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Voortman M, Drent M, Stern BJ. Neurosarcoidosis and Neurologic Complications of Sarcoidosis Treatment. Clin Chest Med 2024; 45:91-103. [PMID: 38245373 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccm.2023.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
Sarcoidosis is an immune-mediated multisystem granulomatous disorder. Neurosarcoidosis (NS) accounts for 5% to 35% of cases. The diagnostic evaluation of NS can be a clinical challenge. Gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the gold standard to evaluate central nervous system NS. In almost all cases treatment is warranted. Although glucocorticoids remain the first-line therapy in patients with sarcoidosis, in NS timely initiation of second- or third-line treatment is strongly recommended. Of these, tumor necrosis factor-alpha inhibitors are the most promising. However, the treatment itself may be responsible for/associated with developing neurologic symptoms mimicking NS. Thus, it is important to consider the possibility of drug-induced neurologic symptoms in sarcoidosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mareye Voortman
- Department of Pulmonology, Division of Heart & Lungs, University Medical Centre Utrecht, PO Box 85500, Utrecht 3508 GA, The Netherlands.
| | - Marjolein Drent
- Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Science, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Department of Respiratory Medicine, ILD Center of Excellence, St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands; ILD Care Foundation Research Team, Heideoordlaan 8, Ede 6711NR, The Netherlands
| | - Barney J Stern
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, 601 North Caroline Street, Neurology Room 5066B, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
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Shrestha K, Kleinschmidt-DeMasters BK, Ormond DR. Diagnostic challenges of neurosarcoidosis in non-endemic areas. Front Neurol 2024; 14:1220635. [PMID: 38274870 PMCID: PMC10809150 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1220635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Neurosarcoidosis (NS) is a challenging diagnosis, particularly when cases occur in low-prevalence, non-endemic geographic regions. In the United States, the highest incidence is in the Midwest and Northeast, compared to our Southwest location. While it is well known that NS may clinically and neuroradiographically mimic meningeal carcinomatosis, autoimmune or infectious pachymeningitis, neurosyphilis, or tuberculosis, diagnosis may be particularly challenging if systemic signs of sarcoidosis are lacking or unconfirmed or if dural-based masses are present. We reviewed our Colorado experience with NS cases, focusing our study on cases where NS represented the first histological confirmation of disease. Methods A search of departmental databases was conducted with the search term "neurosarcoidosis" to identify cases 1-2008 to 12-2019, inclusive of the given case numbers. Patients were only included if their clinical and neuroimaging features were unusual and only when a biopsy of the central nervous system (CNS) represented the first confirmed diagnosis of sarcoidosis. Results A total of 17 cases were identified, of which the biopsy of the CNS was used for the initial confirmation of the disease in 9 of them. The most unusual findings were two patients with dural-based masses, one of which had pure NS as the cause of meningioma-like lesions and the second of which had coexistent meningioma and intimately admixed non-necrotizing granulomas of NS. Conclusion NS with unusual features, especially in non-endemic areas, continues to yield diagnostic challenges for neurologists, neuroradiologists, and pathologists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keshari Shrestha
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - B. K. Kleinschmidt-DeMasters
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - D. Ryan Ormond
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
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Basheer M, Waked H, Jeries H, Azrilin O, Paz D, Assy N, Naffaa ME, Badarny S. Neurosarcoidosis: The Presentation, Diagnosis and Treatment Review of Two Cases. Life (Basel) 2023; 14:69. [PMID: 38255684 PMCID: PMC10820900 DOI: 10.3390/life14010069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Sarcoidosis is a chronic granulomatous disease of unknown cause characterized by the presence of non-caseating granulomas. The disease can affect any organ including the nervous system. Neurosarcoidosis occurs in about 5% patients with sarcoidosis. The clinical presentation of neurosarcoidosis is varied, and it can involve the brain, spinal cord and peripheral nervous system, separately or in different combinations. The diagnosis of neurosarcoidosis is challenging, as biopsies from the nervous system are not readily available. Anti-TNFα agents are becoming one of the cornerstone treatments for neurosarcoidosis. In this case-based review, we discuss two cases of neurosarcoidosis with different clinical presentations. The first patient presented with confusion, while the second presented with walking difficulty and neurogenic bladder. Both patients were treated with methylprednisolone pulse therapy with rapid, but non-complete, improvement. Therefore, infliximab was initiated in both cases with subsequent improvement in the clinical manifestations and imaging findings, emphasizing the effectiveness and safety of infliximab in cases of severe neurosarcoidosis. In conclusion, the goal of neurosarcoidosis management is to prevent organ system damage and minimize the toxic cumulative adverse effects of glucocorticoid use. In this case-based review we discuss the various presentations, the diagnosis and the treatment of neurosarcoidosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maamoun Basheer
- Internal Medicine Department, Galilee Medical Center, Nahariya 221001, Israel;
| | - Hamd Waked
- Neurology Department, Galilee Medical Center, Nahariya 221001, Israel; (O.A.); (S.B.)
| | - Helana Jeries
- Rheumatology Unit, Galilee Medical Center, Nahariya 221001, Israel;
| | - Olga Azrilin
- Neurology Department, Galilee Medical Center, Nahariya 221001, Israel; (O.A.); (S.B.)
| | - Dan Paz
- Radiology Department, Galilee Medical Center, Nahariya 221001, Israel; (D.P.); (M.E.N.)
| | - Nimer Assy
- Internal Medicine Department, Galilee Medical Center, Nahariya 221001, Israel;
- The Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed 1311502, Israel
| | - Mohammad E. Naffaa
- Radiology Department, Galilee Medical Center, Nahariya 221001, Israel; (D.P.); (M.E.N.)
