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The impact of amino acid metabolism on adult neurogenesis. Biochem Soc Trans 2023; 51:233-244. [PMID: 36606681 DOI: 10.1042/bst20220762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Adult neurogenesis is a multistage process during which newborn neurons are generated through the activation and proliferation of neural stem cells (NSCs) and integrated into existing neural networks. Impaired adult neurogenesis has been observed in various neurological and psychiatric disorders, suggesting its critical role in cognitive function, brain homeostasis, and neural repair. Over the past decades, mounting evidence has identified a strong association between metabolic status and adult neurogenesis. Here, we aim to summarize how amino acids and their neuroactive metabolites affect adult neurogenesis. Furthermore, we discuss the causal link between amino acid metabolism, adult neurogenesis, and neurological diseases. Finally, we propose that systematic elucidation of how amino acid metabolism regulates adult neurogenesis has profound implications not only for understanding the biological underpinnings of brain development and neurological diseases, but also for providing potential therapeutic strategies to intervene in disease progression.
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2
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Shikanai H, Ikimura K, Miura M, Shindo T, Watarai A, Izumi T. Separation and detection of D-/L-serine by conventional HPLC. MethodsX 2022; 9:101752. [PMID: 35769612 PMCID: PMC9234346 DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2022.101752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
D-serine has a role as an endogenous allosteric agonist of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor in the mammalian brain. In this study, we present a detailed description of our method that measures D-/L-serine by using conventional high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). • We reacted D-serine and L-serine with ortho-phthalaldehyde (OPA) and N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) to form diastereomeric isoindole derivatives, then we separated and detected them by conventional reversed phase HPLC with electrochemical detector (ECD). • We present typical measurement data of rat brain homogenate as an example of a convenient, appropriate method for measuring brain concentrations of D-serine. • Since many peaks appear in biological samples, we confirmed that the peaks were derived from serine by treating the sample with D-amino oxidase and catalase to decompose D-serine. As a results, one peak disappeared, suggesting that it is derived from D-serine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Shikanai
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Science University of Hokkaido, Japan.,Advanced Research Promotion Center, Health Science University of Hokkaido, Japan
| | | | - Momoko Miura
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Tsugumi Shindo
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Science University of Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Akane Watarai
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Science University of Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Takeshi Izumi
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Science University of Hokkaido, Japan.,Advanced Research Promotion Center, Health Science University of Hokkaido, Japan
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3
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d-Amino Acids and pLG72 in Alzheimer's Disease and Schizophrenia. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222010917. [PMID: 34681579 PMCID: PMC8535920 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222010917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies over the last several years have shown that d-amino acids, especially d-serine, have been related to brain and neurological disorders. Acknowledged neurological functions of d-amino acids include neurotransmission and learning and memory functions through modulating N-methyl-d-aspartate type glutamate receptors (NMDARs). Aberrant d-amino acids level and polymorphisms of genes related to d-amino acids metabolism are associated with neurodegenerative brain conditions. This review summarizes the roles of d-amino acids and pLG72, also known as d-amino acid oxidase activator, on two neurodegenerative disorders, schizophrenia and Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The scope includes the changes in d-amino acids levels, gene polymorphisms of G72 genomics, and the role of pLG72 on NMDARs and mitochondria in schizophrenia and AD. The clinical diagnostic value of d-amino acids and pLG72 and the therapeutic importance are also reviewed.
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4
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Stehantsev P, Stetsenko A, Nemchinova M, Aduri NG, Marrink SJ, Gati C, Guskov A. A structural view onto disease-linked mutations in the human neutral amino acid exchanger ASCT1. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2021; 19:5246-5254. [PMID: 34630942 PMCID: PMC8479201 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2021.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The ASCT1 transporter of the SLC1 family is largely involved in equilibration of neutral amino acids' pools across the plasma membrane and plays a prominent role in the transport of both L- and D-isomers of serine, essential for the normal functioning of the central nervous system in mammals. A number of mutations in ASCT1 (E256K, G381R, R457W) have been linked to severe neurodevelopmental disorders, however in the absence of ASCT1 structure it is hard to understand their impact on substrate transport. To ameliorate that we have determined a cryo-EM structure of human ASCT1 at 4.2 Å resolution and performed functional transport assays and molecular dynamics simulations, which revealed that given mutations lead to the diminished transport capability of ASCT1 caused by instability of transporter and impeded transport cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavlo Stehantsev
- Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Artem Stetsenko
- Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Mariia Nemchinova
- Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Nanda Gowtham Aduri
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bridge Institute, USC Michelson Center for Convergent Bioscience, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Siewert J. Marrink
- Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelius Gati
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bridge Institute, USC Michelson Center for Convergent Bioscience, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Albert Guskov
- Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russia
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5
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Durkee C, Kofuji P, Navarrete M, Araque A. Astrocyte and neuron cooperation in long-term depression. Trends Neurosci 2021; 44:837-848. [PMID: 34334233 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2021.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Activity-dependent long-term changes in synaptic transmission known as synaptic plasticity are fundamental processes in brain function and are recognized as the cellular basis of learning and memory. While the neuronal mechanisms underlying synaptic plasticity have been largely identified, the involvement of astrocytes in these processes has been less recognized. However, astrocytes are emerging as important cells that regulate synaptic function by interacting with neurons at tripartite synapses. In this review, we discuss recent evidence suggesting that astrocytes are necessary elements in long-term synaptic depression (LTD). We highlight the mechanistic heterogeneity of astrocyte contribution to this form of synaptic plasticity and propose that astrocytes are integral participants in LTD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin Durkee
