1
|
Boobes Y, Afandi B, AlKindi F, Tarakji A, Al Ghamdi SM, Alrukhaimi M, Hassanein M, AlSahow A, Said R, Alsaid J, Alsuwaida AO, Al Obaidli AAK, Alketbi LB, Boubes K, Attallah N, Al Salmi IS, Abdelhamid YM, Bashir NM, Aburahma RMY, Hassan MH, Al-Hakim MR. Consensus recommendations on fasting during Ramadan for patients with kidney disease: review of available evidence and a call for action (RaK Initiative). BMC Nephrol 2024; 25:84. [PMID: 38448807 PMCID: PMC10916266 DOI: 10.1186/s12882-024-03516-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Ramadan fasting (RF) involves abstaining from food and drink during daylight hours; it is obligatory for all healthy Muslims from the age of puberty. Although sick individuals are exempt from fasting, many will fast anyway. This article explores the impact of RF on individuals with kidney diseases through a comprehensive review of existing literature and consensus recommendations. This study was conducted by a multidisciplinary panel of experts.The recommendations aim to provide a structured approach to assess and manage fasting during Ramadan for patients with kidney diseases, empowering both healthcare providers and patients to make informed decisions while considering their unique circumstances.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yousef Boobes
- Seha Kidney Care, Tawam Hospital, Al Ain, UAE.
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Science, UAE University, Al Ain, UAE.
| | - Bachar Afandi
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Science, UAE University, Al Ain, UAE
- Endocrine Division, Tawam Hospital, Al Ain, UAE
| | | | - Ahmad Tarakji
- St. George Medical Center & McMaster University-Waterloo Campus, Kitchener, ON, Canada
| | | | | | - Mohamed Hassanein
- Endocrine Section, Dubai Hospital, Dubai Health, Dubai, UAE
- Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Science, Dubai, UAE
| | - Ali AlSahow
- Division of Nephrology, Jahra Hospital, Jahra, Kuwait
| | - Riyad Said
- Department of Nephrology and Medicine, Jordan Hospital and Medical Center Ibn Sina University for Medical Sciences, Amman, Jordan
| | - Jafar Alsaid
- Nephrology department, Ochsner Medical Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | | | | | - Latifa B Alketbi
- Ambulatory Healthcare Services - Abu Dhabi Healthcare Services, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Khaled Boubes
- Department of Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Nizar Attallah
- Nephrology Associates of Kentuckiana, University of Kentucky, Louisville, USA
| | - Issa S Al Salmi
- Department of Renal Medicine, The Royal Hospital, Muscat, Oman
| | - Yasser M Abdelhamid
- Nephrology Division, Internal Medicine Department -Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Hosseini E, Ammar A, Josephson JK, Gibson DL, Askari G, Bragazzi NL, Trabelsi K, Schöllhorn WI, Mokhtari Z. Fasting diets: what are the impacts on eating behaviors, sleep, mood, and well-being? Front Nutr 2024; 10:1256101. [PMID: 38264193 PMCID: PMC10803520 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1256101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Fasting diets (FDs) have drawn great attention concerning their contribution to health and disease over the last decade. Despite considerable interest in FDs, the effect of fasting diets on eating behaviors, sleep, and mood-essential components of diet satisfaction and mental health- has not been addressed comprehensively. Understanding the critical role that fasting plays in these elements will open up potential treatment avenues that have not yet been explored. The aim of the present paper was to conduct a comprehensive critical review exploring the effects of fasting on eating behaviors, sleep, and mood. There is currently a lack of clarity regarding which fasting option yields the most advantageous effects, and there is also a scarcity of consistent trials that assess the effects of FDs in a comparable manner. Similarly, the effects and/or treatment options for utilizing FDs to modify eating and sleep behaviors and enhance mood are still poorly understood. Further researches aiming at understanding the impacts of various fasting regimes, providing new insights into the gut-brain axis and offering new treatment avenues for those with resistant anxiety and depression, are warranted. Alteration of eating behaviors can have lasting effects on various physiological parameters. The use of fasting cures can underpin ancient knowledge with scientific evidence to form a new approach to the prevention and treatment of problems associated with co-morbidities or challenges pertaining to eating behaviors. Therefore, a thorough examination of the various fasting regimens and how they impact disease patterns is also warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elham Hosseini
- Nutrition and Food Security Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Achraf Ammar
- Department of Training and Movement Science, Institute of Sport Science, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- High Institute of Sport and Physical Education, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
- Research Laboratory, Molecular Bases of Human Pathology, LR19ES13, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | | | - Deanna L. Gibson
- Department of Biology, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, Canada
| | - Gholamreza Askari
- Nutrition and Food Security Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Nicola L. Bragazzi
- Human Nutrition Unit (HNU), Department of Food and Drugs, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Khaled Trabelsi
- High Institute of Sport and Physical Education, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Wolfgang I. Schöllhorn
- Department of Training and Movement Science, Institute of Sport Science, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Zeinab Mokhtari