- The Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed 1311502, Israel
| | - Samih Badarny
- Neurology Department, Galilee Medical Center, Nahariya 221001, Israel; (O.A.); (S.B.)
- The Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed 1311502, Israel
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4
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Kleinschmidt-DeMasters BK. Unusual features of neurosarcoidosis: A 18-year retrospective. Ann Diagn Pathol 2023; 67:152201. [PMID: 37607450 DOI: 10.1016/j.anndiagpath.2023.152201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neurosarcoidosis (NS) is a challenging diagnosis for clinicians and pathologists. NS most often presents with leptomeningeal involvement where it mimics infectious or neoplastic meningitis, and in up to half of cases, systemic signs of sarcoidosis are lacking. Rare presentations include dural-based mass(es) (mimicking meningioma), hypothalamic/sellar-based lesions (mimicking pituitary adenoma), or as myelopathy (mimicking tumor or neurodegenerative condition). For pathologists, the morphological effects of prior therapy are not well documented. NS as an unsuspected cause of demise today is even less well known. METHODS Search of departmental databases and personal files, 2004-2022, for NS cases, with focus on the subset with features of interest to pathologists. RESULTS 22 cases were identified (8 M: 14F, 13-66 years), in 11 of which the CNS specimen represented first diagnosis of sarcoidosis. 20 were surgical and 2 were autopsy cases. Focus of the study revolved around 2 surgical cases with NS granulomas intimately admixed with tumor (1 meningoma, 1 gonadotroph pituitary adenoma/pituitary neuroendocrine tumor (PitNET). One surgical and one autopsy case each had decrease in lymphocytes and well-formed granulomas, with increased fibrosis and hemosiderin in post-treatment tissues. We speculate, but cannot prove, that this may be due to prior steroid therapy. Both autopsy cases were women (38, 43-years), both with cauda equina syndrome/ progressive weakness as first presentation, and extensive spinal cord/nerve root sarcoidosis at demise. First diagnosis of NS/sarcoidosis was at autopsy in the 38-year-old. CONCLUSIONS Unusual features for pathologists are that NS can co-exist within benign tumors, prior therapy alters histological features, and even in the modern era, may be first diagnosed at autopsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- B K Kleinschmidt-DeMasters
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA.
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Matias TB, Cordeiro RA, Duarte JA, de Jarry VM, Appenzeller S, Villarinho L, Reis F. Immune-Mediated Hypertrophic Pachymeningitis and its Mimickers: Magnetic Resonance Imaging Findings. Acad Radiol 2023; 30:2696-2706. [PMID: 36882352 DOI: 10.1016/j.acra.2023.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Revised: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
Hypertrophic pachymeningitis (HP) is a rare and chronic inflammatory disorder presenting as localized or diffuse thickening of the dura mater. It can be idiopathic or an unusual manifestation of immune-mediated, infectious, and neoplastic conditions. Although some cases may remain asymptomatic, HP can lead to progressive headaches, cranial nerve palsies, hydrocephalus, and other neurological complications, which makes its recognition a fundamental step for prompt treatment. Regarding the diagnosis workup, enhanced MRI is the most useful imaging method to evaluate dural thickening. This article addresses the MR imaging patterns of immune-mediated HP, including immunoglobulin G4-related disease, neurosarcoidosis, granulomatosis with polyangiitis, rheumatoid pachymeningitis, and idiopathic HP. The main infectious and neoplastic mimicking entities are also discussed with reference to conventional and advanced MR sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago Bezerra Matias
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Rafael Alves Cordeiro
- Rheumatology Division, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Juliana Avila Duarte
- Department of Internal Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Vinicius Menezes de Jarry
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Simone Appenzeller
- Department of Orthopedics, Rheumatology and Traumatology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Luciano Villarinho
- Department of Radiology, Rhode Island Medical Imaging, Brown University, USA
| | - Fabiano Reis
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil.