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Paulo Kofuji
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | | | - Alfonso Araque
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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6
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Chiareli RA, Carvalho GA, Marques BL, Mota LS, Oliveira-Lima OC, Gomes RM, Birbrair A, Gomez RS, Simão F, Klempin F, Leist M, Pinto MCX. The Role of Astrocytes in the Neurorepair Process. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:665795. [PMID: 34113618 PMCID: PMC8186445 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.665795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes are highly specialized glial cells responsible for trophic and metabolic support of neurons. They are associated to ionic homeostasis, the regulation of cerebral blood flow and metabolism, the modulation of synaptic activity by capturing and recycle of neurotransmitters and maintenance of the blood-brain barrier. During injuries and infections, astrocytes act in cerebral defense through heterogeneous and progressive changes in their gene expression, morphology, proliferative capacity, and function, which is known as reactive astrocytes. Thus, reactive astrocytes release several signaling molecules that modulates and contributes to the defense against injuries and infection in the central nervous system. Therefore, deciphering the complex signaling pathways of reactive astrocytes after brain damage can contribute to the neuroinflammation control and reveal new molecular targets to stimulate neurorepair process. In this review, we present the current knowledge about the role of astrocytes in brain damage and repair, highlighting the cellular and molecular bases involved in synaptogenesis and neurogenesis. In addition, we present new approaches to modulate the astrocytic activity and potentiates the neurorepair process after brain damage.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Lennia Soares Mota
- Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of Goias, Goiânia, Brazil
| | | | | | - Alexander Birbrair
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Renato Santiago Gomez
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Fabrício Simão
- Research Division, Vascular Cell Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | | | - Marcel Leist
- Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
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7
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Machine Learning and Novel Biomarkers for the Diagnosis of Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22052761. [PMID: 33803217 PMCID: PMC7963160 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a complex and severe neurodegenerative disease that still lacks effective methods of diagnosis. The current diagnostic methods of AD rely on cognitive tests, imaging techniques and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of amyloid-β1-42 (Aβ42), total tau protein and hyperphosphorylated tau (p-tau). However, the available methods are expensive and relatively invasive. Artificial intelligence techniques like machine learning tools have being increasingly used in precision diagnosis. Methods: We conducted a meta-analysis to investigate the machine learning and novel biomarkers for the diagnosis of AD. Methods: We searched PubMed, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews for reviews and trials that investigated the machine learning and novel biomarkers in diagnosis of AD. Results: In additional to Aβ and tau-related biomarkers, biomarkers according to other mechanisms of AD pathology have been investigated. Neuronal injury biomarker includes neurofiliament light (NFL). Biomarkers about synaptic dysfunction and/or loss includes neurogranin, BACE1, synaptotagmin, SNAP-25, GAP-43, synaptophysin. Biomarkers about neuroinflammation includes sTREM2, and YKL-40. Besides, d-glutamate is one of coagonists at the NMDARs. Several machine learning algorithms including support vector machine, logistic regression, random forest, and naïve Bayes) to build an optimal predictive model to distinguish patients with AD from healthy controls. Conclusions: Our results revealed machine learning with novel biomarkers and multiple variables may increase the sensitivity and specificity in diagnosis of AD. Rapid and cost-effective HPLC for biomarkers and machine learning algorithms may assist physicians in diagnosing AD in outpatient clinics.
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8
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Socha E, Kośliński P, Koba M, Mądra-Gackowska K, Kędziora-Kornatowska K, Gackowski M, Daghir-Wojtkowiak E. Amino Acid Levels as Potential Biomarker of Elderly Patients with Dementia. Brain Sci 2020; 10:E914. [PMID: 33260889 PMCID: PMC7760342 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10120914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Dementia is a clinical syndrome characterized by cognitive impairment, in which there is disturbance of multiple higher cortical functions. The primary risk factor of dementia is old age, and due to significant changes in the worldwide demographic structure, the prevalence of cognitive impairment is increasing dramatically with aging populations in most countries. Alzheimer's disease is the predominant and leading cause of dementia. The aim of this study was to evaluate the modifications of amino acids that characterize the initial stages of dementia to help our understanding of the complex and multifactorial pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders. A total of 123 participants were divided into two groups: healthy elderly subjects and patients with mild or moderate dementia. The results of this study indicate that the serum levels of three amino acids were changed significantly in patients with dementia, in relation to the subjects without dementia. In particular, we observed differences in concentrations for serine, arginine and isoleucine (all of them were significantly increased in patients with dementia, compared with the control group). Our results suggest that the metabolisms of some amino acids seem be changed in patients with dementia. We conclude that amino acid profiling might be helpful for the better understanding of biochemical and metabolic changes related to the pathogenesis and progression of dementia. However, considering the multifactorial, heterogenous and complex nature of this disease, validation with a greater study sample in further research is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edyta Socha
- Department of Toxicology and Bromatology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Collegium Medicum of Nicolaus Copernicus University, 85-067 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (E.S.); (P.K.); (M.G.)
| | - Piotr Kośliński
- Department of Toxicology and Bromatology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Collegium Medicum of Nicolaus Copernicus University, 85-067 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (E.S.); (P.K.); (M.G.)
| | - Marcin Koba
- Department of Toxicology and Bromatology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Collegium Medicum of Nicolaus Copernicus University, 85-067 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (E.S.); (P.K.); (M.G.)
| | - Katarzyna Mądra-Gackowska
- Department of Geriatrics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Collegium Medicum of Nicolaus Copernicus University, 85-067 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (K.M.-G.); (K.K.-K.)
| | - Kornelia Kędziora-Kornatowska
- Department of Geriatrics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Collegium Medicum of Nicolaus Copernicus University, 85-067 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (K.M.-G.); (K.K.-K.)
| | - Marcin Gackowski
- Department of Toxicology and Bromatology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Collegium Medicum of Nicolaus Copernicus University, 85-067 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (E.S.); (P.K.); (M.G.)