- Nutrition and Food Security Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Schmidt MW, Brenner W, Gebhard S, Schmidt M, Singer S, Weidenbach L, Hahn H, Puzankova D, Blau-Schneider B, Lehnert A, Battista MJ, Almstedt K, Lütkemeyer A, Radsak MP, Mähringer-Kunz A, Krajnak S, Linz VC, Schwab R, Gabriel B, Hasenburg A, Anic K. Effects of intermittent fasting on quality of life tolerance of chemotherapy in patients with gynecological cancers: study protocol of a randomized-controlled multi-center trial. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1222573. [PMID: 37538111 PMCID: PMC10396395 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1222573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Fatigue is a very common side effect during intravenous chemotherapy. Unfortunately, only few effective therapeutic options are available, mostly based on daily activity. In our pilot trial we were able to demonstrate that intermittent fasting can reduce fatigue in healthy people, thus we aimed to assess the effects of the fasting dietary on quality of life during chemotherapy in patients with gynecological cancer, especially on the domain of fatigue. The IFAST trial is designed as a prospective, randomized-controlled, multi-center trial. Participation will be offered to women with gynecological cancers (breast cancer, ovarian cancer including peritoneal and fallopian tube cancers, endometrial cancer and cervical cancer) who are planned to receive intravenous chemotherapy for at least three months. Eligible patients will be randomized 1:1, stratified by tumor type and study center. Primary endpoint is the difference in mean change in fatigue, assessed with the Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy-Fatigue Scale (FACIT- FS©). Exploratory secondary endpoints will include general Quality of Life impairment, tolerance of chemotherapy, immunological changes, peripheral cell damage in blood cells, as well as tumor response to chemotherapy. There is new evidence that prolonged fasting periods of 46-96 hours during chemotherapy can positively influence the quality of life during chemotherapy. However, these fasting regiments are not feasible for many patients. Intermittent fasting could be a feasible (manageable) option for many patients to actively improve their quality of life and tolerance to chemotherapy and possibly even enhance the effectiveness of chemotherapy. Trial Registration https://drks.de, identifier DRKS00031429.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mona Wanda Schmidt
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Medical Center of Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Walburgis Brenner
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Management of the Scientific laboratories, University Medical Center of Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Susanne Gebhard
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Management of the Scientific laboratories, University Medical Center of Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Marcus Schmidt
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Medical Center of Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Susanne Singer
- Division of Epidemiology and Health Services Research, Institute of Medical Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics (IMBEI), University Medical Center of Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Lina Weidenbach
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Medical Center of Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Harriett Hahn
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Medical Center of Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Diana Puzankova
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Medical Center of Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Bettina Blau-Schneider
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, St. Josefs Hospital Wiesbaden Academic Teaching Hospital, Wiesbaden, Germany
| | - Antje Lehnert
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, St. Josefs Hospital Wiesbaden Academic Teaching Hospital, Wiesbaden, Germany
| | - Marco Johannes Battista
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Medical Center of Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Katrin Almstedt
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Medical Center of Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Anja Lütkemeyer
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Medical Center of Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Markus Philipp Radsak
- IIIrd Department of Medicine, Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Aline Mähringer-Kunz
- Department of Radiology, University Medical Center of Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Slavomir Krajnak
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Medical Center of Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Valerie Cathrine Linz
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Medical Center of Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Roxana Schwab
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Medical Center of Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Boris Gabriel
- Division of Epidemiology and Health Services Research, Institute of Medical Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics (IMBEI), University Medical Center of Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Annette Hasenburg
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Medical Center of Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Katharina Anic
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Medical Center of Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