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Ducloyer JB, Marignier R, Wiertlewski S, Lebranchu P. Optic neuritis classification in 2021. Eur J Ophthalmol 2021; 32:11206721211028050. [PMID: 34218696 DOI: 10.1177/11206721211028050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Optic neuritis (ON) can be associated with inflammatory disease of the central nervous system or can be isolated, with or without relapse. It can also be associated with infectious or systemic disease. These multiple associations based on a variety of clinical, radiological, and biological criteria that have changed over time have led to overlapping phenotypes: a single ON case can be classified in several ways simultaneously or over time. As early, intensive treatment is often required, its diagnosis should be rapid and precise. In this review, we present the current state of knowledge about diagnostic criteria for ON aetiologies in adults and children, we discuss overlapping phenotypes, and we propose a homogeneous classification scheme. Even if distinctions between typical and atypical ON are relevant, their phenotypes are largely overlapping, and clinical criteria are neither sensitive enough, nor specific enough, to assure a diagnosis. For initial cases of ON, clinicians should perform contrast enhanced MRI of the brain and orbits, cerebral spinal fluid analysis, and biological analyses to exclude secondary infectious or inflammatory ON. Systematic screening for MOG-IgG and AQP4-IgG IgG is recommended in children but is still a matter of debate in adults. Early recognition of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder, MOG-IgG-associated disorder, and chronic relapsing idiopathic optic neuritis is required, as these diagnoses require therapies for relapse prevention that are different from those used to treat multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Romain Marignier
- Centre de référence des maladies inflammatoires rares du cerveau et de la moelle (MIRCEM), Service de neurologie, sclérose en plaques, pathologies de la myéline et neuro-inflammation, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Lyon, Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, France
| | | | - Pierre Lebranchu
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital of Nantes, Nantes, France
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Abdel-Wahed L, Cho TA. Immune-Mediated Myelopathies: A Review of Etiologies, Diagnostic Approach, and Therapeutic Management. Semin Neurol 2021; 41:269-279. [PMID: 34030191 DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1725152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Myelopathy is a broad term used to describe a heterogeneous group of disorders that affects the spinal cord; the focus of this article will be a subgroup of these disorders with an autoimmune and inflammatory-based pathology. Symptoms typically develop over hours or days and then worsen over a matter of days to weeks, but sometimes can have a more insidious or subacute presentation, which can make the diagnosis more puzzling. Despite relatively low incidence rates, almost a third of affected patients are left with severely disabling symptoms. Prompt recognition of the underlying etiology is essential so that a specific targeted therapy can be implemented for optimal outcomes. The authors discuss a systematic approach to immune-mediated myelopathies, with a focus on the unique characteristics of each that may aid in diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lama Abdel-Wahed
- Department of Neurology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Tracey A Cho
- Department of Neurology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa
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8
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Overcoming the Elusiveness of Neurosarcoidosis: Learning from Five Complex Cases. Neurol Int 2021; 13:130-142. [PMID: 33805852 PMCID: PMC8103283 DOI: 10.3390/neurolint13020013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The involvement of the central nervous system in sarcoidosis can manifest with a variety of neurological symptoms, and most of them can be nonspecific. The diagnosis of neurosarcoidosis (NS) can therefore be very challenging without a tissue biopsy. Both computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are important imaging modalities in the diagnosis of NS, and MRI is the modality of choice due to its superior soft-tissue contrast resolution. We present a case series of NS with interesting neuroimaging features, complex neurological presentations, and clinical courses. We identify five cases presenting with clinically isolated neurosarcoidosis (CINS) without any other signs or symptoms of systemic disease which were diagnosed as NS on biopsy. In the first case, we describe a patient with an intramedullary cervical spinal cord lesion. In the second case we describe a patient presenting with inflammatory changes and enhancement in the orbit. The third case demonstrates a lesion with calcification around the region of the foramen of Monro. The fourth case shows multiple ring-enhancing lesions. Lastly, the fifth case exhibits unusual findings with both optic neuritis and a cerebellar nodule. We aim to describe the complicated clinical course with neurological workup, neuro-imaging, and eventual diagnosis and treatment of these challenging cases to highlight the variable presentations of NS. This case series will remind clinicians that NS should always be in the differential diagnosis when a patient presents with nonspecific neurological symptoms with unusual neuroimaging findings.
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Garrì F, Rinaldi F, Perini P, Miscioscia A, Simonato D, Pizzi M, Margoni M, Gallo P. Slowly Progressive Optic Perineuritis as the First Clinical Manifestation of Sarcoidosis. J Neuroophthalmol 2021; 41:e39-e41. [PMID: 32141980 DOI: 10.1097/wno.0000000000000924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Federica Garrì
- Neurology Unit (FG, FR, PP, AM, MM, PG), University Hospital of Padova, Padova, Italy ; Neuroradiology Unit (DS), University Hospital of Padova, Padova, Italy ; and General Pathology and Cytopathology Unit (MP), Department of Medicine-DIMED, University Hospital of Padova, Padova, Italy
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10
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Hoegerl C, Amper A. A 46-Year-Old Presenting With Inferior Mononuclear Visual Field Defect as the Sole Manifestation of Neurosarcoidosis. Cureus 2021; 13:e13076. [PMID: 33728109 PMCID: PMC7948692 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.13076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurosarcoidosis (NS) is a rare manifestation of sarcoidosis that lacks an organized body of knowledge regarding its diagnosis and management. There exists no clearly defined diagnostic criteria to make the diagnosis. To further complicate things, biopsy of the nervous system tissue remains complicated and not easily accomplished due to the sensitivity of the tissue and the subsequent deficits it could produce. In this case report, we present a patient who presented with acute inferior mononuclear quadrantanopsia with an insignificant past medical history and a lack of other signs and symptoms. Follow-up studies and magnetic resonance imaging of the orbits eventually led to the diagnosis of NS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl Hoegerl
- Internal Medicine and Neurology, Centra Health and Liberty University College of Osteopathic Medicine, Lynchburg, USA
| | - Addie Amper
- Neurology, Liberty University College of Osteopathic Medicine, Lynchburg, USA
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Effects of immunotherapies and clinical outcomes in neurosarcoidosis: a retrospective cohort study. J Neurol 2021; 268:2466-2472. [PMID: 33515298 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-021-10421-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Neurosarcoidosis is associated with a significant degree of morbidity and mortality and its treatments are varied and complex. There is a paucity of information in current literature on patterns of treatment and long term outcomes. This study aimed to evaluate the clinical outcomes and responses to immunosuppressive therapy in a large cohort of neurosarcoidosis patients . METHODS We enrolled 80 patients with a diagnosis of neurosarcoidosis. Prescription patterns and clinical outcomes before and after treatment and differences between the treatment groups were compared using Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Witney U tests. RESULTS Patients with cranial mononeuropathy other than optic neuropathy were more likely to be treated with steroids alone whereas patients with other presentations were likely to require second and third level treatments. These included azathioprine, methotrexate, mycophenolate, infliximab, and cyclophosphamide often used in combination. Prednisolone alone at onset failed in 67% of patients but appeared most effective in those with isolated facial nerve palsy. Patients treated with prednisolone plus a standard immunosuppression first line generally did well except for those with brain parenchymal disease and /or hydrocephalus who responded better to the addition of infliximab, or cyclophosphamide. Triple therapy with prednisolone + azathioprine + infliximab was associated with significantly greater improvement on the Modified Rankin Scale than prednisolone alone whether used first line (p = 0.001 corrected) or subsequently (p = 0.021 corrected). Overall favourable outcomes in the form of improvement of MRS were reported in 87%, CONCLUSIONS: Our results provides evidence that early immunosuppressive treatments, with azathioprine, methotrexate and infliximab could effectively improve clinical outcomes in many patients with neurosarcoidosis.