| | - Emilia Daghir-Wojtkowiak
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacodynamics, Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-210 Gdańsk, Poland;
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9
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Chang CH, Kuo HL, Ma WF, Tsai HC. Cerebrospinal Fluid and Serum d-Serine Levels in Patients with Alzheimer's Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Clin Med 2020; 9:E3840. [PMID: 33256147 PMCID: PMC7761499 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9123840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a complex and severe neurodegenerative disease and still lacks effective methods of diagnosis. Dysfunction of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) has been found to be involved in synapse dysfunction and neurotoxicity of AD mechanisms. d-Serine, an NMDAR receptor coagonist, is reported as a potential new biomarker for AD. However, the results of serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) d-serine levels are conflicting. We conducted a meta-analysis to investigate the serum and CSF d-serine levels in patients with AD. METHODS We searched PubMed, the Cochrane central register of controlled trials, and the Cochrane database of systematic reviews for trials that measured d-serine levels both in patients with AD and in controls. We included controlled trials that analyzed d-serine levels in human samples (e.g., serum and CSF). Studies were pooled using a random-effect model for comparisons between AD and control group. We used effect size (ES; expressed as d-serine levels) in each selected meta-analysis to calculate standardized mean difference (SMD). Positive values indicated increased d-serine levels in AD group. We presented results with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). The heterogeneity of the included trials was evaluated through visually inspecting funnel plots and using the I2 statistic. Moderators of effects were explored using metaregression. RESULTS Seven trials with more than 1186 participants were included in this meta-analysis. d-serine levels in patients with AD were significantly higher than those in controls (SMD = 0.679, 95% CI = 0.335 to 1.022, p < 0.001). Subgroup analyses showed that the AD group had significantly higher d-serine levels in serum and CSF compared with the control group (SMD = 0.566 (serum) and 1.008 (CSF); 95% CI = 0.183 to 0.948 (serum) and 0.168 to 1.849 (CSF)). Moreover, a metaregression revealed a significant negative association between ES and mean mini-mental state examination score in AD group (slope = -0.1203, p = 0.0004). CONCLUSIONS Our results revealed higher d-serine levels in the serum and CSF of patients with AD relative to the controls. Further studies with a larger sample size and longer follow-up are recommended to clarify this association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Hung Chang
- Institute of Clinical Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan;
- Department of Psychiatry & Brain Disease Research Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
- An Nan Hospital, China Medical University, Tainan 709204, Taiwan;
| | - Hsiao-Lun Kuo
- An Nan Hospital, China Medical University, Tainan 709204, Taiwan;
- School of Nursing, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan;
| | - Wei-Fen Ma
- School of Nursing, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan;
- Ph.D Program for Health Science and Industry, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
- Adjunct Supervisor, Department of Nursing, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Chi Tsai
- Department of Psychiatry, Tzu-Chi General Hospital, Hualien 970473, Taiwan
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 970473, Taiwan
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10
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Zhao J, Taylor CJ, Newcombe EA, Spanevello MD, O'Keeffe I, Cooper LT, Jhaveri DJ, Boyd AW, Bartlett PF. EphA4 Regulates Hippocampal Neural Precursor Proliferation in the Adult Mouse Brain by d-Serine Modulation of N-Methyl-d-Aspartate Receptor Signaling. Cereb Cortex 2020; 29:4381-4397. [PMID: 30590507 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhy319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG) is a major region of the adult rodent brain in which neurogenesis occurs throughout life. The EphA4 receptor, which regulates neurogenesis and boundary formation in the developing brain, is also expressed in the adult DG, but whether it regulates adult hippocampal neurogenesis is not known. Here, we show that, in the adult mouse brain, EphA4 inhibits hippocampal precursor cell proliferation but does not affect precursor differentiation or survival. Genetic deletion or pharmacological inhibition of EphA4 significantly increased hippocampal precursor proliferation in vivo and in vitro, by blocking EphA4 forward signaling. EphA4 was expressed by mature hippocampal DG neurons but not neural precursor cells, and an EphA4 antagonist, EphA4-Fc, did not activate clonal cultures of precursors until they were co-cultured with non-precursor cells, indicating an indirect effect of EphA4 on the regulation of precursor activity. Supplementation with d-serine blocked the increased precursor proliferation induced by EphA4 inhibition, whereas blocking the interaction between d-serine and N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) promoted precursor activity, even at the clonal level. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that EphA4 indirectly regulates adult hippocampal precursor proliferation and thus plays a role in neurogenesis via d-serine-regulated NMDAR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhao
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Chanel J Taylor
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Estella A Newcombe
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Mark D Spanevello
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Imogen O'Keeffe
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Leanne T Cooper
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia.,QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Dhanisha J Jhaveri
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia.,Mater Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Andrew W Boyd
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, St Lucia, QLD, Australia.,School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Perry F Bartlett
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
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11
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Accelerated identification of serine racemase inhibitor from Centella asiatica. Sci Rep 2020; 10:4640. [PMID: 32170206 PMCID: PMC7070078 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-61494-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Serine racemase (SR) converts the free form of L-serine into D-serine (DS) in the mammalian brain. The DS functions as a co-agonist of N-methyl D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor. The over- activation of NMDA receptor leads to many neurological disorders like stroke, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Alzheimer’s disease and an effective inhibitor of SR could be a corrective method for the receptor over-activation. We report for the first time here a rapid way of purifying and identifying an inhibitor from medicinal plants known to have the neuro-protective effect. We have purified SR inhibitor from the methanolic extract of Centella asiatica by affinity method. High resolution mass spectrometry and infrared spectroscopy were used to identify the ligand to be madecassoside. We have shown the madecassoside binding in silico and its inhibition of recombinant human serine racemase in vitro and ex vivo.