AlZunaidy NA, Al-Khalifa AS, Alhussain MH, Mohammed MA, Alfheeaid HA, Althwab SA, Faris ME. The Effect of Ramadan Intermittent Fasting on Food Intake, Anthropometric Indices, and Metabolic Markers among Premenopausal and Postmenopausal Women: A Cross-Sectional Study. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2023; 59:1191. [PMID: 37512003 PMCID: PMC10385901 DOI: 10.3390/medicina59071191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Background and objectives: Ramadan intermittent fasting (RIF) is a monthlong practice in which Muslims fast during the whole day from sunrise to sunset. During this month, fasting people change their dietary behavior and alter their eating hours from day to night. The objective of the current study was to examine the effect of RIF on dietary consumption, anthropometric indices, and metabolic markers in healthy premenopausal (PRE-M) and postmenopausal (POST-M) Saudi women. Materials and Methods: The study included 62 women (31 PRE-M, 21-42 years, and 31 POST-M, 43-68 years). A structured questionnaire was used to collect socioeconomic data. Physical activity, anthropometric, dietary, and biochemical assessments were assessed before and at the end of the third week of Ramadan. Results: Socioeconomic data varied among participants. For both groups, observing RIF was associated with significantly (at either p ≤ 0.01 or p ≤ 0.05) lower intake of calories, macronutrients, minerals (excluding Na), and vitamins than before RIF. For the PRE-M group, the percentage of overweight participants decreased significantly (p ≤ 0.01) during Ramadan, while the percentage of obese participants remained unchanged. In contrast, for the POST-M group, the percentage of overweight participants increased significantly (p ≤ 0.05) during Ramadan, but dropped at the end of Ramadan. Following RIF, waist-to-hip ratio, body fat, and fat mass (FM) decreased in both groups. High-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), fasting blood glucose (FBG), triglycerides (TG), and blood pressure (SBP, DBP) were generally maintained at acceptable normal levels in most participants before and at the end of RIF. However, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) at the end of RIF was significantly lower than before, particularly in POST-M women. Age, occupation, and monthly income were the most important predictors for the changes in nutritional status and body fat upon RIF. Conclusions: observing RIF by PRE-M and POST-M Saudi women was associated with significant improvements in variable health indicators, with a few exceptions, and may help lower risk factors for chronic diseases, particularly among POST-M women. However, further studies with a larger sample size are required to determine and confirm the exact effect of RIF on these groups.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nada A AlZunaidy
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Qassim University, Buraydah 51452, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulrahman S Al-Khalifa
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maha H Alhussain
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed A Mohammed
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hani A Alfheeaid
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Qassim University, Buraydah 51452, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sami A Althwab
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Qassim University, Buraydah 51452, Saudi Arabia
| | - MoezAlIslam E Faris
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zarhin D. How religion affects sleep health: exploring the perspectives of religious Muslims and Jews in Israel. J Sleep Res 2022:e13809. [PMID: 36560913 DOI: 10.1111/jsr.13809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Few empirical studies have explored the links between sleep and religion and no research has examined how religious individuals view these links. This article contributes to the literature by drawing on in-depth interviews with 31 midlife Israeli Muslims and Jews who describe themselves as religious or very religious. Findings indicate that respondents shared the view that sleep is important for health and wellbeing, as well as for religious practice and the proper worship of God. Their accounts clarified that religious observance entails a set of social rules and prescriptions as well as beliefs that may affect sleep behaviour and sleep outcomes. Traditional prayer times affected sleep duration for observant Muslims and Jews because respondents woke up early for prayer but could not always retire early enough so as to obtain a sufficient amount of sleep. Religion also dictated a preferred sleep position, to which participants became accustomed and found to be helpful. Respondents maintained that their deep faith in God and the practice of praying helped reduce stress, which contributed to sleep quality. However, among Muslims, missing prayers could arouse feelings of guilt and unease, thus affecting sleep quality. The article concludes that religion affects the sleep of both Muslims and Jews, but these effects vary by how individuals practice their religion and by how religiosity intersects with other social categories, such as gender. Future studies could enrich understanding of the social determinants of sleep by designing research inspired by lay persons' insights into the association between religion and sleep.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dana Zarhin
- Department of Sociology, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Hassan-Beck R, Hafidh K, Badi A, Doukman K, Karmo M, Mir R, Beshyah SA. Ramadan Fasting in Health and Disease in 2021: A Narrative Review. IBNOSINA JOURNAL OF MEDICINE AND BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1757473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction: The literature on the health aspects of Ramadan fasting (RF) is widely spread in many journals.