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Togashi S, Maruya J, Abe H, Nishimaki K, Ouchi H, Hara K, Tokairin T, Nishiyama K, Shimizu H. Endoscopic Management for Recurrent Hydrocephalus Associated with Neurosarcoidosis. World Neurosurg 2020; 144:121-124. [PMID: 32890842 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2020.08.177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recurrent hydrocephalus may occur as a complication of neurosarcoidosis with chronic inflammation. We present a case that required a combination of multistage endoscopic diversion of the cerebrospinal fluid pathway and shunt surgery. CASE DESCRIPTION A 34-year-old man presented with progressive nausea and vomiting. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed hydrocephalus with leptomeningeal enhancement along the base of the fourth ventricle and the bilateral foramina of Luschka. Concurrent endoscopic third ventriculostomy and biopsy were performed. The diagnosis was neurosarcoidosis. Immediately after the procedure, the endoscopic third ventriculostomy stoma was occluded, and a right ventriculoperitoneal shunt was urgently performed. However, left unilateral hydrocephalus developed during the late phase of immunosuppressive therapy for neurosarcoidosis. Endoscopic septostomy with repositioning of the ventricular catheter was indicated. Intraoperative findings included a white pasty tissue with nodules that covered the ventricular wall close to the foramen of Monro and sealed the side holes of the catheter. Chemotherapy with a tumor necrosis factor-α inhibitor was initiated after the surgical procedure. The patient had an uneventful course without recurrence of hydrocephalus for >6 months. CONCLUSIONS Endoscopic diversion of the cerebrospinal fluid pathway should be actively considered for treating hydrocephalus without a shunt and performing biopsy simultaneously. Even if a subsequent shunt is needed, complex hydrocephalus can be avoided with a combination of endoscopic techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuntaro Togashi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Akita Red Cross Hospital, Akita, Japan; Department of Neurosurgery, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan.
| | - Jun Maruya
- Department of Neurosurgery, Akita Red Cross Hospital, Akita, Japan
| | - Hideaki Abe
- Department of Neurosurgery, Akita Red Cross Hospital, Akita, Japan
| | | | - Haruka Ouchi
- Department of Neurology, Akita Red Cross Hospital, Akita, Japan
| | - Kenju Hara
- Department of Neurology, Akita Red Cross Hospital, Akita, Japan
| | - Takuo Tokairin
- Department of Pathology, Akita Red Cross Hospital, Akita, Japan
| | | | - Hiroaki Shimizu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
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Voortman M, Stern BJ, Saketkoo LA, Drent M. The Burden of Neurosarcoidosis: Essential Approaches to Early Diagnosis and Treatment. Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2020; 41:641-651. [PMID: 32777849 DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1710576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Neurosarcoidosis (NS) is an often severe, destructive manifestation with a likely under-reported prevalence of 5 to 15% of sarcoidosis cases, and in its active phase demands timely treatment intervention. Clinical signs and symptoms of NS are variable and wide-ranging, depending on anatomical involvement. Cranial nerve dysfunction, cerebrospinal parenchymal disease, aseptic meningitis, and leptomeningeal disease are the most commonly recognized manifestations. However, non-organ-specific potentially neurologically driven symptoms, such as fatigue, cognitive dysfunction, and small fiber neuropathy, appear frequently.Heterogeneous clinical presentations and absence of any single conclusive test or biomarker render NS, and sarcoidosis itself, a challenging definitive diagnosis. Clinical suspicion of NS warrants a thorough systemic and neurologic evaluation hopefully resulting in supportive extraneural physical exam and/or tissue findings. Treatment targets the severity of the manifestation, with careful discernment of whether NS reflects active potentially reversible inflammatory granulomatous disease versus inactive postinflammatory damage whereby functional impairment is unlikely to be pharmacologically responsive. Non-organ-specific symptoms are poorly understood, challenging in deciphering reversibility and often identified too late to respond to conventional immunosuppressive/pharmacological treatment. Physical therapy, coping strategies, and stress reduction may benefit patients with all disease activity levels of NS.This publication provides an approach to screening, diagnosis, disease activity discernment, and pharmacological as well as nonpharmacological treatment interventions to reduce disability and protect health-related quality of life in NS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mareye Voortman
- Division of Heart and Lungs, Department of Pulmonology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, The Netherlands.,ILD Care Foundation Research Team, Ede, The Netherlands
| | - Barney J Stern
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Lesley Ann Saketkoo
- New Orleans Scleroderma and Sarcoidosis Patient Care and Research Center, New Orleans, Louisiana.,Comprehensive Pulmonary Hypertension Center and Interstitial Lung Disease Clinic Programs, University Medical Center, New Orleans, Louisiana.,Louisiana State University and Tulane University Schools of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Marjolein Drent
- ILD Care Foundation Research Team, Ede, The Netherlands.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, FHML, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Department of Pulmonology, ILD Center of Excellence, St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
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14