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12
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Selective demethylation of two CpG sites causes postnatal activation of the Dao gene and consequent removal of D-serine within the mouse cerebellum. Clin Epigenetics 2019; 11:149. [PMID: 31661019 PMCID: PMC6819446 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-019-0732-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Programmed epigenetic modifications occurring at early postnatal brain developmental stages may have a long-lasting impact on brain function and complex behavior throughout life. Notably, it is now emerging that several genes that undergo perinatal changes in DNA methylation are associated with neuropsychiatric disorders. In this context, we envisaged that epigenetic modifications during the perinatal period may potentially drive essential changes in the genes regulating brain levels of critical neuromodulators such as D-serine and D-aspartate. Dysfunction of this fine regulation may contribute to the genesis of schizophrenia or other mental disorders, in which altered levels of D-amino acids are found. We recently demonstrated that Ddo, the D-aspartate degradation gene, is actively demethylated to ultimately reduce D-aspartate levels. However, the role of epigenetics as a mechanism driving the regulation of appropriate D-ser levels during brain development has been poorly investigated to date. METHODS We performed comprehensive ultradeep DNA methylation and hydroxymethylation profiling along with mRNA expression and HPLC-based D-amino acids level analyses of genes controlling the mammalian brain levels of D-serine and D-aspartate. DNA methylation changes occurring in specific cerebellar cell types were also investigated. We conducted high coverage targeted bisulfite sequencing by next-generation sequencing and single-molecule bioinformatic analysis. RESULTS We report consistent spatiotemporal modifications occurring at the Dao gene during neonatal development in a specific brain region (the cerebellum) and within specific cell types (astrocytes) for the first time. Dynamic demethylation at two specific CpG sites located just downstream of the transcription start site was sufficient to strongly activate the Dao gene, ultimately promoting the complete physiological degradation of cerebellar D-serine a few days after mouse birth. High amount of 5'-hydroxymethylcytosine, exclusively detected at relevant CpG sites, strongly evoked the occurrence of an active demethylation process. CONCLUSION The present investigation demonstrates that robust and selective demethylation of two CpG sites is associated with postnatal activation of the Dao gene and consequent removal of D-serine within the mouse cerebellum. A single-molecule methylation approach applied at the Dao locus promises to identify different cell-type compositions and functions in different brain areas and developmental stages.
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13
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Role of astrocytes-derived d-serine in PFOS-induced neurotoxicity through NMDARs in the rat primary hippocampal neurons. Toxicology 2019; 422:14-24. [PMID: 31004706 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2019.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2018] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) is one of the perfluorinated compounds (PFCs), and has been used in industrial and consumer products. It has already been shown that PFOS could be detected in the environmental media and biological species including humans, due to its resistance to environmental degradation. PFOS is known to induce a series of adverse impacts on human health, e.g., as a potential neurotoxic substance. Recent studies suggest that astrocytes act as the mediator in PFOS-induced neurotoxicity; however, the underlying molecular mechanism needs further investigation. Under the physiological condition, astrocytes play an important role in maintaining brain functions through releasing and up-taking of neurotransmitters between astrocytes and neurons. In the present study, astrocytes-derived d-serine was shown to be involved in PFOS-induced apoptosis and death in the rat primary hippocampal neurons. Significant alterations in d-serine were found in astrocytes, mediated by the molecules in d-serine synthesis (serine racemase), metabolism (d-amino acid oxidase) and delivery (calcium, vacuolar type H+-ATPase, alanine-serine-cysteine transporter and connexin 43 hemichannels). Meanwhile, the N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) subunits (NR1, NR2 A and NR2B) gene and protein expressions were significantly increased in the hippocampal neurons exposed to the PFOS-activated astrocytes-conditional medium (ACM). Further, the adverse effects of PFOS could be attenuated by the fluorocitrate (an inhibitor for d-serine up-taken by the glial cells) application. Our data indicated that astrocytes-derived d-serine was involved in PFOS-induced neurotoxicity through the NMDARs in the rat primary hippocampal neurons.
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14
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Schloss J. Medical synopsis: New metabolic markers to help diagnosis and assess disease progression for Alzheimer's disease, normal pressure hydrocephalus and brain tumours. ADVANCES IN INTEGRATIVE MEDICINE 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aimed.2018.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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15
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Schloss J, Rainforest J. Medical synopsis: New metabolic markers to help diagnosis and assess disease progression for Alzheimer’s disease, normal pressure hydrocephalus and brain tumours. ADVANCES IN INTEGRATIVE MEDICINE 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aimed.2018.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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16
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Zachar G, Jakó T, Vincze I, Wagner Z, Tábi T, Bálint E, Mezey S, Szökő É, Csillag A. Age-related and function-dependent regional alterations of free L- and D-aspartate in postembryonic chick brain. ACTA BIOLOGICA HUNGARICA 2018; 69:1-15. [PMID: 29575913 DOI: 10.1556/018.68.2018.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
D-aspartate (D-Asp) modulates adult neural plasticity and embryonic brain development by promoting cell proliferation, survival and differentiation. Here, developmental changes of the excitatory amino acids (EAAs) L-Glu, L-Asp and D-Asp were determined during the first postembryonic days, a time window for early learning, in selected brain regions of domestic chickens after chiral separation and capillary electrophoresis. Extracellular concentration (ECC) of EAAs was measured in microdialysis samples from freely moving chicks. ECC of D-Asp (but not L-EAAs) decreased during the first week of age, with no considerable regional or learning-related variation. ECC of L-Asp and L-Glu (but not of D-Asp) were elevated in the mSt/Ac in response to a rewarding stimulus, suggesting importance of Asp-Glu co-release in synaptic plasticity of basal ganglia. Potassium-evoked release of D-Asp, with a protracted transient, was also demonstrated. D-Asp constitutes greater percentage of total aspartate in the extracellular space than in whole tissue extracts, thus the bulk of D-Asp detected in tissue appears in the extracellular space. Conversely, only a fraction of tissue L-EAAs can be detected in extracellular space. The lack of changes in tissue D-Asp following avoidance learning indicates a tonic, rather than phasic, mechanism in the neuromodulatory action of this amino acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gergely Zachar
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and EmbryologySemmelweis University, Tűzoltó u. 58, H-1094 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tamás Jakó
- Department of PharmacodynamicsSemmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - István Vincze
- Department of PharmacodynamicsSemmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Wagner
- Department of PharmacodynamicsSemmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tamás Tábi
- Department of PharmacodynamicsSemmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Eszter Bálint
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and EmbryologySemmelweis University, Tűzoltó u. 58, H-1094 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Szilvia Mezey
