was significantly lower in IBC carcinoma versus non-IBC tissues. Based on molecular subtypes, CPB2 and IL10 expression were significantly higher in triple negative (TN) as compared to hormonal positive (HP) carcinoma tissues of IBC. Moreover, CPB2 expression was positively correlated with presence of lymphovascular invasion and the expression of IL10 in carcinoma tissues of IBC patients. Furthermore, recombinant human IL-10 stimulated CPB2 expression in SUM-149 (IBC cell line) but not in MDA-MB-231 (non-IBC cell line), while there was no significant effect THBD expression. In conclusion, carcinoma tissues of IBC patients are characterized by higher expression of CPB2 and lower expression of THBD. Moreover, CPB2 positively correlates with IL10 mRNA expression, incidence of CD14+ cells and lymphovascular invasion in IBC patients. IL-10 stimulated CPB2 expression in TN-IBC cell line suggests a relevant role of CPB2 in the aggressive phenotype of IBC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Noura El-Husseiny
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | | | | | - Zainab A Bazzi
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dora Cavallo-Medved
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael B Boffa
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mohamed El-Shinawi
- Department of General Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt; Breast-Gynecological International Cancer Society, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mona Mostafa Mohamed
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt; Breast-Gynecological International Cancer Society, Cairo, Egypt.
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Yu C, Luan Y, Wang Z, Zhao J, Xu C. Suppression of TAFI by siRNA inhibits invasion and migration of breast cancer cells. Mol Med Rep 2017; 16:3469-3474. [PMID: 28765963 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.7031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Human thrombin activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor (TAFI), also known as carboxypeptidase B2 (CPB2), is a procarboxypeptidase enzyme. The purpose of the present study was to observe the expression of TAFI in breast cancer (BC) and breast cancer cell (BCC) lines and to investigate the effect of TAFI suppression by small interfering (si)RNA gene silencing on invasion and migration of BCC lines. A significant increase in TAFI level was identified by immunohistochemical analysis in BC tissues compared with normal breast tissues. TAFI suppression also inhibited cell viability, invasion and migration ability as demonstrated by MTT, Transwell chamber, and wound scratch assays, respectively (P<0.05). The data suggested that suppression of TAFI by siRNA inhibits invasion and migration of breast cancer cells and that TAFI may be a new target for breast cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Yu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250033, P.R. China
| | - Yun Luan
- Central Laboratory, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250033, P.R. China
| | - Zejun Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Jingjie Zhao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250033, P.R. China
| | - Chengwei Xu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250033, P.R. China
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Bazzi ZA, Lanoue D, El-Youssef M, Romagnuolo R, Tubman J, Cavallo-Medved D, Porter LA, Boffa MB. Activated thrombin-activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor (TAFIa) attenuates breast cancer cell metastatic behaviors through inhibition of plasminogen activation and extracellular proteolysis. BMC Cancer 2016; 16:328. [PMID: 27221823 PMCID: PMC4879731 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-016-2359-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Thrombin activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor (TAFI) is a plasma zymogen, which can be converted to activated TAFI (TAFIa) through proteolytic cleavage by thrombin, plasmin, and most effectively thrombin in complex with the endothelial cofactor thrombomodulin (TM). TAFIa is a carboxypeptidase that cleaves carboxyl terminal lysine and arginine residues from protein and peptide substrates, including plasminogen-binding sites on cell surface receptors. Carboxyl terminal lysine residues play a pivotal role in enhancing cell surface plasminogen activation to plasmin. Plasmin has many critical functions including cleaving components of the extracellular matrix (ECM), which enhances invasion and migration of cancer cells. We therefore hypothesized that TAFIa could act to attenuate metastasis. Methods To assess the role of TAFIa in breast cancer metastasis, in vitro migration and invasion assays, live cell proteolysis and cell proliferation using MDA-MB-231 and SUM149 cells were carried out in the presence of a TAFIa inhibitor, recombinant TAFI variants, or soluble TM. Results Inhibition of TAFIa with potato tuber carboxypeptidase inhibitor increased cell invasion, migration and proteolysis of both cell lines, whereas addition of TM resulted in a decrease in all these parameters. A stable variant of TAFIa, TAFIa-CIIYQ, showed enhanced inhibitory effects on cell invasion, migration and proteolysis. Furthermore, pericellular plasminogen activation was significantly decreased on the surface of MDA-MB-231 and SUM149 cells following treatment with various concentrations of TAFIa. Conclusions Taken together, these results indicate a vital role for TAFIa in regulating pericellular plasminogen activation and ultimately ECM proteolysis in the breast cancer microenvironment. Enhancement of TAFI activation in this microenvironment may be a therapeutic strategy to inhibit invasion and prevent metastasis of breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zainab A Bazzi
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, N9J 3P4, Canada
| | - Danielle Lanoue
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, N9J 3P4, Canada
| | - Mouhanned El-Youssef
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, N9J 3P4, Canada
| | - Rocco Romagnuolo
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, N9J 3P4, Canada
| | - Janice Tubman
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, N9J 3P4, Canada
| | - Dora Cavallo-Medved
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, N9J 3P4, Canada
| | - Lisa A Porter
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, N9J 3P4, Canada
| | - Michael B Boffa
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, N9J 3P4, Canada.