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Fritz D, Timmermans WMC, van Laar JAM, van Hagen PM, Siepman TAM, van de Beek D, Brouwer MC. Infliximab treatment in pathology-confirmed neurosarcoidosis. NEUROLOGY-NEUROIMMUNOLOGY & NEUROINFLAMMATION 2020; 7:7/5/e847. [PMID: 32718952 PMCID: PMC7413716 DOI: 10.1212/nxi.0000000000000847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Objective To assess the efficacy and risks of treatment with infliximab (anti–tumor necrosis factor alpha) in pathology-confirmed neurosarcoidosis. Methods In a retrospective study in 2 tertiary referral centers in the Netherlands, we analyzed clinical characteristics, complications, and outcome of patients with neurosarcoidosis treated with infliximab. Results Twenty-eight patients were identified with a mean age of 42 years. Neurosarcoidosis presented with a cerebral parenchymal localization in 16 (59%), pituitary gland/hypothalamic sarcoidosis in 15 (54%), peripheral nerve involvement in 12 (43%), and chronic meningitis in 11 patients (41%). Initial treatment response after the start of infliximab was complete remission in 6 (21%) and improvement in 14 (50%), whereas 7 patients had stable disease (25%), and 1 (4%) deteriorated and died. At the end of follow-up, with a median of 32 months, 5 patients (18%) had died, and 2 (40%) were using infliximab at the time of death. Tapering or discontinuation of corticosteroids without a relapse was achieved in 19 of 28 patients (68%). In patients with decreasing dosing or discontinuation of infliximab, a relapse occurred in 5 of 19 patients (26%). Complications of infliximab were reported in 10 of 28 patients (36%) and mainly consisted of infections in 8 (29%). Conclusion Infliximab is an effective treatment in neurosarcoidosis leading to remission or improvement in 70%. The mortality rate in infliximab-treated patients was substantial, indicating the severity of disease and treatment-associated complications. Classification of evidence This study provides Class IV evidence that in people with pathology-confirmed neurosarcoidosis, infliximab is beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daan Fritz
- From the Amsterdam UMC (D.F., D.B., M.C.B.), University of Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam; Erasmus MC (W.M.C.T., J.A.M.L., P.M.H.), Department of Internal Medicine; Erasmus MC (W.M.C.T., J.A.M.L., P.M.H.), Department of Immunology; and Erasmus MC (T.A.M.S.), Department of Neurology, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Wilhelmina M C Timmermans
- From the Amsterdam UMC (D.F., D.B., M.C.B.), University of Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam; Erasmus MC (W.M.C.T., J.A.M.L., P.M.H.), Department of Internal Medicine; Erasmus MC (W.M.C.T., J.A.M.L., P.M.H.), Department of Immunology; and Erasmus MC (T.A.M.S.), Department of Neurology, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jan A M van Laar
- From the Amsterdam UMC (D.F., D.B., M.C.B.), University of Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam; Erasmus MC (W.M.C.T., J.A.M.L., P.M.H.), Department of Internal Medicine; Erasmus MC (W.M.C.T., J.A.M.L., P.M.H.), Department of Immunology; and Erasmus MC (T.A.M.S.), Department of Neurology, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - P Martin van Hagen
- From the Amsterdam UMC (D.F., D.B., M.C.B.), University of Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam; Erasmus MC (W.M.C.T., J.A.M.L., P.M.H.), Department of Internal Medicine; Erasmus MC (W.M.C.T., J.A.M.L., P.M.H.), Department of Immunology; and Erasmus MC (T.A.M.S.), Department of Neurology, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Theodora A M Siepman
- From the Amsterdam UMC (D.F., D.B., M.C.B.), University of Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam; Erasmus MC (W.M.C.T., J.A.M.L., P.M.H.), Department of Internal Medicine; Erasmus MC (W.M.C.T., J.A.M.L., P.M.H.), Department of Immunology; and Erasmus MC (T.A.M.S.), Department of Neurology, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Diederik van de Beek
- From the Amsterdam UMC (D.F., D.B., M.C.B.), University of Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam; Erasmus MC (W.M.C.T., J.A.M.L., P.M.H.), Department of Internal Medicine; Erasmus MC (W.M.C.T., J.A.M.L., P.M.H.), Department of Immunology; and Erasmus MC (T.A.M.S.), Department of Neurology, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Matthijs C Brouwer
- From the Amsterdam UMC (D.F., D.B., M.C.B.), University of Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam; Erasmus MC (W.M.C.T., J.A.M.L., P.M.H.), Department of Internal Medicine; Erasmus MC (W.M.C.T., J.A.M.L., P.M.H.), Department of Immunology; and Erasmus MC (T.A.M.S.), Department of Neurology, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
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16
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This article provides an overview and update on the neurologic manifestations of sarcoidosis. RECENT FINDINGS The 2018 Neurosarcoidosis Consortium diagnostic criteria emphasize that biopsy is key for diagnosis and determines the level of diagnostic certainty. Thus, definite neurosarcoidosis requires nervous system biopsy and probable neurosarcoidosis requires biopsy from extraneural tissue. Without biopsy, possible neurosarcoidosis can be diagnosed if the clinical, imaging, and laboratory picture is compatible and other causes are ruled out. Recent large retrospective studies from the United States and France established that infliximab appears to be efficacious when other treatments are inadequate. SUMMARY Sarcoidosis is a multisystem noninfectious granulomatous disorder that is immune mediated, reflecting the response to an as-yet unidentified antigen or antigens. Neurosarcoidosis refers to neurologic involvement due to sarcoidosis that clinically manifests in 5% of cases of sarcoidosis, with asymptomatic involvement in as many as another one in five patients with sarcoidosis. Sarcoid granulomas can occur in any anatomic substrate in the nervous system, causing protean manifestations that have earned neurosarcoidosis the sobriquet the great mimic. Nevertheless, central nervous system sarcoidosis occurs in well-defined presentations that can be classified as cranial neuropathies, meningeal disease, brain parenchymal (including pituitary-hypothalamic) disease, and spinal cord disease. In addition, the peripheral nervous system is affected in the form of peripheral neuropathy and myopathy. Glucocorticoids are the cornerstone of treatment, especially in the acute stage, whereas steroid-sparing agents such as methotrexate, mycophenolate mofetil, and azathioprine are used for prolonged therapy to minimize steroid toxicity. Anti-tumor necrosis factor agents may help in refractory cases.