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and EmbryologySemmelweis University, Tűzoltó u. 58, H-1094 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Éva Szökő
- Department of PharmacodynamicsSemmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - András Csillag
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and EmbryologySemmelweis University, Tűzoltó u. 58, H-1094 Budapest, Hungary
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17
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Terrillion CE, Abazyan B, Yang Z, Crawford J, Shevelkin AV, Jouroukhin Y, Yoo KH, Cho CH, Roychaudhuri R, Snyder SH, Jang MH, Pletnikov MV. DISC1 in Astrocytes Influences Adult Neurogenesis and Hippocampus-Dependent Behaviors in Mice. Neuropsychopharmacology 2017; 42. [PMID: 28631721 PMCID: PMC5603806 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2017.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The functional role of genetic variants in glia in the pathogenesis of psychiatric disorders remains poorly studied. Disrupted-In-Schizophrenia 1 (DISC1), a genetic risk factor implicated in major mental disorders, has been implicated in regulation of astrocyte functions. As both astrocytes and DISC1 influence adult neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus (DG) of the hippocampus, we hypothesized that selective expression of dominant-negative C-terminus-truncated human DISC1 (mutant DISC1) in astrocytes would affect adult hippocampal neurogenesis and hippocampus-dependent behaviors. A series of behavioral tests were performed in mice with or without expression of mutant DISC1 in astrocytes during late postnatal development. In conjunction with behavioral tests, we evaluated adult neurogenesis, including neural progenitor proliferation and dendrite development of newborn neurons in the DG. The ameliorative effects of D-serine on mutant DISC1-associated behaviors and abnormal adult neurogenesis were also examined. Expression of mutant DISC1 in astrocytes decreased neural progenitor proliferation and dendrite growth of newborn neurons, and produced elevated anxiety, attenuated social behaviors, and impaired hippocampus-dependent learning and memory. Chronic treatment with D-serine ameliorated the behavioral alterations and rescued abnormal adult neurogenesis in mutant DISC1 mice. Our findings suggest that psychiatric genetic risk factors expressed in astrocytes could affect adult hippocampal neurogenesis and contribute to aspects of psychiatric disease through abnormal production of D-serine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chantelle E Terrillion
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Bagrat Abazyan
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Zhongxi Yang
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA,Department of Neurosurgery, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Joshua Crawford
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Alexey V Shevelkin
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yan Jouroukhin
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ki Hyun Yoo
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Chang Hoon Cho
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Robin Roychaudhuri
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Solomon H Snyder
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA,Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Mi-Hyeon Jang
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Mikhail V Pletnikov
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA,Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA,Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA,Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA,Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 North Wolfe Street, CMSC 8-121, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA, Tel: +410-502-3760, Fax: +410-614-0013, E-mail:
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18
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Phenylglycine analogs are inhibitors of the neutral amino acid transporters ASCT1 and ASCT2 and enhance NMDA receptor-mediated LTP in rat visual cortex slices. Neuropharmacology 2017; 126:70-83. [PMID: 28807674 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Revised: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDA) co-agonist d-serine is a substrate for the neutral amino acid transporters ASCT1 (SLC1A4) and ASCT2 (SLC1A5). We identified l-phenylglycine (PG) and its analogs as inhibitors of ASCT1 and ASCT2. PG analogs were shown to be non-substrate inhibitors of ASCT1 and ASCT2 with a range of activities relative to other amino acid transport systems, including sodium-dependent glutamate transporters, the sodium-independent d-serine transporter asc-1 and system L. L-4-chloroPG was the most potent and selective ASCT1/2 inhibitor identified. The PG analogs facilitated theta-burst induced long-term potentiation in rat visual cortex slices in a manner that was dependent on extracellular d-serine. For structurally-related PG analogs, there was an excellent correlation between ASCT1/2 transport inhibition and enhancement of LTP which was not the case for inhibition of asc-1 or system L. The ability of PG analogs to enhance LTP is likely due to inhibition of d-serine transport by ASCT1/2, leading to elevated extracellular levels of d-serine and increased NMDA receptor activity. These results suggest that ASCT1/2 may play an important role in regulating extracellular d-serine and NMDA receptor-mediated physiological effects and that ASCT1/2 inhibitors have the potential for therapeutic benefit.
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19
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The Gliotransmitter d-Serine Promotes Synapse Maturation and Axonal Stabilization In Vivo. J Neurosci 2017; 37:6277-6288. [PMID: 28550169 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3158-16.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Revised: 04/29/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The NMDAR is thought to play a key role in the refinement of connectivity in developing neural circuits. Pharmacological blockade or genetic loss-of-function manipulations that prevent NMDAR function during development result in the disorganization of topographic axonal projections. However, because NMDARs contribute to overall glutamatergic neurotransmission, such loss-of-function experiments fail to adequately distinguish between the roles played by NMDARs and neural activity in general. The gliotransmitter d-serine is a coagonist of the NMDAR that is required for NMDAR channel opening, but which cannot mediate neurotransmission on its own. Here we demonstrate that acute administration of d-serine has no immediate effect on glutamate release or AMPA-mediated neurotransmission. We show that endogenous d-serine is normally present below saturating levels in the developing visual system of the Xenopus tadpole. Using an amperometric enzymatic biosensor, we demonstrate that glutamatergic activation elevates ambient endogenous d-serine levels in the optic tectum. Chronically elevating levels of d-serine promoted synaptic maturation and resulted in the hyperstabilization of developing axon branches in the tadpole visual system. Conversely, treatment with an enzyme that degrades endogenous d-serine resulted in impaired synaptic maturation. Despite the reduction in axon arbor complexity seen in d-serine-treated animals, tectal neuron visual receptive fields were expanded, suggesting a failure to prune divergent retinal inputs. Together, these findings positively implicate NMDAR-mediated neurotransmission in developmental synapse maturation and the stabilization of axonal inputs and reveal a potential role for d-serine as an endogenous modulator of circuit refinement.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Activation of NMDARs is critical for the activity-dependent development and maintenance of highly organized topographic maps. d-Serine, a coagonist of the NMDAR, plays a significant role in modulating NMDAR-mediated synaptic transmission and plasticity in many brain areas. However, it remains unknown whether d-serine participates in the establishment of precise neuronal connections during development. Using an in vivo model, we show that glutamate receptor activation can evoke endogenous d-serine release, which promotes glutamatergic synapse maturation and stabilizes axonal structural and functional inputs. These results reveal a pivotal modulatory role for d-serine in neurodevelopment.