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Beyazit Y, Sayilir A, Tanoglu A, Kekilli M, Kocak E, Ekiz F, Tas A. Plasma Thrombin-activatable Fibrinolysis Inhibitor Levels Correlate with the Disease Activity of Ulcerative Colitis. Intern Med 2016; 55:1831-6. [PMID: 27432089 DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.55.6473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) are at an increased risk for thromboembolic events, particularly in patients with extensive and active disease. To date, a few studies have been published on the role of thrombin-activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor (TAFI) in UC. However, there are no reports in the literature investigating the effect of UC treatment on plasma TAFI levels. Methods The plasma TAFI antigen levels were quantitatively determined using ELISA kits for 20 UC patients at activation and remission, along with 17 healthy controls. The association between the TAFI levels and inflammatory markers was assessed to determine UC activation. To predict and determine the activation of UC, the Truelove-Witts index and the endoscopic activation index (EAI) were used for each subject. Results The plasma TAFI levels were higher in UC patients at activation of the disease compared with the remission state and in healthy controls. Spearman's correlation analyses revealed that the WBC (r: 0.586, p<0.001), hsCRP (r: 0.593, p<0.001) and EAI (r: 0.721, p<0.001) were significantly correlated with the TAFI levels. The overall accuracy of TAFI in determining UC activation was 82.5% with a sensitivity, specificity, NPV and PPV of 80%, 85%, 81% and 84.2%, respectively (cut-off value: 156.2% and AUC: 0.879). Conclusion The present study demonstrates that the TAFI levels are elevated in the active state of UC. The assessment of TAFI levels in patients with UC in conjunction with other markers of inflammation may provide additional information for estimating UC activation and severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yavuz Beyazit
- Department of Gastroenterology, Canakkale State Hospital, Turkey
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Thrombin-activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor Thr325Ile polymorphism and plasma level in breast cancer: A pilot study. Meta Gene 2015; 4:73-84. [PMID: 25893174 PMCID: PMC4398808 DOI: 10.1016/j.mgene.2015.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Revised: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate thrombin-activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor (TAFI) Thr325Ile polymorphism and TAFI antigen (Ag) levels in breast cancer (BC) in the Egyptian population to clarify their role in relation to BC. A group of 300 females was recruited in this study; of these 150 unrelated patients with different stages of BC and 150 age-matched healthy controls. Plasma TAFI Ag was measured by ELISA and TAFI Thr325Ile (rs1926447) polymorphism was genotyped using TaqMan single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotyping assay. The results showed the genotypes of the minor allele; Thr/Ile (CT) and Ile/Ile (TT) were significantly more frequent in patients compared to control group (50.0% and 22.0% vs. 42.0% and 13.3%, respectively) and were also associated with BC susceptibility [OR = 1.9 and 2.6; 95% CI: (1.1–3.3) and (1.3–5.5), respectively P = 0.01]. Ile325 allele carriers were more frequent in cases than in controls (47.0% vs. 34.0%) [OR = 1.7, (95% CI = 1.2–2.4), P = 0.001]. However, TAFI Thr325Ile polymorphism was not associated with BC stage or other clincopathological characteristics. TAFI Ag levels were correlated with advanced stages of BC, poor prognosis and risk of recurrence (P = 0.02, P = 0.04 and P < 0.001, respectively) and Thr325Ile SNP was significantly correlated with TAFI antigen levels with the C/C genotype corresponding to the highest and the T/T genotype to the lowest TAFI antigen levels (P < 0.001) in the study groups. In conclusion, this study showed for the first time that TAFI Thr325Ile polymorphism could have a contribution to BC susceptibility in our population. Furthermore, high TAFI plasma levels may serve as a predictor of poor prognosis in patients with BC. TAFI Thr325Ile polymorphism associated with breast cancer in studied population TAFI Thr325Ile polymorphism was significantly correlated with TAFI antigen levels. High TAFI antigen levels were correlated with advanced stages of breast cancer. High TAFI plasma level could be used to recognize tumor prognosis and risk of recurrence.
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Key Words
- ALT, alanine aminotransferase
- APTT, activated partial thromboplastin time
- AST, aspartate aminotransferase
- Ag, antigen
- BC, breast cancer
- Breast cancer
- DIC, disseminated intravascular coagulopathy
- ELISA, enzyme linked immunosorbent assay
- ER, estrogen receptor
- Egyptian
- HER2, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2
- IHPI, immunohistochemical prognostic index
- NPI, nottingham prognostic index
- NPP, normal pooled plasma
- PR, progesterone receptor
- PT, prothrombin time
- SNP, single nucleotide polymorphism
- TAFI, thrombin-activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor
- TAFIa, activated TAFI
- Thr325Ile polymorphism
- Thrombin-activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor
- VTE, vascular thromboembolic events
- WBC, white blood cell
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