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Marotta DA, Kesserwani H. Association Between Treatment-Resistant Sarcoid Myopathy and Inclusion Body Myositis. Cureus 2020; 12:e6656. [PMID: 32082956 PMCID: PMC7017927 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.6656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The association between sarcoid myopathy and inclusion body myositis is a rare phenomenon that is not well understood. In this case, we present a 46-year-old female with a five-year history of sarcoidosis who became refractory to treatment, experiencing progressive deterioration and muscle wasting. The patient’s distribution of muscle weakness did not follow characteristic patterns of inclusion body myositis. Yet, a subsequent deltoid biopsy revealed diagnostic findings typical of inclusion body myositis. This case report reveals an association between treatment-resistant sarcoid myopathy and the evolution of inclusion body myositis in the absence of characteristic clinical findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario A Marotta
- Department of Research, Alabama College of Osteopathic Medicine, Dothan, USA
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18
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Stern BJ, Royal W, Gelfand JM, Clifford DB, Tavee J, Pawate S, Berger JR, Aksamit AJ, Krumholz A, Pardo CA, Moller DR, Judson MA, Drent M, Baughman RP. Definition and Consensus Diagnostic Criteria for Neurosarcoidosis: From the Neurosarcoidosis Consortium Consensus Group. JAMA Neurol 2019; 75:1546-1553. [PMID: 30167654 DOI: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2018.2295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Importance The Neurosarcoidosis Consortium Consensus Group, an expert panel of physicians experienced in the management of patients with sarcoidosis and neurosarcoidosis, engaged in an iterative process to define neurosarcoidosis and develop a practical diagnostic approach to patients with suspected neurosarcoidosis. This panel aimed to develop a consensus clinical definition of neurosarcoidosis to enhance the clinical care of patients with suspected neurosarcoidosis and to encourage standardization of research initiatives that address this disease. Observations The work of this collaboration included a review of the manifestations of neurosarcoidosis and the establishment of an approach to the diagnosis of this disorder. The proposed consensus diagnostic criteria, which reflect current knowledge, provide definitions for possible, probable, and definite central and peripheral nervous system sarcoidosis. The definitions emphasize the need to evaluate patients with findings suggestive of neurosarcoidosis for alternate causal factors, including infection and malignant neoplasm. Also emphasized is the need for biopsy, whenever feasible and advisable according to clinical context and affected anatomy, of nonneural tissue to document the presence of systemic sarcoidosis and support a diagnosis of probable neurosarcoidosis or of neural tissue to support a diagnosis of definite neurosarcoidosis. Conclusions and Relevance Diverse disease presentations and lack of specificity of relevant diagnostic tests contribute to diagnostic uncertainty. This uncertainty is compounded by the absence of a pathognomonic histologic tissue examination. The diagnostic criteria we propose are designed to focus investigations on NS as accurately as possible, recognizing that multiple pathophysiologic pathways may lead to the clinical manifestations we currently term NS. Research recognizing the clinical heterogeneity of this diagnosis may open the door to identifying meaningful biologic factors that may ultimately contribute to better treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barney J Stern
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Walter Royal
- Department of Neurobiology and the Neuroscience Institute, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Jeffrey M Gelfand
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco
| | - David B Clifford
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Jinny Tavee
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Siddharama Pawate
- Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Joseph R Berger
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | | | - Allan Krumholz
- Department of Neurology, University of Maryland, Baltimore
| | - Carlos A Pardo
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - David R Moller
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Marc A Judson
- Department of Medicine, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York
| | - Marjolein Drent
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Health Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Interstitial Lung Disease Center of Excellence, St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, the Netherlands
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19
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Tattevin P, Tchamgoué S, Belem A, Bénézit F, Pronier C, Revest M. Aseptic meningitis. Rev Neurol (Paris) 2019; 175:475-480. [PMID: 31375286 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurol.2019.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Aseptic meningitis is defined as meningeal inflammation - i.e. cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pleocytosis≥5 cells/mm3 - not related to an infectious process. Etiologies of aseptic meningitis can be classified in three main groups: (i) systemic diseases with meningeal involvement, which include sarcoidosis, Behçet's disease, Sjögren's syndrome, systemic lupus erythematosus and granulomatosis with polyangiitis; (ii) drug-induced aseptic meningitis, mostly reported with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), antibiotics (sulfamides, penicillins), intravenous immunoglobulin, and monoclonal antibodies; (iii) neoplastic meningitis, either related to solid cancer metastasis (breast cancer, lung cancer, melanoma) or malignant hemopathy (lymphoma, leukemia). Most series in the literature included groups of meningitis that are not stricto sensu aseptic, but should rather be included in the differential diagnosis: (i) infectious meningitis related to virus, parasites, fungi, or fastidious bacteria that require specific diagnostic investigations; (ii) bacterial meningitis with sterile CSF due to previous antibiotic administration, and (iii) parameningeal infections associated with meningeal reaction. Despite progress in microbiological diagnosis (including PCR, and next generation sequencing), and identification of a growing panel of autoimmune or paraneoplastic neurological syndromes, up to two thirds of aseptic meningitis cases are of unknown etiology, finally labeled as 'idiopathic'. Description of new entities, such as the syndrome of transient headache and neurologic deficits with cerebrospinal fluid lymphocytosis (HaNDL) may decrease the proportion of idiopathic aseptic meningitis. This state-of-the-art review summarizes the characteristics of main causes of aseptic meningitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Tattevin
- Service de maladies infectieuses et réanimation médicale, CHU de Pontchaillou, rue Le Guilloux, 35033 Rennes Cedex, France.