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20
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Kohiki T, Kato Y, Nishikawa Y, Yorita K, Sagawa I, Denda M, Inokuma T, Shigenaga A, Fukui K, Otaka A. Elucidation of inhibitor-binding pockets ofd-amino acid oxidase using docking simulation and N-sulfanylethylanilide-based labeling technology. Org Biomol Chem 2017; 15:5289-5297. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ob00633k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Binding pockets of a schizophrenia-relatedd-amino acid oxidase to its inhibitor were clarified by docking simulation and protein labeling experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taiki Kohiki
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Tokushima University
- Tokushima 770-8505
- Japan
| | - Yusuke Kato
- Division of Enzyme Pathophysiology
- The Institute for Enzyme Research (KOSOKEN)
- Tokushima University
- Tokushima 770-8503
- Japan
| | - Yusuke Nishikawa
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Tokushima University
- Tokushima 770-8505
- Japan
| | - Kazuko Yorita
- Division of Enzyme Pathophysiology
- The Institute for Enzyme Research (KOSOKEN)
- Tokushima University
- Tokushima 770-8503
- Japan
| | - Ikuko Sagawa
- Support Center for Advanced Medical Sciences
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences
- Tokushima University Graduate School
- Tokushima 770-8505
- Japan
| | - Masaya Denda
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Tokushima University
- Tokushima 770-8505
- Japan
| | - Tsubasa Inokuma
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Tokushima University
- Tokushima 770-8505
- Japan
| | - Akira Shigenaga
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Tokushima University
- Tokushima 770-8505
- Japan
- PRESTO
| | - Kiyoshi Fukui
- Division of Enzyme Pathophysiology
- The Institute for Enzyme Research (KOSOKEN)
- Tokushima University
- Tokushima 770-8503
- Japan
| | - Akira Otaka
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Tokushima University
- Tokushima 770-8505
- Japan
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21
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Arafa NMS, Marie MAS, AlAzimi SAM. Effect of canagliflozin and metformin on cortical neurotransmitters in a diabetic rat model. Chem Biol Interact 2016; 258:79-88. [PMID: 27566243 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2016.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Revised: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The rapid economic development in the Arabian Gulf has resulted in lifestyle changes that have increased the prevalence of obesity and type 2 diabetes, with the greatest increases observed in Kuwait. Dyslipidemia and diabetes are risk factors for disruptions in cortical neurotransmitter homeostasis. This study investigated the effect of the antidiabetic medications canagliflozin (CAN) and metformin (MET) on the levels of cortical neurotransmitters in a diabetic rat model. MATERIALS AND METHODS The rats were assigned to the control (C) group, the diabetic group that did not receive treatment (D) or the diabetic group treated with either CAN (10 mg/kg) or MET (100 mg/kg) for 2 or 4 weeks. Blood and urine glucose levels and cortical acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity were assayed, and amino acid and monoamine levels were measured using HPLC. RESULTS The diabetic group exhibited a significant increase in AChE activity and a decrease in monoamine and amino acid neurotransmitter levels. In the CAN group, AChE was significantly lower than that in the D and D + MET groups after 2 weeks of treatment. In addition, a significant increase in some cortical monoamines and amino acids was observed in the D + MET and D + CAN groups compared with the D group. Histopathological analysis revealed the presence of severe focal hemorrhage, neuronal degeneration, and cerebral blood vessel congestion, with gliosis in the cerebrum of rats in the D group. The CAN-treated group exhibited severe cerebral blood vessel congestion after 2 weeks of treatment and focal gliosis in the cerebrum after 4 weeks of treatment. Focal gliosis in the cerebrum of rats in the MET-treated group was observed after 2 and 4 weeks of treatment. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that the effect of CAN and MET on neurotransmitters is potentially mediated by their antihyperglycemic and antihyperlipidemic effects. In addition, the effects of CAN on neurotransmitters might be associated with its receptor activity, and the effect of MET on neurotransmitters might be associated with cerebral metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia M S Arafa
- Faculty of Science, Biology Department, Jazan University, KSA & National Organization for Drug Control and Research, Department of Physiology, Egypt.