Materials and Methods: This is a narrative review of data obtained from the PubMed database (National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, United States). We used the search term “Ramadan fasting,” and relevant records were examined. The publications are narrated thematically.
Results: The publications spanned fundamental, clinical, professional, cultural, and advocacy facets. The publications crossed conventional disciplinary lines and geographical locations and appeared in journals with different access systems. The contents are presented under the themes that emerged depending on the retrieved literature. This year basic coverage included changes in physiology and nutrition during Ramadan. However, the clinical issues included a wide range of topics. These included the impact of RF on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and adjustments needed in endocrine replacement therapy for hypothyroidism and adrenal insufficiency. Coverage also included chronic kidney disease. The impact on maternal health, fetal well-being, and long-term effects of RF exposures were addressed in several studies. Studies in cardiovascular medicine focused on blood pressure and cardiovascular risk factors. Sports medicine and athletes' well-being received somewhat prominent coverage. The impact on renal function, particularly in patients with chronic kidney disease, was investigated by a few authors. Several groups addressed the eyes' structure and function, neurological conditions, especially headache disorders, and hematological and oncological conditions. Finally, the impact of RF on several aspects of mental health and well-being was addressed by various groups.
Conclusions: Health aspects of RF received a sustained academic interest with a broad spectrum in 2021. This narration provides an overview of the year's scholarly health-related literature on various aspects of health and disease. It should help researchers and clinicians catch up quickly with the health concerns during Ramadan.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reem Hassan-Beck
- Clinical Trial Unit, Sheikh Shakhbout Medical City, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Khadija Hafidh
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Rashid Hospital, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Medicine, Dubai Medical College for Girls, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Amal Badi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Koster Clinic, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Khaled Doukman
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- Abu Dhabi Sports Council, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mazn Karmo
- Department of Medicine, Yas Clinic Khalifa City, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ruqqia Mir
- Department of Medicine, Yas Clinic Khalifa City, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Neurology, Abu Dhabi Stemm Cell Center, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Salem A. Beshyah
- Department of Medicine, Dubai Medical College for Girls, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Medicine, Yas Clinic Khalifa City, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Hammoud S, Kurdi M, van den Bemt BJF. Impact of Fasting on Cardiovascular Outcomes in Patients With Hypertension. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2021; 78:481-495. [PMID: 34225340 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0000000000001097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Fasting has been frequently practiced for religious or medical purposes worldwide. However, limited literature assesses the impact of different fasting patterns on the physiologic and cardiac-related parameters in patients with hypertension. This review aims to examine the effect of fasting on cardiovascular outcomes in hypertensive patients. Medline, Embase, and Cochrane library were systematically screened until March 2021 for observational prospective cohorts investigating the effect of fasting on cardiovascular outcomes. Articles were assessed by searching for hypertension and fasting, both as Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) terms and text words. The review included studies assessing Ramadan, intermittent, and water-only fasting. Water-only fasting reduces body weight, blood pressure, and lipolytic activity of fasting hypertensive patients without affecting average heart rate. Ramadan fasting enhances lipid profile, although it shows conflicting results for body weight, blood pressure, and heart rate variability. Considering the limited studies in this field, further research should be conducted to support the clinical impact of fasting on the cardiovascular health of patients with hypertension.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sabah Hammoud
- Laboratory of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Sciences, Section 1, Lebanese University, Rafic Hariri Educational Campus, Hadat, Lebanon
- Department of Pharmacy, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Mazen Kurdi
- Laboratory of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Sciences, Section 1, Lebanese University, Rafic Hariri Educational Campus, Hadat, Lebanon
| | - Bart J F van den Bemt
- Department of Pharmacy, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Department of Pharmacy, Sint Maartenskliniek, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; and
- Department of Pharmacy, University Medical Center Maastricht, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Hafidh K, Ali K, Beshyah S. Ramadan fasting in health and disease (2020): A narrative review. IBNOSINA JOURNAL OF MEDICINE AND BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.4103/ijmbs.ijmbs_35_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
|