| | - S Tchamgoué
- Médecine interne, centre hospitalier, 33500 Libourne, France
| | - A Belem
- Service de maladies infectieuses et réanimation médicale, CHU de Pontchaillou, rue Le Guilloux, 35033 Rennes Cedex, France
| | - F Bénézit
- Service de maladies infectieuses et réanimation médicale, CHU de Pontchaillou, rue Le Guilloux, 35033 Rennes Cedex, France
| | - C Pronier
- Virologie, CHU de Pontchaillou, 35033 Rennes Cedex, France
| | - M Revest
- Service de maladies infectieuses et réanimation médicale, CHU de Pontchaillou, rue Le Guilloux, 35033 Rennes Cedex, France
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20
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Sarcoidosis is a complex disease with many faces, and the clinical manifestation and course of neurosarcoidosis are particularly variable. Although neurosarcoidosis occurs in up to 10% of sarcoidosis patients, it can lead to significant morbidity and some mortality. RECENT FINDINGS Three criteria are usually required for a diagnosis of (neuro)sarcoidosis: clinical and radiologic manifestations, noncaseating granulomas, and no evidence of alternative disease. Recent guidelines have helped to clarify criteria for diagnosing neurosarcoidosis. No firm guidelines exist on whether, when, and how treatment should be started. Treatment depends on the presentation and distribution, extensiveness, and severity of neurosarcoidosis. As regards evidence-based treatment, only a few randomized controlled trials have been done. Hence, several aspects of (neuro)sarcoidosis management are not fully addressed by the current literature. SUMMARY Significant advances have been made in the potential and accuracy of diagnostics for neurosarcoidosis. Treatment should be approached within the context of the patient's anticipated clinical course, avoidance of adverse drug effects, and, if necessary, from the perspective of the comprehensive management of a chronic disease. A multidisciplinary approach to the management of sarcoidosis is strongly recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mareye Voortman
- ILD Center of Excellence, Department of Pulmonology, St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein
- Department of Pulmonology, Division of Heart & Lungs, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht
- ild care foundation research team, Ede
| | - Marjolein Drent
- ILD Center of Excellence, Department of Pulmonology, St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein
- ild care foundation research team, Ede
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, FHML, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Robert P. Baughman
- Department of Medicine, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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21
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Voortman M, De Vries J, Hendriks CMR, Elfferich MDP, Wijnen PAHM, Drent M. Everyday cognitive failure in patients suffering from neurosarcoidosis. SARCOIDOSIS VASCULITIS AND DIFFUSE LUNG DISEASES 2019; 36:2-10. [PMID: 32476930 DOI: 10.36141/svdld.v36i1.7412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Background Cognitive failure is associated with memory and concentration problems. Previously, a prevalence of one third was found in a general sarcoidosis population. The aim of this study was to assess if neurosarcoidosis patients are at higher risk for developing everyday cognitive failure using the Cognitive Failure Questionnaire (CFQ) and to determine what factors were associated with cognitive failure. Methods A cross-sectional web-based survey was conducted from April to May 2017 in a national sample of neurosarcoidosis patients. The survey asked about complaints and included 3 questionnaires (Fatigue Assessment Scale [FAS], Small Fiber Neuropathy Screening List [SFNSL] and CFQ. Data were compared to a general sarcoidosis population. Results Of the 152 patients who completed the survey, 131 had neurosarcoidosis. The mean CFQ score was significantly higher in the neurosarcoidosis (45.6±20.7) compared to the general sarcoidosis population (36.2±15.9; p< 0.0001). High CFQ scores (≥43) were found in 55.7% and 33.9%, respectively (p<0.0001). The FAS score (OR 21.4) and SFNSL score (OR 4.3) were the strongest positive predictors of a high CFQ score. Conclusion Cognitive failure is a significant problem in neurosarcoidosis. More than half of the patients reported cognitive deficits, compared to one third of a general sarcoidosis population. Fatigue and small fiber neuropathy play a role in cognitive failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mareye Voortman
- ILD Center of Excellence, Department of Pulmonology, St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands.,Department of Pulmonology, Division of Heart & Lungs, University Medical Centre Utrecht, The Netherlands.,ild care foundation research team, Ede, The Netherlands
| | - Jolanda De Vries
- ild care foundation research team, Ede, The Netherlands.,Department of Medical Psychology, Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital Tilburg, Tilburg, The Netherlands.,Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology, Tilburg University, Tilburg, The Netherlands
| | - Celine M R Hendriks
- ILD Center of Excellence, Department of Pulmonology, St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands.,ild care foundation research team, Ede, The Netherlands
| | | | - Petal A H M Wijnen
- ild care foundation research team, Ede, The Netherlands.,Central Diagnostic Laboratory, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Marjolein Drent
- ILD Center of Excellence, Department of Pulmonology, St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands.,ild care foundation research team, Ede, The Netherlands.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, FHML, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Beck ES, Ramachandran PS, Khan LM, Sample HA, Zorn KC, O'Connell EM, Nash T, Reich DS, Venkatesan A, DeRisi JL, Nath A, Wilson MR. Clinicopathology conference: 41-year-old woman with chronic relapsing meningitis. Ann Neurol 2019; 85:161-169. [PMID: 30565288 PMCID: PMC6370480 DOI: 10.1002/ana.25400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Erin S Beck
- National Institute of Neurologic Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Prashanth S Ramachandran