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22
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Reciprocal Control of Thyroid Binding and the Pipecolate Pathway in the Brain. Neurochem Res 2016; 42:217-243. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-016-2015-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Revised: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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23
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Raider K, Ma D, Harris JL, Fuentes I, Rogers RS, Wheatley JL, Geiger PC, Yeh HW, Choi IY, Brooks WM, Stanford JA. A high fat diet alters metabolic and bioenergetic function in the brain: A magnetic resonance spectroscopy study. Neurochem Int 2016; 97:172-80. [PMID: 27125544 PMCID: PMC4900919 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2016.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Revised: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Diet-induced obesity and associated metabolic effects can lead to neurological dysfunction and increase the risk of developing Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD). Despite these risks, the effects of a high-fat diet on the central nervous system are not well understood. To better understand the mechanisms underlying the effects of high fat consumption on brain regions affected by AD and PD, we used proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy ((1)H-MRS) to measure neurochemicals in the hippocampus and striatum of rats fed a high fat diet vs. normal low fat chow. We detected lower concentrations of total creatine (tCr) and a lower glutamate-to-glutamine ratio in the hippocampus of high fat rats. Additional effects observed in the hippocampus of high fat rats included higher N-acetylaspartylglutamic acid (NAAG), and lower myo-inositol (mIns) and serine (Ser) concentrations. Post-mortem tissue analyses revealed lower phosphorylated AMP-activated protein kinase (pAMPK) in the striatum but not in the hippocampus of high fat rats. Hippocampal pAMPK levels correlated significantly with tCr, aspartate (Asp), phosphoethanolamine (PE), and taurine (Tau), indicating beneficial effects of AMPK activation on brain metabolic and energetic function, membrane turnover, and edema. A negative correlation between pAMPK and glucose (Glc) indicates a detrimental effect of brain Glc on cellular energy response. Overall, these changes indicate alterations in neurotransmission and in metabolic and bioenergetic function in the hippocampus and in the striatum of rats fed a high fat diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayla Raider
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Delin Ma
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Janna L Harris
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA; Hoglund Brain Imaging Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Isabella Fuentes
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Robert S Rogers
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Joshua L Wheatley
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Paige C Geiger
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Hung-Wen Yeh
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - In-Young Choi
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA; Hoglund Brain Imaging Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - William M Brooks
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA; Hoglund Brain Imaging Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA; Kansas Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA; University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - John A Stanford
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA; Kansas Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA.
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24
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Foster AC, Farnsworth J, Lind GE, Li YX, Yang JY, Dang V, Penjwini M, Viswanath V, Staubli U, Kavanaugh MP. D-Serine Is a Substrate for Neutral Amino Acid Transporters ASCT1/SLC1A4 and ASCT2/SLC1A5, and Is Transported by Both Subtypes in Rat Hippocampal Astrocyte Cultures. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0156551. [PMID: 27272177 PMCID: PMC4896441 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0156551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors play critical roles in synaptic transmission and plasticity. Activation of NMDA receptors by synaptically released L-glutamate also requires occupancy of co-agonist binding sites in the tetrameric receptor by either glycine or D-serine. Although D-serine appears to be the predominant co-agonist at synaptic NMDA receptors, the transport mechanisms involved in D-serine homeostasis in brain are poorly understood. In this work we show that the SLC1 amino acid transporter family members SLC1A4 (ASCT1) and SLC1A5 (ASCT2) mediate homo- and hetero-exchange of D-serine with physiologically relevant kinetic parameters. In addition, the selectivity profile of D-serine uptake in cultured rat hippocampal astrocytes is consistent with uptake mediated by both ASCT1 and ASCT2. Together these data suggest that SLC1A4 (ASCT1) may represent an important route of Na-dependent D-serine flux in the brain that has the ability to regulate extracellular D-serine and thereby NMDA receptor activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan C. Foster
- Department of Biological Sciences, Allergan, Inc., 2525 Dupont Drive, Irvine, CA 92612, United States of America
- * E-mail: (YXL); (ACF); (MPK)
| | - Jill Farnsworth
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, The University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, United States of America
| | - Genevieve E. Lind
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, The University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, United States of America
| | - Yong-Xin Li
- Department of Biological Sciences, Allergan, Inc., 2525 Dupont Drive, Irvine, CA 92612, United States of America
- * E-mail: (YXL); (ACF); (MPK)
| | - Jia-Ying Yang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Allergan, Inc., 2525 Dupont Drive, Irvine, CA 92612, United States of America
| | - Van Dang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Allergan, Inc., 2525 Dupont Drive, Irvine, CA 92612, United States of America
| | - Mahmud Penjwini
- Department of Biological Sciences, Allergan, Inc., 2525 Dupont Drive, Irvine, CA 92612, United States of America
| | - Veena Viswanath
- Department of Biological Sciences, Allergan, Inc., 2525 Dupont Drive, Irvine, CA 92612, United States of America
| | - Ursula Staubli
- Department of Biological Sciences, Allergan, Inc., 2525 Dupont Drive, Irvine, CA 92612, United States of America
| | - Michael P. Kavanaugh
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, The University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, United States of America
- * E-mail: (YXL); (ACF); (MPK)
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25
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Kolodney G, Dumin E, Safory H, Rosenberg D, Mori H, Radzishevsky I, Radzishevisky I, Wolosker H. Nuclear Compartmentalization of Serine Racemase Regulates D-Serine Production: IMPLICATIONS FOR N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE (NMDA) RECEPTOR ACTIVATION. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:31037-50. [PMID: 26553873 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.699496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
D-Serine is a physiological co-agonist that activates N-methyl D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) and is essential for neurotransmission, synaptic plasticity, and behavior. D-Serine may also trigger NMDAR-mediated neurotoxicity, and its dysregulation may play a role in neurodegeneration. D-Serine is synthesized by the enzyme serine racemase (SR), which directly converts L-serine to D-serine. However, many aspects concerning the regulation of D-serine production under physiological and pathological conditions remain to be elucidated. Here, we investigate possible mechanisms regulating the synthesis of D-serine by SR in paradigms relevant to neurotoxicity. We report that SR undergoes nucleocytoplasmic shuttling and that this process is dysregulated by several insults leading to neuronal death, typically by apoptotic stimuli. Cell death induction promotes nuclear accumulation of SR, in parallel with the nuclear translocation of GAPDH and Siah proteins at an early stage of the cell death process. Mutations in putative SR nuclear export signals (NESs) elicit SR nuclear accumulation and its depletion from the cytosol. Following apoptotic insult, SR associates with nuclear GAPDH along with other nuclear components, and this is accompanied by complete inactivation of the enzyme. As a result, extracellular D-serine concentration is reduced, even though extracellular glutamate concentration increases severalfold. Our observations imply that nuclear translocation of SR provides a fail-safe mechanism to prevent or limit secondary NMDAR-mediated toxicity in nearby synapses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goren Kolodney
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine and Research Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology and
| | - Elena Dumin
- the Laboratory of Clinical Biochemistry, Metabolic Unit, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa 31096, Israel, and
| | - Hazem Safory
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine and Research Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology and
| | - Dina Rosenberg
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine and Research Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology and
| | - Hisashi Mori
- the Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Inna Radzishevsky
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine and Research Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology and
| | | | - Herman Wolosker
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine and Research Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology and
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26
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Madeira C, Lourenco MV, Vargas-Lopes C, Suemoto CK, Brandão CO, Reis T, Leite REP, Laks J, Jacob-Filho W, Pasqualucci CA, Grinberg LT, Ferreira ST, Panizzutti R. d-serine levels in Alzheimer's disease: implications for novel biomarker development. Transl Psychiatry 2015; 5:e561. [PMID: 25942042 PMCID: PMC4471283 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2015.52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Revised: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a severe neurodegenerative disorder still in search of effective methods of diagnosis. Altered levels of the NMDA receptor co-agonist, d-serine, have been associated with neurological disorders, including schizophrenia and epilepsy. However, whether d-serine levels are deregulated in AD remains elusive. Here, we first measured D-serine levels in post-mortem hippocampal and cortical samples from nondemented subjects (n=8) and AD patients (n=14). We next determined d-serine levels in experimental models of AD, including wild-type rats and mice that received intracerebroventricular injections of amyloid-β oligomers, and APP/PS1 transgenic mice. Finally, we assessed d-serine levels in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of 21 patients with a diagnosis of probable AD, as compared with patients with normal pressure hydrocephalus (n=9), major depression (n=9) and healthy controls (n=10), and results were contrasted with CSF amyloid-β/tau AD biomarkers. d-serine levels were higher in the hippocampus and parietal cortex of AD patients than in control subjects. Levels of both d-serine and serine racemase, the enzyme responsible for d-serine production, were elevated in experimental models of AD. Significantly, d-serine levels were higher in the CSF of probable AD patients than in non-cognitively impaired subject groups. Combining d-serine levels to the amyloid/tau index remarkably increased the sensitivity and specificity of diagnosis of probable AD in our cohort. Our results show that increased brain and CSF d-serine levels are associated with AD. CSF d-serine levels discriminated between nondemented and AD patients in our cohort and might constitute a novel candidate biomarker for early AD diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Madeira
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - M V Lourenco
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - C Vargas-Lopes
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - C K Suemoto
- Discipline of Geriatrics, University of São Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - C O Brandão
- Institute of Psychiatry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - T Reis
- Institute of Psychiatry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - R E P Leite
- Department of Pathology, University of São Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - J Laks
- Institute of Psychiatry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - W Jacob-Filho
- Discipline of Geriatrics, University of São Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - C A Pasqualucci
- Department of Pathology, University of São Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - L T Grinberg
- Department of Pathology, University of São Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - S T Ferreira
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - R Panizzutti
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Institute of Psychiatry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Diniz LP, Matias ICP, Garcia MN, Gomes FCA. Astrocytic control of neural circuit formation: highlights on TGF-beta signaling. Neurochem Int 2014; 78:18-27. [PMID: 25125369 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2014.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Revised: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Brain function depends critically on the coordinated activity of presynaptic and postsynaptic signals derived from both neurons and non-neuronal elements such as glial cells. A key role for astrocytes in neuronal differentiation and circuitry formation has emerged within the last decade. Although the function of glial cells in synapse formation, elimination and efficacy has greatly increased, we are still very far from deeply understanding the molecular and cellular mechanism underlying these events. The present review discusses the mechanisms driving astrocytic control of excitatory and inhibitory synapse formation in the central nervous system, especially the mechanisms mediated by soluble molecules, particularly those from the TGF-β family. Further, we discuss whether and how human astrocytes might contribute to the acquisition of human cognition. We argue that understanding how astrocytic signals regulate synaptic development might offer new insights into human perception, learning, memory, and cognition and, ultimately, provide new targets for the treatment of neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luan Pereira Diniz
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Isadora C Pereira Matias
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Matheus Nunes Garcia
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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Arginine vasopressin regulated ASCT1 expression in astrocytes from stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats and congenic SHRpch1_18 rats. Neuroscience 2014; 267:277-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.02.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Revised: 02/23/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Sultan S, Gebara EG, Moullec K, Toni N. D-serine increases adult hippocampal neurogenesis. Front Neurosci 2013; 7:155. [PMID: 24009551 PMCID: PMC3756301 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2013.00155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult hippocampal neurogenesis results in the continuous formation of new neurons and is a process of brain plasticity involved in learning and memory. The neurogenic niche regulates the stem cell proliferation and the differentiation and survival of new neurons and a major contributor to the neurogenic niche are astrocytes. Among the molecules secreted by astrocytes, D-serine is an important gliotransmitter and is a co-agonist of the glutamate, N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor. D-serine has been shown to enhance the proliferation of neural stem cells in vitro, but its effect on adult neurogenesis in vivo is unknown. Here, we tested the effect of exogenous administration of D-serine on adult neurogenesis in the mouse dentate gyrus. We found that 1 week of treatment with D-serine increased cell proliferation in vivo and in vitro and increased the density of neural stem cells and transit amplifying progenitors. Furthermore, D-serine increased the survival of newborn neurons. Together, these results indicate that D-serine treatment resulted in the improvement of several steps of adult neurogenesis in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastien Sultan
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Lausanne Lausanne, Switzerland
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