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA.,Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Lillian M Khan
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Hannah A Sample
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Kelsey C Zorn
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Elise M O'Connell
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Theodore Nash
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Daniel S Reich
- National Institute of Neurologic Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Arun Venkatesan
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - Joseph L DeRisi
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA.,Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA
| | - Avindra Nath
- National Institute of Neurologic Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Michael R Wilson
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA.,Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
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23
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Jiménez-Bonilla JF, González-Gay MA, Banzo I. Usefulness of 18F-FDG-PET/CT imaging in a patient with neurosarcoidosis. Med Clin (Barc) 2018; 151:464-465. [PMID: 29685313 DOI: 10.1016/j.medcli.2018.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julio F Jiménez-Bonilla
- Nuclear Medicine Department, University Hospital Marqués de Valdecilla, University of Cantabria, Molecular Imaging Group - IDIVAL, Santander, Spain.
| | - Miguel A González-Gay
- Department of Rheumatology, University Hospital Marqués de Valdecilla, IDIVAL, Santander, Spain; School of Medicine, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain; Cardiovascular Pathophysiology and Genomics Research Unit, School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Ignacio Banzo
- Nuclear Medicine Department, University Hospital Marqués de Valdecilla, University of Cantabria, Molecular Imaging Group - IDIVAL, Santander, Spain
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Zamora C, Hung SC, Tomingas C, Atkinson C, Castillo M. Engorgement of Deep Medullary Veins in Neurosarcoidosis: A Common-Yet-Underrecognized Cerebrovascular Finding on SWI. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2018; 39:2045-2050. [PMID: 30237298 DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.a5783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
We describe the prevalence and potential significance of deep medullary vein engorgement on SWI in patients with neurosarcoidosis, a finding that has not been described previously. Engorgement was evaluated for possible associations with meningeal or perivascular disease, intracranial hemorrhage, and venous thrombosis, as well as with modified Rankin Scale scores at the time of MR imaging and at follow-up. Deep medullary vein engorgement was seen in 7 of 21 patients and was more common in men. Patients with venous engorgement had a significantly increased incidence of microhemorrhages, perivascular disease, and hydrocephalus. There was no association with the degree of leptomeningeal disease, venous dural sinus thrombosis, or modified Rankin Scale scores. In conclusion, deep medullary vein engorgement was common in our patients with neurosarcoidosis. Although its pathophysiology remains uncertain, it could be related to venous or perivenous abnormalities and may represent a useful secondary finding of cerebrovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Zamora
- From the Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
| | - S-C Hung
- From the Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - C Tomingas
- From the Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - C Atkinson
- From the Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - M Castillo
- From the Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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25
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Owen CI, Jabeen F, Bhattacharjee A. Application of the modified Zajicek criteria to diagnose probable spinal cord neurosarcoidosis. Clin Case Rep 2018; 6:1718-1722. [PMID: 30214749 PMCID: PMC6132158 DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.1712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurosarcoidosis represents a significant diagnostic challenge, as clinical features overlap with other neuroinflammatory conditions, and biopsy of affected neuronal tissue is often high risk or not feasible. Here we highlight application of the modified Zajicek criteria to diagnose probable spinal neurosarcoidosis in the absence of histology from affected neuronal tissue.
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26
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Efficacy and safety of infliximab biosimilar Inflectra® in severe sarcoidosis. Respir Med 2018; 138S:S7-S13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rmed.2018.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Revised: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Giant cell arteritis (GCA), a vasculitis involving large-sized and medium-sized vessels (which most commonly involves temporal arteries), is easily recognized in older patients presenting with headache, scalp tenderness, and raised inflammatory markers. Neurological complications (either central or peripheral) are classically described in GCA. CASE REPORT We report the case of an 85-year-old woman with bilateral acute brachial radiculoplexopathy, a rare neurological complication of GCA. She also presented right oculomotor palsy (with ptosis) and raised inflammatory markers, but she did not complain of the other classic cranial symptoms of the disease. We compare this case with 16 similar cases reported in the medical literature. CONCLUSIONS In assessing a patient over 50 years of age with unexplained (unilateral or bilateral) brachial radiculoplexopathy (especially if C5-C6 nerve roots are affected) and elevated inflammatory markers, we would recommend specific enquiries with regard to the manifestations of GCA. The purpose is to reduce the risk of missing the wider spectrum of this condition and minimize the subsequent risk for disability of this treatable disease.
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